A Robust Three Phase State Estimation for Distribution Networks

Electric power utilities are installing distribution automation systems (DAS) for better management and control of the distribution networks during the recent past. The success of DAS, largely depends on the availability of reliable database of the control centre and thus requires an efficient state estimation (SE) solution technique. This paper presents an efficient and robust three-phase SE algorithm for application to radial distribution networks. This method exploits the radial nature of the network and uses forward and backward propagation scheme to estimate the line flows, node voltage and loads at each node, based on the measured quantities. The SE cannot be executed without adequate number of measurements. The extension of the method to the network observability analysis and bad data detection is also discussed. The proposed method has been tested to analyze several practical distribution networks of various voltage levels and also having high R:X ratio of lines. The results for a typical network are presented for illustration purposes. © 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

Robust Approach for Identification of Bad Data in State Estimation Using SLP Technique

This paper proposes a new approach for solving the state estimation problem. The approach is aimed at producing a robust estimator that rejects bad data, even if they are associated with leverage-point measurements. This is achieved by solving a sequence of Linear Programming (LP) problems. Optimization is carried via a new algorithm which is a combination of “upper bound optimization technique" and “an improved algorithm for discrete linear approximation". In this formulation of the LP problem, in addition to the constraints corresponding to the measurement set, constraints corresponding to bounds of state variables are also involved, which enables the LP problem more efficient in rejecting bad data, even if they are associated with leverage-point measurements. Results of the proposed estimator on IEEE 39-bus system and a 24-bus EHV equivalent system of the southern Indian grid are presented for illustrative purpose.

Algorithmic approach to simulate Hamiltonian dynamics and an NMR simulation of quantum state transfer

We propose an iterative algorithm to simulate the dynamics generated by any n-qubit Hamiltonian. The simulation entails decomposing the unitary time evolution operator U (unitary) into a product of different time-step unitaries. The algorithm product-decomposes U in a chosen operator basis by identifying a certain symmetry of U that is intimately related to the number of gates in the decomposition. We illustrate the algorithm by first obtaining a polynomial decomposition in the Pauli basis of the n-qubit quantum state transfer unitary by Di Franco et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 230502 (2008)] that transports quantum information from one end of a spin chain to the other, and then implement it in nuclear magnetic resonance to demonstrate that the decomposition is experimentally viable. We further experimentally test the resilience of the state transfer to static errors in the coupling parameters of the simulated Hamiltonian. This is done by decomposing and simulating the corresponding imperfect unitaries.

Intra-molecular hydrogen bonding with organic fluorine in the solution state: Deriving evidence by a two dimensional NMR experiment

The direct evidence for the existence of intra-molecular C-F center dot center dot center dot H-N hydrogen bond in organofluorine molecules, in the liquid state, is derived using NMR spectroscopy by the detection of long range interactions among fluorine, nitrogen and hydrogen atoms. The present study reports the determination of the relative signs and magnitudes of through space and through bond couplings to draw unambiguous evidence on the existence of weak molecular interactions involving organic fluorine. It is a simple, easy to implement, N-15 natural abundant two dimensional heteronuclear N-15-H-1 double quantum-single quantum correlation experiment. The existence of intra-molecular hydrogen bond is conclusively established in the investigated molecules. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The State and Fate of Himalayan Glaciers

Himalayan glaciers are a focus of public and scientific debate. Prevailing uncertainties are of major concern because some projections of their future have serious implications for water resources. Most Himalayan glaciers are losing mass at rates similar to glaciers elsewhere, except for emerging indications of stability or mass gain in the Karakoram. A poor understanding of the processes affecting them, combined with the diversity of climatic conditions and the extremes of topographical relief within the region, makes projections speculative. Nevertheless, it is unlikely that dramatic changes in total runoff will occur soon, although continuing shrinkage outside the Karakoram will increase the seasonality of runoff, affect irrigation and hydropower, and alter hazards.

Bose-Hubbard model in a strong effective magnetic field: Emergence of a chiral Mott insulator ground state

Motivated by experiments on Josephson junction arrays, and cold atoms in an optical lattice in a synthetic magnetic field, we study the ``fully frustrated'' Bose-Hubbard model with half a magnetic flux quantum per plaquette. We obtain the phase diagram of this model on a two-leg ladder at integer filling via the density matrix renormalization group approach, complemented by Monte Carlo simulations on an effective classical XY model. The ground state at intermediate correlations is consistently shown to be a chiral Mott insulator (CMI) with a gap to all excitations and staggered loop currents which spontaneously break time-reversal symmetry. We characterize the CMI state as a vortex supersolid or an indirect exciton condensate, and discuss various experimental implications.

Combining adiabatic and Hartmann-Hahn cross-polarization for sensitivity enhancement in solid state separated local field 2D-NMR experiments of partially ordered systems

In this Letter, we examine magnetization in double- and zero-quantum reservoirs of an ensemble of spin-1/2 nuclei and describe their role in determining the sensitivity of a class of separated local field NMR experiments based on Hartmann-Hahn cross-polarization. We observe that for the liquid crystal system studied, a large dilute spin-polarization, obtained initially by the use of adiabatic cross-polarization, can enhance the sensitivity of the above experiment. The signal enhancement factors, however, are found to vary and depend on the local dynamics. The experimental results have been utilized to obtain the local order-parameters of the system. (C) 2012 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.

Tuning the magnetic ground state in LixNi(2-x)O2

The experimental determination of the magnetic ground state of triangular lattice anti-ferromagnet LiNiO2 is an intriguing problem as the system is prone to be Li deficient. We have been successful in preparing nearly stoichiometric LiNiO2 showing an anti-ferromagnetic ground state with an ordering temperature similar to 12 K. As the Li deficiency increases the sample exhibits spin glass behavior evidenced by a shift in the spin glass freezing temperature as a function of frequency in the ac susceptibility studies. As the Li deficiency crosses a critical limit, the sample becomes ferromagnetic in nature. We are able to tune the ferromagnetic transition temperature up to 240 K by varying the Li content. Finally, we have constructed a magnetic phase diagram. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. doi:10.1063/1.3675997]

A study on seismicity and seismic hazard for Karnataka State

This paper presents a detailed study on the seismic pattern of the state of Karnataka and also quantifies the seismic hazard for the entire state. In the present work, historical and instrumental seismicity data for Karnataka (within 300 km from Karnataka political boundary) were compiled and hazard analysis was done based on this data. Geographically, Karnataka forms a part of peninsular India which is tectonically identified as an intraplate region of Indian plate. Due to the convergent movement of the Indian plate with the Eurasian plate, movements are occurring along major intraplate faults resulting in seismic activity of the region and hence the hazard assessment of this region is very important. Apart from referring to seismotectonic atlas for identifying faults and fractures, major lineaments in the study area were also mapped using satellite data. The earthquake events reported by various national and international agencies were collected until 2009. Declustering of earthquake events was done to remove foreshocks and aftershocks. Seismic hazard analysis was done for the state of Karnataka using both deterministic and probabilistic approaches incorporating logic tree methodology. The peak ground acceleration (PGA) at rock level was evaluated for the entire state considering a grid size of 0.05A degrees x 0.05A degrees. The attenuation relations proposed for stable continental shield region were used in evaluating the seismic hazard with appropriate weightage factors. Response spectra at rock level for important Tier II cities and Bangalore were evaluated. The contour maps showing the spatial variation of PGA values at bedrock are presented in this work.

Synchronization of globally coupled two-state stochastic oscillators with a state-dependent refractory period

We present a model of identical coupled two-state stochastic units, each of which in isolation is governed by a fixed refractory period. The nonlinear coupling between units directly affects the refractory period, which now depends on the global state of the system and can therefore itself become time dependent. At weak coupling the array settles into a quiescent stationary state. Increasing coupling strength leads to a saddle node bifurcation, beyond which the quiescent state coexists with a stable limit cycle of nonlinear coherent oscillations. We explicitly determine the critical coupling constant for this transition.

Singlet-state creation and universal quantum computation in NMR using a genetic algorithm

The experimental implementation of a quantum algorithm requires the decomposition of unitary operators. Here we treat unitary-operator decomposition as an optimization problem, and use a genetic algorithm-a global-optimization method inspired by nature's evolutionary process-for operator decomposition. We apply this method to NMR quantum information processing, and find a probabilistic way of performing universal quantum computation using global hard pulses. We also demonstrate the efficient creation of the singlet state (a special type of Bell state) directly from thermal equilibrium, using an optimum sequence of pulses. © 2012 American Physical Society.

Singlet-state creation and universal quantum computation in NMR using a genetic algorithm

The experimental implementation of a quantum algorithm requires the decomposition of unitary operators. Here we treat unitary-operator decomposition as an optimization problem, and use a genetic algorithm-a global-optimization method inspired by nature's evolutionary process-for operator decomposition. We apply this method to NMR quantum information processing, and find a probabilistic way of performing universal quantum computation using global hard pulses. We also demonstrate the efficient creation of the singlet state (a special type of Bell state) directly from thermal equilibrium, using an optimum sequence of pulses.

High resolution methyl selective C-13-NMR of proteins in solution and solid state

New C-13-detected NMR experiments have been devised for molecules in solution and solid state, which provide chemical shift correlations of methyl groups with high resolution, selectivity and sensitivity. The experiments achieve selective methyl detection by exploiting the one bond J-coupling between the C-13-methyl nucleus and its directly attached C-13 spin in a molecule. In proteins such correlations edit the C-13-resonances of different methyl containing residues into distinct spectral regions yielding a high resolution spectrum. This has a range of applications as exemplified for different systems such as large proteins, intrinsically disordered polypeptides and proteins with a paramagnetic centre.

State Dependent Attempt Rate modeling of single cell IEEE 802.11 WLANs with homogeneous nodes and Poisson packet arrivals

We study a State Dependent Attempt Rate (SDAR) approximation to model M queues (one queue per node) served by the Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) protocol as standardized in the IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function (DCF). The approximation is that, when n of the M queues are non-empty, the (transmission) attempt probability of each of the n non-empty nodes is given by the long-term (transmission) attempt probability of n saturated nodes. With the arrival of packets into the M queues according to independent Poisson processes, the SDAR approximation reduces a single cell with non-saturated nodes to a Markovian coupled queueing system. We provide a sufficient condition under which the joint queue length Markov chain is positive recurrent. For the symmetric case of equal arrival rates and finite and equal buffers, we develop an iterative method which leads to accurate predictions for important performance measures such as collision probability, throughput and mean packet delay. We replace the MAC layer with the SDAR model of contention by modifying the NS-2 source code pertaining to the MAC layer, keeping all other layers unchanged. By this model-based simulation technique at the MAC layer, we achieve speed-ups (w.r.t. MAC layer operations) up to 5.4. Through extensive model-based simulations and numerical results, we show that the SDAR model is an accurate model for the DCF MAC protocol in single cells. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.