光学薄膜中界面层和表面吸附层对相位延迟的影响

多层介质反射镜在非正入射的时候，两个不同的偏振态之间会产生不同的相移．根据空气与膜层、膜层之间的实际情况，建立了界面层和表面吸附层模型，并运用它分析相位延迟产生误差的原因．通过优化设计，入射角为54°，在1285～1345nm之间p，s波获得了270±1°的相移，同时也使反射率在99．5％以上．用离子束溅射技术制备相位延迟膜，用分光光度计测试了光谱特性和用椭偏仪测试了相位特性，在相应波段获得了262．4±1．8°的相移，同时也使反射率在99．6％以上．误差的主要来源是离子源工作特性会产生不均匀的过渡层和最

Formação de nanopadrões em superfícies por sputtering iônico: Estudo numérico da equação anisotrópica amortecida de Kuramoto-Sivashinsky.

Apresenta-se uma abordagemnumérica para ummodelo que descreve a formação de padrões por sputtering iônico na superfície de ummaterial. Esse processo é responsável pela formação de padrões inesperadamente organizados, como ondulações, nanopontos e filas hexagonais de nanoburacos. Uma análise numérica de padrões preexistentes é proposta para investigar a dinâmica na superfície, baseada em ummodelo resumido em uma equação anisotrópica amortecida de Kuramoto-Sivashinsky, em uma superfície bidimensional com condições de contorno periódicas. Apesar de determinística, seu caráter altamente não-linear fornece uma rica gama de resultados, sendo possível descrever acuradamente diferentes padrões. Umesquema semi implícito de diferenças finitas com fatoração no tempo é aplicado na discretização da equação governante. Simulações foram realizadas com coeficientes realísticos relacionados aos parâmetros físicos (anisotropias, orientação do feixe, difusão). A estabilidade do esquema numérico foi analisada por testes de passo de tempo e espaçamento de malha, enquanto a verificação do mesmo foi realizada pelo Método das Soluções Manufaturadas. Ondulações e padrões hexagonais foram obtidos a partir de condições iniciais monomodais para determinados valores do coeficiente de amortecimento, enquanto caos espaço-temporal apareceu para valores inferiores. Os efeitos anisotrópicos na formação de padrões foramestudados, variando o ângulo de incidência.

Avaliação de biocidas no controle da corrosão microbiologicamente induzida do aço carbono 1020 por bactérias redutoras de sulfato

Bactérias redutoras de sulfato (BRS) são os principais micro-organismos envolvidos na corrosão microbiologicamente induzida (CMI). Estas bactérias reduzem o sulfato, tendo como resultado a produção de H2S, o que pode influenciar os processos anódico e catódico na corrosão de materiais metálicos em ambientes marinhos, óleos e solos úmidos. Uma das formas de prevenir e controlar esse tipo de corrosão é a adição de biocidas ao meio corrosivo. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo avaliar o uso de biocidas no controle da CMI do aço AISI 1020 por BRS. Para isto, o comportamento da CMI no aço foi avaliado em água do mar sintética, em condições de anaerobiose, na ausência e na presença de uma cultura mista contendo BRS. Um biocida natural (óleo de alho) e outro comercial (glutaraldeído) foram utilizados para controlar a corrosão causada por estas bactérias. Duas formas de adição de biocida foram avaliadas: antes da formação do biofilme e após sua formação na superfície do metal. O crescimento microbiano na superfície do aço foi avaliado através da quantificação das BRS sésseis, pelo método do número mais provável (NMP). O comportamento eletroquímico do aço, na ausência e na presença de BRS e também para os ensaios com biocidas, foi estudado através das técnicas de espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIE) e polarização potenciodinâmica, sempre usando água do mar sintética como meio eletrolítico. A formação de biofilme e de produtos de corrosão na superfície do aço foi observada através da microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os resultados mostraram que o aço exposto ao meio contendo BRS apresentou um processo corrosivo mais acelerado, quando comparado aos sistemas na ausência de micro-organismo. Esse processo foi evidenciado por um decréscimo na magnitude do arco capacitivo, nos ensaios de EIE, e um aumento da densidade de corrente de corrosão (Icorr), nos ensaios de polarização. Na análise de MEV, foi possível observar a formação de corrosão localizada após a remoção do biofilme da superfície. Os ensaios com biocidas, adicionados antes da formação de biofilmes, mostraram uma redução no número de bactérias sésseis, quando comparados com os ensaios sem biocida realizados pelo mesmo período de tempo (7 dias). Foi verificado também um decréscimo do processo corrosivo do aço, evidenciado através de aumento nos arcos capacitivos, nos ensaios de EIE e pelos menores valores de Icorr nos ensaios de polarização, quando comparados com o biofilme formado sem biocidas, nas mesmas condições. Apesar de não ter inibido completamente o crescimento das BRS sésseis, o óleo de alho apresentou maior redução no processo corrosivo quando comparado ao glutaraldeído, indicando sua possível aplicação como biocida natural nestas condições. Os ensaios realizados com biocidas adicionados após a formação do biofilme mostraram que o glutaraldeído apresentou alta eficácia em reduzir o número de células sésseis. Já o óleo de alho exibiu uma ação menos efetiva, sugerindo que este composto não conseguiu penetrar completamente a matriz do biofilme. Entretanto, ambos causaram aceleração do processo corrosivo do aço no meio estudado após 7 dias de exposição

性激素对抗体分泌细胞表面分子表达和抗体分泌的影响

　目的:探讨性激素调控抗体分泌细胞游走到生殖道的分子机制和对局部抗体分泌的影响。方法:以鼠源杂交 瘤细胞SG2 和PA4 为对象,检测其性激素受体、CXCR4 的mRNA 和CD31 的表达;用流式细胞术和ELISA 检测不同浓度性激素 作用下,抗体分泌细胞表面与细胞游走相关分子的表达和抗体分泌的变化。结果:SG2 和PA4 细胞表达雄激素受体和雌激素 受体β,表达CXCR4 ,但不表达CD31。性激素对抗体分泌细胞表面分子的表达和抗体分泌量并没有明显的影响。结论:性激素 对抗体分泌细胞游走的调控作用与细胞自身相关黏附分子的变化关系不大,推测可能主要是通过对内皮细胞地址素表达的 影响来实现的。

Numerical computation of laminar flow in a heated rotating cavity with an axial throughflow of air

A heated rotating cavity with an axial throughflow of cooling air is used as a model for the flow in the cylindrical cavities between adjacent discs of a high-pressure gas-turbine compressor. In an engine the flow is expected to be turbulent, the limitations of this laminar study are fully realised but it is considered an essential step to understand the fundamental nature of the flow. The three-dimensional, time-dependent governing equations are solved using a code based on the finite volume technique and a multigrid algorithm. The computed flow structure shows that flow enters the cavity in one or more radial arms and then forms regions of cyclonic and anticyclonic circulation. This basic flow structure is consistent with existing experimental evidence obtained from flow visualization. The flow structure also undergoes cyclic changes with time. For example, a single radial arm, and pair of recirculation regions can commute to two radial arms and two pairs of recirculation regions and then revert back to one. The flow structure inside the cavity is found to be heavily influenced by the radial distribution of surface temperature imposed on the discs. As the radial location of the maximum disc temperature moves radially outward, this appears to increase the number of radial arms and pairs of recirculation regions (from one to three for the distributions considered here). If the peripheral shroud is also heated there appear to be many radial arms which exchange fluid with a strong cyclonic flow adjacent to the shroud. One surface temperature distribution is studied in detail and profiles of the relative tangential and radial velocities are presented. The disc heat transfer is also found to be influenced by the disc surface temperature distribution. It is also found that the computed Nusselt numbers are in reasonable accord over most of the disc surface with a correlation found from previous experimental measurements. © 1994, MCB UP Limited.

Engineering of micro- and nanostructured surfaces with anisotropic geometries and properties

Widespread approaches to fabricate surfaces with robust micro- and nanostructured topographies have been stimulated by opportunities to enhance interface performance by combining physical and chemical effects. In particular, arrays of asymmetric surface features, such as arrays of grooves, inclined pillars, and helical protrusions, have been shown to impart unique anisotropy in properties including wetting, adhesion, thermal and/or electrical conductivity, optical activity, and capability to direct cell growth. These properties are of wide interest for applications including energy conversion, microelectronics, chemical and biological sensing, and bioengineering. However, fabrication of asymmetric surface features often pushes the limits of traditional etching and deposition techniques, making it challenging to produce the desired surfaces in a scalable and cost-effective manner. We review and classify approaches to fabricate arrays of asymmetric 2D and 3D surface features, in polymers, metals, and ceramics. Analytical and empirical relationships among geometries, materials, and surface properties are discussed, especially in the context of the applications mentioned above. Further, opportunities for new fabrication methods that combine lithography with principles of self-assembly are identified, aiming to establish design principles for fabrication of arbitrary 3D surface textures over large areas. Copyright © 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

The acoustic analogy in an annular duct with swirling mean flow

This paper is concerned with modelling the effects of swirling flow on turbomachinery noise. We develop an acoustic analogy to predict sound generation in a swirling and sheared base flow in an annular duct, including the presence of moving solid surfaces to account for blade rows. In so doing we have extended a number of classical earlier results, including Ffowcs Williams & Hawkings' equation in a medium at rest with moving surfaces, and Lilley's equation for a sheared but non-swirling jet. By rearranging the Navier-Stokes equations we find a single equation, in the form of a sixth-order differential operator acting on the fluctuating pressure field on the left-hand side and a series of volume and surface source terms on the right-hand side; the form of these source terms depends strongly on the presence of swirl and radial shear. The integral form of this equation is then derived, using the Green's function tailored to the base flow in the (rigid) duct. As is often the case in duct acoustics, it is then convenient to move into temporal, axial and azimuthal Fourier space, where the Green's function is computed numerically. This formulation can then be applied to a number of turbomachinery noise sources. For definiteness here we consider the noise produced downstream when a steady distortion flow is incident on the fan from upstream, and compare our results with those obtained using a simplistic but commonly used Doppler correction method. We show that in all but the simplest case the full inclusion of swirl within an acoustic analogy, as described in this paper, is required. © 2013 Cambridge University Press.

Aeroacoustic source measurement methods for characterizing the sound generated by ducted flow devices with higher-order modes.

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) method 5136 is widely used in industry and academia to determine the sound power radiated into a duct by fans and other flow devices. The method involves placing the device at the center of a long cylindrical duct with anechoic terminations at each end to eliminate reflections. A single off-axis microphone is used on the inlet and outlet sides that can theoretically capture the plane-wave mode amplitudes but this does not provide enough information to fully account for higher-order modes. In this study, the "two-port" source model is formulated to include higher-order modes and applied for the first three modes. This requires six independent surface pressure measurements on each side or "port." The resulting experimental set-up is much shorter than the ISO rig and does not require anechoic terminations. An array of six external loudspeaker sources is used to characterize the passive part of the two-port model and the set-up provides a framework to account for transmission of higher-order modes through a fan. The relative importance of the higher-order modes has been considered and their effect on inaccuracies when using the ISO method to find source sound power has been analyzed.

Doped polycrystalline 3C-SiC films deposited by LPCVD for radio-frequency MEMS applications

Polycrystalline 3C-SiC films are deposited on SiO2 coated Si substrates by low pressure chemical vapour deposition (LPCVD) with C3H8 and SiH4 as precursors. Controlled nitrogen doping is performed by adding NH3 during SiC growth to obtain the low resistivity 3C-SiC films. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns indicate that the deposited films are highly textured (111) orientation. The surface morphology and roughness are determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The surface features are spherulitic texture with average grain size of 100 nm, and the rms roughness is 20nm (AFM 5 x 5 mu m images). Polycrystalline 3C-SiC films with highly orientational texture and good surface morphology deposited on SiO2 coated Si substrates could be used to fabricate rf microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices such as SiC based filters.

Numerical study of sub-wavelength plasmonic waveguide

The authors present an analysis of a plasmonic waveguide, simulated using a two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain technique. With the surface structures located on the surface of the metal, the device is able to confine and guide light waves in a sub-wavelength scale. And two waveguides can be placed within 150 nm (similar to 6% of the incident wavelength) that will helpful for the optoelectronic integration. Within the 20 mu m simulation region, it is found that the intensity of the guided light at the interface is roughly two to four times the peak intensity of the incident light, and the propagation length can reach approximately 40 Pm at the wavelength of 2.44 mu m. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Information geometry theory of high-dimension space and application for speaker independent continuous digit speech recognition

In the light of descriptive geometry and notions in set theory, this paper re-defines the basic elements in space such as curve and surface and so on, presents some fundamental notions with respect to the point cover based on the High-dimension space (HDS) point covering theory, finally takes points from mapping part of speech signals to HDS, so as to analyze distribution information of these speech points in HDS, and various geometric covering objects for speech points and their relationship. Besides, this paper also proposes a new algorithm for speaker independent continuous digit speech recognition based on the HDS point dynamic searching theory without end-points detection and segmentation. First from the different digit syllables in real continuous digit speech, we establish the covering area in feature space for continuous speech. During recognition, we make use of the point covering dynamic searching theory in HDS to do recognition, and then get the satisfying recognized results. At last, compared to HMM (Hidden Markov models)-based method, from the development trend of the comparing results, as sample amount increasing, the difference of recognition rate between two methods will decrease slowly, while sample amount approaching to be very large, two recognition rates all close to 100% little by little. As seen from the results, the recognition rate of HDS point covering method is higher than that of in HMM (Hidden Markov models) based method, because, the point covering describes the morphological distribution for speech in HDS, whereas HMM-based method is only a probability distribution, whose accuracy is certainly inferior to point covering.

Growing process of CdS nanoclusters in zeolite Y studied by positron annihilation

Zeolite Y has been used as the host to generate CdS nanoclusters. The location of CdS nanoclusters inside zeolite hosts was confirmed by the blue-shifted reflection absorption spectra with respect to that of bulk CdS materials. But which kind of cage inside zeolite Y, sodalite cage or supercage, was preferred for the CdS clusters remained unclear. In this paper, we conducted positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) measurements for the first time on a series of CdS/Y zeolite samples and concluded that CdS clusters were not located in supercages but in smaller sodalite cages. The stability of CdS clusters inside the sodalite units was due to the coordination of Cd atoms with the framework oxygen atoms of the double six-ring windows. Moreover, PAS revealed some important information of surface states existing on the interfacial layers between CdS clusters and zeolite Y. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B,V, All rights reserved.

Spectroscopic ellipsometry study of In2O3 thin films

In2O3 films grown by helicon magnetron sputtering with different thicknesses were characterized by spectroscopic ellipsometry in the energy range from 1.5 to 5.0 eV. Aside from one amorphous sample prepared at room substrate temperature, polycrystalline In2O3 films with cubic crystal structure were confirmed for other four samples prepared at the substrate temperature of 450 A degrees C. Excellent SE fittings were realized by applying 1 and/or 2 terms F&B amorphous formulations, building double layered film configuration models, and further taking account of void into the surface layer based on Bruggeman effective medium approximation for thinner films. Spectral dependent refractive indices and extinction coefficients were obtained for five samples. The curve shapes were well interpreted according to the applied dispersion formulas. Almost similar optical band gap values from 3.76 to 3.84 eV were obtained for five samples by Tauc plot calculation using extinction coefficients under the assumption of direct allowed optical transition mode.

关于固体表面上液体球冠的平衡条件问题——兼评“冷凝器壁面滴状冷凝的热力学机理及最佳接触角”等文章

对于第一类液滴(尺度远大于界面层的厚度),无论是远离固体壁面的液体球或附着在壁面上的球冠,其内外压力差(简称"附加压力")均适用经典Laplace公式,并且特别对球冠情况给出了一种新的整体性证明.还澄清有关争论:指出[曹治党、郭愚1999物理学报481823]一文对附壁面第一类液体球冠所推导出的附加压力与接触角有关的公式是错误的,而[闵敬春2002物理学报512730]是正确的。