Acampamento e assentamento rural como contexto de cuidado e educação compartilhados de crianças

Esta pesquisa se insere no campo da Psicologia Cultural do Desenvolvimento Humano e tem como objetivo investigar o compartilhamento da educação e do cuidado de crianças pequenas (1 a 5 anos) em um assentamento e um acampamento rural. Consideramos como compartilhamento da educação a participação de um grupo de pessoas, adultos ou crianças, nos momentos cotidianos da criança. A hipótese inicial da investigação estava relacionada a uma aparente coletivização da educação no acampamento e uma individualização no assentamento, determinados, sobretudo, pelas práticas culturais de cada contexto. Participaram da investigação 10 crianças (5 moradoras de um acampamento rural e 5 de um assentamento rural). A metodologia consistiu em observação participante com a imersão da pesquisadora por uma média de 6 dias no cotidiano familiar e comunitário de cada criança, com anotação em diário de campo das atividades, parceiros e cenários de compartilhamento do cuidado e da educação da criança. Os resultados apontam para: um intenso compartilhamento no grupo de vizinhança no acampamento e no grupo de família extensa no assentamento; a importância do cuidado e educação exercido entre as crianças, especialmente em situações de brincadeira; o histórico de migração como condição relacionada à maior busca pelo compartilhamento; a mulher como principal cuidadora, aspecto intimamente relacionado ao trabalho doméstico e na agricultura.O trabalho propicia reflexões acerca da diversidade dos modos de vida das crianças nestes contextos, sendo que há potencialidades educacionais ali construídas, fruto de uma riqueza cultural latente. Aponta ainda para considerações acerca das políticas públicas e garantia de direitos às crianças.

Vivir con Chagas en Madrid: estructuras temporales de la vivencia de un grupo de pacientes bolivianos con el diagnóstico y la atención médica a la enfermedad de Chagas en un hospital metropolitano español

How can a chronic disease determine the life of a group of people diagnosed as seropositive away from their home country? And how do we account for that lived experience. Some diseases contemplated a few decades ago as strictly rural or of poor countries, are an urban reality now and are part of the epidemiological setting in wealthy developed countries. That is the case of Chagas disease in Spain. A disease linked for a long time to rural poverty, until migratory movements occurred nationwide from the country side to the city, and recently with international migration have turned pathology into a global public health issue. Chagas disease is a chronic parasitic infection, endemic in all Latin America and can be transmitted by triatomine or “kissing bug” (Triatoma Infestans), which lives and reproduces in straw houses of rural regions. According to the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO, 2006), the disease affects approximately eight million people. It is recognized by the WHO as a “neglected tropical disease”...

El problema sanitario de España: saneamiento y medio rural en los primeros decenios del siglo XX

En los primeros decenios del siglo XX, la situación socio-sanitaria de la sociedad española fue descrita como catastrófica, tanto en el ámbito urbano como en el rural. En aquel contexto, el saneamiento del medio aparece como una de las claves del proceso de regeneración que asumió la higiene en su papel de mediadora. A través de las obras de los higienistas G. De Membrillera y Luis Muñoz Antuñano, publicadas en 1921, nos hemos acercado al análisis de la situación sanitaria de la España rural durante este periodo.

La expansión del área urbana de Segovia. Transformación paisajística del entorno rural periurbano

En la última década, el área urbana de Segovia ha experimentado un profundo cambio radicado en la urbanización de municipios del entorno rural periurbano. Los crecimientos más significativos se han dado en los núcleos situados en torno al eje de la carretera CL-601 que une Segovia con el Real Sitio de San Ildefonso. La expansión del área urbanizada en este espacio genera cambios en la dinámica territorial que pueden llegar a producir desajustes funcionales que afecten negativamente a los valores patrimoniales y paisajísticos que definen a este territorio.

Urban penalty: nuevas hipótesis y caso español (1860-1920)

El término urban penalty fue en principio utilizado para definir la sobremortalidad urbana durante la revolución industrial. Los antropómetras lo emplearon más tarde para definir un hecho simultáneo: el descenso de la estatura urbana con respecto a la rural. En la primera parte del trabajo proponemos tres nuevas hipótesis sobre ese castigo urbano: a) incorporar las aportaciones de la Teoría Económica sobre fallos de mercado al análisis de la sobremortalidad urbana; b) explicar la urban penalty mediante el modelo que Floud, Fogel, Harris y Chul Hong han elaborado recientemente para Gran Bretaña y c) sugerir respuestas a una pregunta que debe ser avalada o desmentida por investigaciones de ámbito municipal: ¿por qué los políticos españoles de la restauración tardaron décadas en acometer la reforma sanitaria de las ciudades? En la segunda parte del trabajo ofrecemos información que demuestra que España padeció sobremortalidad urbana derivada de fallos de mercado. Los datos de estatura rural y urbana evidencian por el contrario que, salvo excepciones, el país no experimentó urban penalty. El trabajo termina tratando de explicar esta particularidad y sosteniendo que el modelo de Floud, Fogel, Harris y Chul Hong puede aplicarse a esas excepciones.

Urban environmental degradation and the standard of living: the case of the Spanish mining industry (1870–1930)

This paper analyses the consequences of urban environmental degradation on the well-being of Spanish miners. It is based on analyses of differences in mortality and height. The first part of the paper examines new hypotheses regarding the urban penalty. We take into consideration existing works in economic theory that address market failures when analysing the higher urban death rate. We explain the reduction in height using the model recently created by Floud, Fogel, Harris and Hong for British cities. The second part of the paper presents information demonstrating that the urban areas in the two largest mining areas in Spain (Bilbao and the Cartagena-La Unión mountain range) experienced a higher death rate relative to rural areas as a consequence of market failures derived from what we term an ‘anarchic urbanisation’.

Política pública en el desarrollo de la juventud rural

La política pública es fundamental para cumplir con el propósito de atender los problemas colectivos a través de la negociación colectiva. En el medio rural se expresa en toda su amplitud, como agenda de formulación, de ejecución y de evaluación ajena a los actores municipales. De esta forma, este artículo tiene como objetivo comprobar los procesos, condiciones y efectos que genera en la población que las recibe, las acepta y se adapta a ellas. Desde el enfoque territorial, se encontró que la política pública y algunos programas dirigidos a los jóvenes, se centran en la juventud urbana; mientras que los jóvenes rurales desconocen las políticas públicas y los programas que son creados o aplicados a ellos. Las instancias de gobierno municipal, registran una falta de atención a los jóvenes, por la escases de estructura administrativa y de recursos económicos, que profundizan la ausencia de coordinación y comunicación entre los tres niveles de gobierno y la sociedad civil; causando que la duplicidad de programas con recursos limitados e insuficientes se sumen a los demás factores que limitan la atención de los jóvenes de la Sierra Norte de Puebla.

Rural Labour Market Developments in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Factor Markets Working Paper No. 5, September 2011

The significant changes in the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of human resources in rural Macedonia can be explained by the continued trend of emigration from villages to urban areas and abroad. The intensity of emigration has altered the demographic structure and reproductive base of the rural population, along with the income of rural households. The rural and agricultural labour market faces a mismatch with respect to the unfavourable age, education and spatial distribution of the total labour force. A reduction in the participation of women in the agricultural labour force is a new feature. The overall transformation is apparent in the income structure of rural households. An increase in the share of households with mixed income sources notably stems from households that receive remittances and foreign currency funds from family members abroad. The demographic revitalisation of rural areas depends on economic revitalisation, with a more rational use of the labour force and human resources, as well as a restructuring of agricultural production and agricultural holdings. In addition, improvements are necessary in the functioning of market institutions to better meet the needs of smaller farmers and the rural economy.

Commonalities and Differences in Labour Market Developments and Constraints in Different EU Regions. Factor Markets Working Paper No. 22, February 2012

This paper provides a detailed overview of the differences across EU member states’ labour markets, through the extensive use of descriptive statistics. The objective is two-fold: firstly, it identifies the commonalities and differences in rural labour markets across EU regions and their developments, with special regard to agriculture, and secondly it emphasises the constraints that may hinder the efficient functioning of labour markets. Therefore, the paper starts with a description of the main indicators in the general labour market theory, such as the structure of the population in terms of age and gender distribution, unemployment and activity rates, employment levels, quality of human capital, migration patterns, and so forth. Secondly, we focus on the differences among rural and urban areas to then look closely at the agricultural sector. The institutional framework in which labour market institutions operate is also included. Lastly, as an attempt to summarise the analysis and to classify the EU member states according to certain rural and specific agricultural indicators, cluster analysis is also employed. Policy implications include investment in human capital and vocational training, support to young farmers, promoting economic diversification and upgrading infrastructure, with special regard to the new member states and to the Southern parts of Europe.

Constructing, Creating and Contesting Cityscapes. A Socio-Anthropological Approach to Urban Transformation in Southern Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China

This manuscript is based on a PhD thesis submitted at the Institute of Social Anthropology at the University of Bern in 2014. The dissertation was part of the research project „Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and Chinese Territoriality. The Development of Infrastructure and Han Migration into the Region“ under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Heinzpeter Znoj and financed by the Swiss National Science Foundation SNSF. Madlen Kobi analyzes the architectural and socio-political transformation of public places and spaces in rapidly urbanizing southern Xinjiang, P.R. China, and in doing so pays particular attention to the cities of Aksu and Kaxgar. As the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region lies in between China and Central Asia, it is especially characterized by differing political, cultural, and religious influences, and, furthermore, due to its being a multiethnic region, by multiple identities. One might expect cultural and social identities in this area to be negotiated by referring to history, religion, or food. However, they also become visible by the construction and reconstruction, if not demolition, of public places, architectural landmarks, and private residences. Based on ethnographic fieldwork performed in 2011 and 2012, the study explores everyday life in a continuously transforming urban environment shaped by the interaction of the interests of government institutions, investment companies, the middle class, and migrant workers, among many other actors. Here, urban planning, modernization, and renewal form a highly sensitive lens through which the author inspects the tense dynamics of ethnic, religious, and class-based affiliations. She respects varieties and complexities while thoroughly grounding unfolding transformation processes in everyday lived experiences. The study provides vivid insights into how urban places and spaces in this western border region of China are constructed, created, and eventually contested.

National conference on rural public transportation. Eighth. Final report.

Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Washington, D.C.

A directory of rural and specialized transit operators. Volume 1: eastern U.S. systems.

Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Washington, D.C.

A directory of rural and specialized transit operators. Volume 2: central U.S. systems.

Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Washington, D.C.

A directory of rural and specialized transit operators. Volume 3: western U.S. systems.

Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Washington, D.C.

How Wisconsin's population is changing : size of farms, farm income, farm ownership, labor saving machinery, size of families, off-farm work, housing conveniences, migration to cities : selected population data by counties, Wisconsin 1950, part II /

"February 1955"