Evaluation of biochemical and redox parameters in rats fed with corn grown in soil amended with urban sewage sludge

The increased production of urban sewage sludge requires alternative methods for final disposal. A very promising choice is the use of sewage sludge as a fertilizer in agriculture, since it is rich in organic matter, macro and micronutrients. However, urban sewage sludge may contain toxic substances that may cause deleterious effects on the biota, water and soil, and consequently on humans. There is a lack of studies evaluating how safe the consumption of food cultivated in soils containing urban sewage sludge is. Thus, the aim of this paper was to evaluate biochemical and redox parameters in rats fed with corn produced in a soil treated with urban sewage sludge for a long term. For these experiments, maize plants were grown in soil amended with sewage sludge (rates of 5, 10 and 20. t/ha) or not (control). Four different diets were prepared with the corn grains produced in the field experiment, and rats were fed with these diets for 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Biochemical parameters (glucose, total cholesterol and fractions, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase) as well the redox state biomarkers such as reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase, glutathione peroxidase and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) were assessed. Our results show no differences in the biomarkers over 1 or 2 weeks. However, at 4 weeks BuChE activity was inhibited in rats fed with corn grown in soil amended with sewage sludge (5, 10 and 20. t/ha), while MDA levels increased. Furthermore, prolonged exposure to corn cultivated in the highest amount per hectare of sewage sludge (8 and 12 weeks) was associated with an increase in MDA levels and a decrease in GSH levels, respectively. Our findings add new evidence of the risks of consuming food grown with urban sewage sludge. However, considering that the amount and type of toxic substances present in urban sewage sludge varies considerably among different sampling areas, further studies are needed to evaluate sludge samples collected from different sources and/or undergoing different types of treatment. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Fish exposure to nano-TiO2 under different experimental conditions: Methodological aspects for nanoecotoxicology investigations

The ecotoxicology of nano-TiO2 has been extensively studied in recent years; however, few toxicological investigations have considered the photocatalytic properties of the substance, which can increase its toxicity to aquatic biota. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects on fish exposed to different nano-TiO2 concentrations and illumination conditions. The interaction of these variables was investigated by observing the survival of the organisms, together with biomarkers of biochemical and genetic alterations. Fish (Piaractus mesopotamicus) were exposed for 96h to 0, 1, 10, and 100mg/L of nano-TiO2, under visible light, and visible light with ultraviolet (UV) light (22.47J/cm2/h). The following biomarkers of oxidative stress were monitored in the liver: concentrations of lipid hydroperoxide and carbonylated protein, and specific activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione S-transferase. Other biomarkers of physiological function were also studied: the specific activities of acid phosphatase and Na,K-ATPase were analyzed in the liver and brain, respectively, and the concentration of metallothionein was measured in the gills. In addition, micronucleus and comet assays were performed with blood as genotoxic biomarkers. Nano-TiO2 caused no mortality under any of the conditions tested, but induced sublethal effects that were influenced by illumination condition. Under both illumination conditions tested, exposure to 100mg/L showed an inhibition of acid phosphatase activity. Under visible light, there was an increase in metallothionein level in fish exposed to 1mg/L of nano-TiO2. Under UV light, protein carbonylation was reduced in groups exposed to 1 and 10mg/L, while nucleus alterations in erythrocytes were higher in fish exposed to 10mg/L. As well as improving the understanding of nano-TiO2 toxicity, the findings demonstrated the importance of considering the experimental conditions in nanoecotoxicological tests. This work provides information for the development of protocols to study substances whose toxicity is affected by illumination conditions. © 2013 Elsevier B.V..

A influência do esgoto doméstico como fluido de saturação no colapso de um solo arenoso

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Avaliação do método respirométrico pelo acompanhamento e controle de processo de compostagem de lodo de esgoto

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Report of the training workshop on the ECLAC methodology for assessing the macroeconomic, social and environmental impacts of natural disasters

.--Attendance.--Opening.--Agenda.--Special aspects of disasters in the context of small island States in the Caribbean.--Methodological and conceptual aspects of assessment.--Sector evaluation.--Infrastructure.--Economic (productive) sectors.--Information systems.--Effects of damages.--Institutional capacity.--Definition of the reconstruction strategy.--Closing remarks by presenters of the methodology.--Feedback, critique and comments on the ECLAC methodology.--Disaster assessment experiences.--Policy implications.--Follow-up.

Avaliação do desenvolvimento e a eficiência do capim vetiver (chrysopogon zizanioides) em sistemas híbridos de alagados construídos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

A endemia da malária em Porto Velho (RO): um estudo baseado na análise estatítica espacial de dados multivariados

Pós-graduação em Geociências e Meio Ambiente - IGCE

Os recursos pesqueiros marinhos e estuarinos do Maranhão: biologia, tecnologia, socioeconomia, estado da arte e manejo

O estado do Maranhão possui um grande potencial pesqueiro; entretanto, a pesca foi excluída das prioridades governamentais e científicas. Considerando as lacunas de conhecimento existentes, este trabalho realizou um diagnóstico dos dados pretéritos e atuais disponíveis sobre a pesca no Estado, abordando o estado da arte, caracterização das embarcações e artes de pesca, além da análise de produção, espécies de valor comercial e socioeconomia dos atores sociais envolvidos. A partir do quadro visualizado foi possível delimitar a existência de 21 unidades, aqui denominadas de Sistema de Produção Pesqueira, por meio de um processo de subdivisões sucessivas da atividade pesqueira de acordo com a frota, prática ou arte de pesca, recursos explorados, ambiente, residência, relação de trabalho e renda do pescador e grau de isolamento da área de pesca. Para tanto, foram aplicados questionários com os diferentes atores sociais e vivência em campo. Os sistemas foram caracterizados segundo os aspectos econômicos, sociais, tecnológicos, ecológico e manejo, evidenciando-se uma ampla variedade de práticas e frotas, que atuam, predominantemente, em ambientes costeiros, com pequenas embarcações e artes de pescas simples, capturando diferentes espécies-alvo, principalmente das famílias Scianidae e Aridae. O quadro socioeconômico dos pescadores é de pobreza e abandono, com baixa organização social e pequena renda, precárias condições de moradia e nível educacional e acesso à saúde limitado. O mercado e a legislação têm propiciado o livre acesso aos recursos e práticas predatórias, comprometendo os recursos pesqueiros, que são explotados sem qualquer preocupação com a sustentabilidade, demonstrando insuficiências nas ações de manejo e gerenciamento. Na tentativa de detectar indicadores que estimem o estado de “saúde” dos sistemas utilizou-se a metodologia do Rapfish, através de um conjunto de atributos agrupados em cinco áreas temáticas: ecológica, econômica, social, tecnológica e manejo. Os resultados destacaram como bons indicadores: organização social, número de pescadores explorando o sistema; grau de escolaridade; uso de petrechos destrutivos; medidas de manejo governamentais e tradicionais. A relação de trabalho e renda foram bons critérios para diferenciar três tendências na finalidade das pescarias: subsistência, intermediárias e “semi-indutrial”. Alguns sistemas se destacaram como menos sustentável a exemplo das capturas de siris, que tem declinado por falta de manejo, deficiente organização social e a comercialização de fêmeas ovadas; e das pescarias de lagosta, que utilizam artes consideradas destrutivas. O sistema que envolve a captura de caranguejo sobressaiu-se pela existência de medidas de manejo tradicional e melhor gerenciamento do recurso pelos órgãos públicos. Assim, este estudo permitiu o uso de um sistema de referência para análise e monitoramento da sustentabilidade das pescarias regionais, com em indicadores científicos e/ou etnoconhecimento, que induziu ao surgimento de propostas de manejo norteadas pelo gerenciamento da pesca, organização social e educação ambiental. A seguir, foi realizado estudo de caso do sistema de produção que utilizam as embarcações de médio porte nas pescarias de Cynoscion acoupa utilizando como arte o malhão, para entrar em detalhes de um dos sistemas de produção. Essa escolha teve como base, os grandes volumes de captura, a grande abrangência da área de atuação desse sistema em todo o litoral do Estado, além do grande número de pescadores envolvidos nele, representando importante fonte de renda para o Estado. O estudo de caso prestou especial atenção aos saberes tradicionais da população no uso e na manutenção do recurso, complementados com estudos sobre a pesca e biologia reprodutiva de Cynoscion acoupa, capturadas na região da baía de São Marcos e adjacências. As capturas das pescadas-amarela ocorreram durante todo o ano com safra no início do período chuvoso, e produção estadual estimada em 10.600.00 kg/ano. Verificou-se que este sistema vem sofrendo intensa e desordenada exploração, sendo possível inferir pelas características biológicas da espécie, que o crescente nível de esforço não é compatível com a capacidade de suporte ambiental nem como as necessidades dos pescadores. Quanto aos parâmetros reprodutivos, verificou-se que o comprimento médio de primeira maturação sexual (L50) para os machos foi de 39,9 cm e para as fêmeas a primeira maturação sexual ocorreu com tamanho ligeiramente superior, 41,6 cm de comprimento total. A proporção sexual foi de 1:1,4 favorável aos machos. Constatou-se que a espécie em questão completa todo o seu ciclo de vida na área estudada; o processo reprodutivo ocorre durante todo o ano, com dois picos de desova, um no bimestre novembro/dezembro e outro em março/maio. Acredita-se que por meio das informações obtidas é possível subsidiar melhores propostas e ações de sustentabilidade desta pescaria, combinando o etno-conhecimento e o conhecimento científico deste sistema.

Reconstruction of the Environmental Quality Fuzzy Index

In the world stage, the environmental condition has been a big public policies issue. A clear understanding of the parameters that determine the state of the environment is essential for estimation of the quality of life of the population, not least since ecosystems are highly complex. Consequently, definition of public policies demands the use of evaluation tools that can combine and quantify information in a clear way. The use of indicators and indices that are able to translate the complexity of environmental conditions in cities into simpler terms has been increasingly effective in decision-making, since they assist in general evaluation of the situation in question, identification of priority actions and anticipation of future trends. In an attempt to evaluate the environmental conditions of the Brazilian city, Sorocaba, an Environmental Quality Fuzzy Index (IFQAmb) was proposed. In this work this methodology is improved. After reviewing the IFQAmb methodology, a number of changes in the index are proposed. Additional variables are suggested, derived from a State Environment Department program whose objective is to grant municipalities the title of Municipio Verde e Azul (Green and Blue City). In addition, a new rule base is being drafted to enable consideration of all possibilities, since in the existing version the use of specific criteria eliminates a significant number of rules. The changes seek to define with clarity and precision the conceptual aspects and structure of the IFQAmb, so that it can provide an even more effective evaluation of environmental performance, guiding future actions in order to improve the living conditions of the population of Sorocaba.

Comparative analysis between a PEM fuel cell and an internal combustion engine driving an electricity generator: Technical, economical and ecological aspects

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Functional traits of selected mangrove species in Brazil as biological indicators of different environmental conditions

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Towards the abatement of environmental mercury pollution: An electrochemical characterization

Electrochemical experiments in acetic acid-acetate buffer (pH 4.5) are conducted in order to understand metallic and ionic mercury adsorption processes on the pyrite surface. The nature as well as the extent of the spontaneous interaction between pyrite and mercuric ions was evaluated. The spontaneous reduction of mercury species onto pyrite surface was confirmed. These results represent a first step for the use of mining wastes rich in pyrite for mercury pollution abatement. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Differential environmental impacts on small and medium size rivers from center of São Paulo State, Brazil, and regional management perspectives

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Atividade imunomoduladora de parasporina de Bacillus thuringiensis sobre linfócitos e monócitos humanos

Bacillus thuringiensis is an environmental bacteria that produces a group of crystallizable proteins (Cry) that are toxic for several insects and worms species. Recently, it was described a novel class of Cry proteins called parasporins (PS) that showed cytotoxic effects on animal and human tumor cells. Six types of PS have been described so far, PS1 to PS6, and their cytotoxic activity has been studied. However, the direct effect on tumor cells has been the current research focus, while the immunomodulatory role of the PS has not been studied yet. Therefore, this study aimed to verify whether PS of TC 2.3.1R6 B. thuringiensis strain has immunostimulatory activity on human lymphocytes and monocytes. We have evaluated the protein toxicity against human cells, the lymphoproliferative activity and the effects on peripheral blood monocytes. The PS-PK showed no toxic or stimulating activity on lymphocyte proliferation. However, it inhibited the spontaneous production of IL-10 as well as ConA-induced and the production of IFN-γ. PS-PK decreased the release of hydrogen peroxide and increased the production of TNF- α by monocytes. PS-PK performed inhibitory production of hydrogen peroxide and TNF-α by monocytes, whereas PS-Tp showed stimulation of the production of hydrogen and TNF-α

Propostas de Adequação Ambiental para a Cidade da Criança de Presidente Prudente - SP

The environmental issue has been considered of fundamental importance for the well being of the present and future generations and is inserted into the commitment of political parties at federal, state and municipal government programs, into the interests of popular organizations and business planning. The Parque Ecológico Cidade da Criança is one of the most sought after places for visitation at Presidente Prudente – SP. Located outside the Raposo Tavares Highway, next to the exhibition grounds and beside the agricultural school, has more than 30 acres of area with an infrastructure designed for recreation and leisure activities for all ages and has received new investment of the public power. Given the importance of the ecological aspects, the objective of this work is to perform an environmental diagnosis in order to be able to submit proposals for solving the problems encountered and improve the use of the environmental resources. Therefore, the study was divided into three foci: sewage disposal, erosion process and control of the stormwater drainage system. It was checked the discharge of sewage from the restaurant on exposed soil, erosion processes that develop at the camel and llama cages ground and erosion processes resulting from the convergence of the stormwater in the highest region of the park. Based on these studies, proposals of solution were made for each case, having considered the effectiveness of the project