Commercialization of a thick film solar cell : quarterly technical progress report for April 1 - June 30, 1980 /

"Work Performed Under Contract No. AC02-77CH00178."

Commercialization of a thick film solar cell : quarterly technical progress report for period September 1 - October 1, 1980 /

"Work Performed Under Contract No. AC02-77CH00178."

Low-cost process for P-N junction-type solar cell : quarterly report 4 for May 30 - September 1, 1980 /

"Work Performed Under Contract No. AC02-77CH00178."

Low-cost epitaxial techniques for solar-cell fabrication : quarterly technical progress report no. 3 for March 25 - June 24, 1980 /

"Work Performed Under Contract No. AC02-77CH00178."

Vacuum deposited polycrystalline silicon films for solar cell applications : quarterly report for April 1 - June 30, 1980 /

"Work Performed Under Contract No. AC02-77CH00178."

Commercialization of a thick film solar cell /

"Period: 9/15/79-9/14/80."--title page.

Industrial hygiene characterization of the photovoltaic solar cell industry /

Mode of access: Internet.

Development of high efficiency (14%) solar cell array module : second quarterly report for period covering 15 March 1979 to 15 July 1979 /

"JPL Contract No. 955217."

Growing semiconductor nanocrystals directly in a conducting polymer

We describe a single step method to synthesise lead sulphide (PbS) nanocrystals directly in the conjugated polymer poly (2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethyl-hexyloxy)-p-phenylene vinylene) (MEH-PPV). This method allows size control of the nanocrystal via co-solvent ratios. We find good agreement between nanocrystal sizes determined by transmission electron microscopy and sizes theoretically determined from the absorption edge of the nanocrystals. Finally we show that this synthesis technique is not restricted to MEH-PPV and demonstrate that nanocrystals can be grown in Poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT). (C) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Angiopoietin-2 confers Atheroprotection in apoE-/- mice by inhibiting LDL oxidation via nitric oxide

Atherosclerosis is promoted by a combination of hypercholesterolemia and vascular inflammation. The function of Angiopoietin (Ang)-2, a key regulator of angiogenesis, in the maintenance of large vessels is unknown. A single systemic administration of Ang-2 adenovirus (AdAng-2) to apoE-/- mice fed a Western diet significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesion size 8 40%) and oxidized LDL and macrophage content of the plaques. These beneficial effects were abolished by the inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). In endothelial cells, endothelial NOS activation per se inhibited LDL oxidation and Ang-2 stimulated NO release in a Tie2-dependent manner to decrease LDL oxidation. These findings demonstrate a novel atheroprotective role for Ang-2 when endothelial cell function is compromised and suggest that growth factors, which stimulate NO release without inducing inflammation, could offer atheroprotection.

Self-assembled SnO2 micro- and nanosphere-based gas sensor thick films from an alkoxide-derived high purity aqueous colloid precursor

Tin oxide is considered to be one of the most promising semiconductor oxide materials for use as a gas sensor. However, a simple route for the controllable build-up of nanostructured, sufficiently pure and hierarchical SnO2 structures for gas sensor applications is still a challenge. In the current work, an aqueous SnO2 nanoparticulate precursor sol, which is free of organic contaminants and sorbed ions and is fully stable over time, was prepared in a highly reproducible manner from an alkoxide Sn(OR)4 just by mixing it with a large excess of pure neutral water. The precursor is formed as a separate liquid phase. The structure and purity of the precursor is revealed using XRD, SAXS, EXAFS, HRTEM imaging, FTIR, and XRF analysis. An unconventional approach for the estimation of the particle size based on the quantification of the Sn-Sn contacts in the structure was developed using EXAFS spectroscopy and verified using HRTEM. To construct sensors with a hierarchical 3D structure, we employed an unusual emulsification technique not involving any additives or surfactants, using simply the extraction of the liquid phase, water, with the help of dry butanol under ambient conditions. The originally generated crystalline but yet highly reactive nanoparticles form relatively uniform spheres through self-assembly and solidify instantly. The spheres floating in butanol were left to deposit on the surface of quartz plates bearing sputtered gold electrodes, producing ready-for-use gas sensors in the form of ca. 50 μm thick sphere-based-films. The films were dried for 24 h and calcined at 300°C in air before use. The gas sensitivity of the structures was tested in the temperature range of 150-400°C. The materials showed a very quickly emerging and reversible (20-30 times) increase in electrical conductivity as a response to exposure to air containing 100 ppm of H2 or CO and short (10 s) recovery times when the gas flow was stopped.

Emulsion-Based RIR-MAPLE Deposition of Conjugated Polymers: Primary Solvent Effect and Its Implications on Organic Solar Cell Performance.

Emulsion-based, resonant infrared matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (RIR-MAPLE) has been demonstrated as an alternative technique to deposit conjugated polymer films for photovoltaic applications; yet, a fundamental understanding of how the emulsion target characteristics translate into film properties and solar cell performance is unclear. Such understanding is crucial to enable the rational improvement of organic solar cell (OSC) efficiency and to realize the expected advantages of emulsion-based RIR-MAPLE for OSC fabrication. In this paper, the effect of the primary solvent used in the emulsion target is studied, both experimentally and theoretically, and it is found to determine the conjugated polymer cluster size in the emulsion as well as surface roughness and internal morphology of resulting polymer films. By using a primary solvent with low solubility-in-water and low vapor pressure, the surface roughness of deposited P3HT and PCPDTBT polymer films was reduced to 10 nm, and the efficiency of P3HT:PC61BM OSCs was increased to 3.2% (∼100 times higher compared to the first MAPLE OSC demonstration [ Caricato , A. P. ; Appl. Phys. Lett. 2012 , 100 , 073306 ]). This work unveils the mechanism of polymer film formation using emulsion-based RIR-MAPLE and provides insight and direction to determine the best ways to take advantage of the emulsion target approach to control film properties for different applications.

Fabrication et caractérisation de cellules solaires organiques nanostructurées par la méthode de nanoimpression thermique

La morphologie des couches actives des cellules solaires organiques joue un rôle important sur l’efficacité de conversion de l’énergie solaire en énergie électrique de ces dispositifs. Les hétérojonctions planaires et les hétérojonctions en volume sont les plus communément utilisées. Cependant, la morphologie idéale pour l’efficacité se situerait à mis chemin entre celles-ci. Il s’agit de l’hétérojonction nanostructurée qui augmenterait la surface entre les couches actives de matériaux tout en favorisant le transport des porteurs de charge. L’objectif de ce projet de maîtrise est d’étudier l’impact de l’implantation de nanostructures dans les cellules solaires organiques sur leurs performances photovoltaïques. Pour ce faire, on utilise la méthode de nanoimpression thermique sur le matériau donneur, le P3HT, afin que celui-ci forme une interface nanostructurée avec le matériau accepteur, le PCBM. Pour effectuer les nanoimpressions, des moules en alumine nanoporeuse ont été fabriqués à l’aide du procédé d’anodisation en deux temps développé par Masuda et al. Ces moules ont subi un traitement afin de faciliter leur séparation du P3HT. Les agents antiadhésifs PDMS et FTDS ont été utilisés à cette fin. Les résultats obtenus témoignent de la complexité d’exécution du procédé de nanoimpression. Il a été démontré que la pression appliquée durant le procédé, la tension superficielle des éléments en contact et les dimensions des nanopores des moules sont des paramètres critiques pour le succès des nanoimpressions. Ceux-ci ont donc dû être optimisés de manière à réussir cette opération. Ainsi, des cellules à interface nanostructurée à 25% avec des nanobâtonnets de 35 nm de hauteur ont pu être fabriquées. Les cellules nanostructurées ont démontré une efficacité 2,3 ± 0,6 fois supérieure aux cellules sans nanostructures, dites planaires. D’autre part, un solvant a été proposé pour diminuer l’interdiffusion entre les couches de P3HT et de PCBM pouvant altérer les nanostructures. Ce phénomène bien connu survient lors du dépot de la couche de PCBM avec le dichlorométhane, un solvant orthogonal avec ces matériaux. Des mesures au TOF-SIMS ont démontré que le limonène permet de diminuer l’interdiffusion entre les couches de P3HT et de PCBM, ce qui en fait un meilleur solvant orthogonal que le dichlorométhane.

Nanotechnology in the food industry I: applications

Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary science that is having a boom today, providing new products with attractive physicochemical properties for many applications. In agri/feed/food sector, nanotechnology offers great opportunities for obtaining products and innovative applications for agriculture and livestock, water treatment and the production, processing, storage and packaging of food. To this end, a wide variety of nanomaterials, ranging from metals and inorganic metal oxides to organic nanomaterials carrying bioactive ingredients are applied. This review shows an overview of current and future applications of nanotechnology in the food industry. Food additives and materials in contact with food are now the main applications, while it is expected that in the future are in the field of nano-encapsulated and nanocomposites in applications as novel foods, additives, biocides, pesticides and materials food contact.

Nanotechnology in food industry II: risk assessment and legislation

Currently, there is increasing use of nanomaterials in the food industry thanks to the many advantages offered and make the products that contain them more competitive in the market. Their physicochemical properties often differ from those of bulk materials, which require specialized risk assessment. This should cover the risks to the health of workers and consumers as well as possible environmental risks. The risk assessment methods must go updating due to more widespread use of nanomaterials, especially now that are making their way down to consumer products. Today there is no specific legislation for nanomaterials, but there are several european dispositions and regulations that include them. This review gives an overview of the risk assessment and the existing current legislation regarding the use of nanotechnology in the food industry.