Mitigate DoS and DDoS Attack in Ad Hoc Networks

This paper proposes a technique to defeat Denial of Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks in Ad Hoc Networks. The technique is divided into two main parts and with game theory and cryptographic puzzles. Introduced first is a new client puzzle to prevent DoS attacks in such networks. The second part presents a multiplayer game that takes place between the nodes of an ad hoc network and based on fundamental principles of game theory. By combining computational problems with puzzles, improvement occurs in the efficiency and latency of the communicating nodes and resistance in DoS and DDoS attacks. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the approach for devices with limited resources and for environments like ad hoc networks where nodes must exchange information quickly.

Fossil associations from the middle and upper Eocene strata of the Pamplona Basin and surrounding areas (Navarre, western Pyrenees)

Fossil associations from the middle and upper Eocene (Bartonian and Priabonian) sedimentary succession of the Pamplona Basin are described. This succession was accumulated in the western part of the South Pyrenean peripheral foreland basin and extends from deep-marine turbiditic (Ezkaba Sandstone Formation) to deltaic (Pamplona Marl, Ardanatz Sandstone and Ilundain Marl formations) and marginal marine deposits (Gendulain Formation). The micropalaeontological content is high. It is dominated by foraminifera, and common ostracods and other microfossils are also present. The fossil ichnoasssemblages include at least 23 ichnogenera and 28 ichnospecies indicative of Nereites, Cruziana, Glossifungites and ?Scoyenia-Mermia ichnofacies. Body macrofossils of 78 taxa corresponding to macroforaminifera, sponges, corals, bryozoans, brachiopods, annelids, molluscs, arthropods, echinoderms and vertebrates have been identified. Both the number of ichnotaxa and of species (e. g. bryozoans, molluscs and condrichthyans) may be considerably higher. Body fossil assemblages are comparable to those from the Eocene of the Nord Pyrenean area (Basque Coast), and also to those from the Eocene of the west-central and eastern part of South Pyrenean area (Aragon and Catalonia). At the European scale, the molluscs assemblages seem endemic from the Pyrenean area, although several Tethyan (Italy and Alps) and Northern elements (Paris basin and Normandy) have been recorded. Palaeontological data of studied sedimentary units fit well with the shallowing process that throughout the middle and late Eocene occurs in the area, according to the sedimentological and stratigraphical data.

The Neolithic of El Niño cave (Ayna, Albacete) in the Sierra del Segura context

Since its excavation in the summer of 1973, El Niño cave has been considered a key site to understand the process of production economy and pottery technology introduction in South-eastern Iberian Peninsula, and especially to approach how such process could have affected people already settled in the Segura mountains. However, data from El Niño cave was very fragmentary, due to the lack of a broad study of Neolithic occupations of the site. In this paper, we present the analysis of pottery, lithic industry and faunal remains, as well as the existing dates from the site´s Holocene levels. The review of different evidence from the site allows suggesting that El Niño cave would have probably acted as a hunting and shepherding station, being a logistical site of larger places. However, limitations due to the fact that we are dealing with a 40- year-old excavation, prevent specifying how the process of Neolithic introduction in the Segura Mountains occurred.

Back to the failure: an analytic narrative of the De Lorean debacle

There has been a recent identification of a need for a New Business History. This discussion connects with the analytic narrative approach. By following this approach, the study of business history provides important implications for the conduct and institutional design of contemporary industrial policy. The approach also allows us to solve historical puzzles. The failure of the De Lorean Motor Company Limited (DMCL) is one specific puzzle. Journalistic accounts that focus on John De Lorean's alleged personality defects as an explanation for this failure miss the crucial institutional component. Moreover, distortions in the rewards associated with industrial policy, and the fact that the objectives of the institutions implementing the policy were not solely efficiency-based, led to increased opportunities for rent-seeking. Political economy solves the specific puzzle; by considering institutional dimensions, we can also solve the more general puzzle of why activist industrial policy was relatively unsuccessful in Northern Ireland.

Baker Viewpoint: Curtailment Mortgages are a Win-Win Economic Policy

What happens if you prepay your standard residential mortgage? This question puzzles most people, and worse yet the answer can be even more confusing. However, a minor policy change that alters how prepayments are applied could benefit mortgage borrowers as well as the overall housing market.

Análisis de distribución de tensiones asociada a la utilización de implantes ortopédicos de materiales superelásticos en el tratamiento de deficiencias óseas.

Durante el desarrollo de un niño pueden ocurrir diversas anomalías y distorsiones en el crecimiento de los huesos que resultan en distintos problemas. Independientemente de las razones por las que ocurren, si son detectadas y tratadas con tiempo sus secuelas pueden ser minimizadas o eliminadas. Este trabajo continúa el proyecto integrador de ingeniería mecánica del ingeniero Matías Korten. En ese trabajo se realizaron ensayos termomecánicos a alambres de NiTi para caracterizar las fuerzas desarrolladas y la influencia de diferentes parámetros geométricos y físicos en las mismas. El Dr. J. Groiso propone la fabricación de un dispositivo pseudoelástico y biocompatible de NiTi para corregir deformaciones angulares en huesos. En este trabajo, se buscó caracterizar nuevamente el material NiTi, validar los resultados obtenidos en ese trabajo y diseñar un dispositivo que permita la caracterización del material de forma más confiable. Se desarrolló un modelo computacional de un hueso en 3D que permite obtener el campo de tensiones sobre la placa de crecimiento al aplicar una fuerza superficial sobre los tornillos. Se analizaron los resultados con distintas formas de aplicación de la fuerza, la zona afectada por la prótesis al cambiar la posición de los tornillos y se hizo un análisis de sensibilidad en el rango (según bibliografía) del módulo de elasticidad de la placa de crecimiento. Se concluye que la aplicación de un dispositivo de NiTi puede generar las tensiones necesarias para impulsar el crecimiento del hueso en la dirección correcta.

Evaluación de la integridad estructural de tubos de generadores de vapor con defectos volumétricos debidos al fretting.

Los Generadores de vapor (GVs) en una central nuclear están conformados por un manojo de tubos que actúan como una barrera entre el sistema primario contaminado y el secundario. A través de los tubos de GVs (TGVs) se desarrolla el intercambio de calor que produce el vapor que después accionará las turbinas de la central. Estos componentes están sometidos a unas condiciones térmicas, químicas y mecánicas bastante severas, que pueden provocar la aparición de defectos geométricos y volumétricos comprometiendo su integridad estructural. Es por esta razón que el mantenimiento de los GVs es importante para la operación económica y segura de las centrales nucleares. Uno de los principales mecanismos de desgaste de los tubos de GVs es el fenómeno conocido como fretting. El mismo provoca el adelgazamiento de las paredes de los TGVs debido a pequeños movimientos relativos entre superficies en contacto. Dado el caso particular de los GVs del reactor CAREM-25 en los que el circuito primario se encuentra del lado externo de los tubos que lo constituyen, la ocurrencia de este mecanismo de daño podría comprometer la integridad de los mismos haciéndolos más susceptibles al daño por colapso. El presente trabajo constituye una continuación del Proyecto integrador finalizado en el 2015 por Pablo Lazo en el que se evaluó la influencia de efectos de ovalización en el colapso de los tubos de los GVs. Se evalúa ahora la influencia de defectos volumétricos debido a fretting. Esto se realizó a través de modelos numéricos que estiman la presión de colapso en los tubos con y sin defecto. Los resultados de los modelos se compararon con resultados de expresiones analíticas obtenidas por otros autores, valores experimentales propios y otros valores de referencia. A partir del análisis de los resultados se derivaron algunas conclusiones que ayudan a entender el comportamiento de los tubos de GVs con defectos debido a mecanismo de daño por fretting. Además se desarrollaron expresiones matemáticas que ayudan a definir las dimensiones de los defectos que comprometen la integridad estructural de los TGVs en el caso del reactor CAREM-25.

Análisis de distribución de tensiones asociada a la utilización de implantes ortopédicos de materiales superelásticos en el tratamiento de deficiencias óseas.

Durante el desarrollo de un niño pueden ocurrir diversas anomalías y distorsiones en el crecimiento de los huesos que resultan en distintos problemas. Independientemente de las razones por las que ocurren, si son detectadas y tratadas con tiempo sus secuelas pueden ser minimizadas o eliminadas. Este trabajo continúa el proyecto integrador de ingeniería mecánica del ingeniero Matías Korten. En ese trabajo se realizaron ensayos termomecánicos a alambres de NiTi para caracterizar las fuerzas desarrolladas y la influencia de diferentes parámetros geométricos y físicos en las mismas. El Dr. J. Groiso propone la fabricación de un dispositivo pseudoelástico y biocompatible de NiTi para corregir deformaciones angulares en huesos. En este trabajo, se buscó caracterizar nuevamente el material NiTi, validar los resultados obtenidos en ese trabajo y diseñar un dispositivo que permita la caracterización del material de forma más confiable. Se desarrolló un modelo computacional de un hueso en 3D que permite obtener el campo de tensiones sobre la placa de crecimiento al aplicar una fuerza superficial sobre los tornillos. Se analizaron los resultados con distintas formas de aplicación de la fuerza, la zona afectada por la prótesis al cambiar la posición de los tornillos y se hizo un análisis de sensibilidad en el rango (según bibliografía) del módulo de elasticidad de la placa de crecimiento. Se concluye que la aplicación de un dispositivo de NiTi puede generar las tensiones necesarias para impulsar el crecimiento del hueso en la dirección correcta.

Evaluación de la integridad estructural de tubos de generadores de vapor con defectos volumétricos debidos al fretting.

Los Generadores de vapor (GVs) en una central nuclear están conformados por un manojo de tubos que actúan como una barrera entre el sistema primario contaminado y el secundario. A través de los tubos de GVs (TGVs) se desarrolla el intercambio de calor que produce el vapor que después accionará las turbinas de la central. Estos componentes están sometidos a unas condiciones térmicas, químicas y mecánicas bastante severas, que pueden provocar la aparición de defectos geométricos y volumétricos comprometiendo su integridad estructural. Es por esta razón que el mantenimiento de los GVs es importante para la operación económica y segura de las centrales nucleares. Uno de los principales mecanismos de desgaste de los tubos de GVs es el fenómeno conocido como fretting. El mismo provoca el adelgazamiento de las paredes de los TGVs debido a pequeños movimientos relativos entre superficies en contacto. Dado el caso particular de los GVs del reactor CAREM-25 en los que el circuito primario se encuentra del lado externo de los tubos que lo constituyen, la ocurrencia de este mecanismo de daño podría comprometer la integridad de los mismos haciéndolos más susceptibles al daño por colapso. El presente trabajo constituye una continuación del Proyecto integrador finalizado en el 2015 por Pablo Lazo en el que se evaluó la influencia de efectos de ovalización en el colapso de los tubos de los GVs. Se evalúa ahora la influencia de defectos volumétricos debido a fretting. Esto se realizó a través de modelos numéricos que estiman la presión de colapso en los tubos con y sin defecto. Los resultados de los modelos se compararon con resultados de expresiones analíticas obtenidas por otros autores, valores experimentales propios y otros valores de referencia. A partir del análisis de los resultados se derivaron algunas conclusiones que ayudan a entender el comportamiento de los tubos de GVs con defectos debido a mecanismo de daño por fretting. Además se desarrollaron expresiones matemáticas que ayudan a definir las dimensiones de los defectos que comprometen la integridad estructural de los TGVs en el caso del reactor CAREM-25.

Calibración de métodos simplificados existentes para el análisis de muros esbeltos de concreto reforzado

El diseño y construcción de edificios en muros esbeltos de concreto reforzado presentan en la actualidad una alta demanda, debido a su eficiente sistema constructivo y grandes ventajas en cuanto al desempeño sismo resistente de la edificación. Sin embargo, en países tales como Colombia y Ecuador, se han promovido prácticas constructivas que tienden a reducir considerablemente estos espesores, llegando incluso a niveles excesivos en los cuáles hay poco o ninguna evidencia experimental o numérica sobre el comportamiento real de este tipo de muros ante movimientos sísmicos moderados y severos. Con base en esto nace la necesidad de entender e interpretar de manera adecuada el comportamiento estructural de los muros esbeltos de concreto reforzado. Es necesario aclarar que el diseño convencional de dichos elementos no contempla un rango plástico, es decir, el diseñador no detalla sus cálculos teniendo en cuenta el comportamiento inelástico del elemento. Debido a esto no se tiene certeza del comportamiento del muro una vez sobrepasado los esfuerzos de fluencia, lo cual se hace necesario ya que dicho elemento cuenta con un rango de ductilidad que influye directamente en el desempeño estructural del mismo. Basado en lo anterior es importante conocer el comportamiento tanto elástico como inelástico de los muros esbeltos de concreto reforzado, así mismo de cada uno de los parámetros geométricos, características de los materiales y solicitaciones en el elemento. Es importante destacar que con los métodos simplificados de análisis estructural que consideren el rango no lineal es posible tener conocimiento del comportamiento de cada una de las variables mencionadas anteriormente, logrando así una concepción del diseño de estos elementos más adecuada y acorde a todos los parámetros que lo componen. La presente tesis se realiza motivada en plantear una metodología simplificada para el análisis de muros esbeltos de concreto reforzado, que a su vez sea útil para entender de manera adecuada el comportamiento no lineal de estos elementos bajo la ocurrencia de diferentes solicitaciones.

Barracas de Praia, praia de barracas: configuração, tipo e usos na praia do futuro, Fortaleza CE

The purpose of this dissertation is to analyse the importance of the huts of Praia do Futuro to their users and to the city of Fortaleza in Ceará through the comprehension of relations between morphological categories - in urban and edified contexts - of the establishments and their use patterns. This place is one of the main recreation and leisure areas of the city, formed by six kilometres of waterfront, corresponding to a differentiated area through the coast. This space has beach huts with varied profiles: while some more simple huts persist, great complexes are being developed, building even water parks on the beach area. This study analyses relations between:i) spatial configuration (in geometric and mainly topological terms) based on the Social Logic of Space; ii) edified typology (analysing capacity, landscap treatment and program of the huts); and iii) use and environmental perception of the beach by its frequenters. There are consistent relations between the type of hut and their localization in the urban grid, of which were identified groups with different patterns: segregated (north, central and south) and integrated (north: more integrated. and south: less integrated). Such relations also reflect, in varied patterns of use and environmental perception. In spite of their strong economy, the beach huts find themselves in a fragile legal situation because they occupy the beach area, so that this study may come to assist the decision-making for the future of the region. For a sustainable development of the area by those responsible and managers it is necessary to evaluate the cultural importance of the huts at Praia do Futuro, understanding their occupation and uses.

Engenharia ferroviária: traçado e materiais de via

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil - Área de Especialização em Vias de Comunicações e Transportes

Construções geométricas como recurso pedagógico no ensino médio

This work aims to provide high school students an development in his mathematical and geometrical knowledge, through the use of Geometric Constructions as a teaching resource in Mathematics classes. First a literature search to understand how it emerged and evolved the field of geometry was carried out and the Geometric Constructions. The ways in which the teaching of geometry happened in our country, also were studied some theories related to learning and in particular the Van Hiele theory which deals with the geometric learning also through the literature search were diagnosed. Two forms of the Geometric Constructions approach are analyzed in class: through the design of hand tools - ruler and compass - and through the computational tool - geometric software - being that we chose to approach using the ruler and compass instruments. It is proposed a workshop with nine Geometric Construction activities which was applied with a group of 3rd year of high school, the Escola de Educac¸ ˜ao B´asica Professor Anacleto Damiani in the city of Abelardo Luz, Santa Catarina. Each workshop activity includes the following topics: Activity Goals, Activity Sheet, Steps of Construction Activity Background and activity of the solution. After application of the workshop, the data were analyzed through content analysis according to three categories: Drawing Instruments, angles and their implications and Parallel and its Implications. Was observed that most of the students managed to achieve the research objectives, and had an development in their mathematical and geometrical knowledge, which can be perceived through the analysis of questionnaires administered to students, audio recordings, observations made during the workshop and especially through the improvement of the students in the development of the proposed activities.

Essays in asset price bubbles

This thesis studies the field of asset price bubbles. It is comprised of three independent chapters. Each of these chapters either directly or indirectly analyse the existence or implications of asset price bubbles. The type of bubbles assumed in each of these chapters is consistent with rational expectations. Thus, the kind of price bubbles investigated here are known as rational bubbles in the literature. The following describes the three chapters. Chapter 1: This chapter attempts to explain the recent US housing price bubble by developing a heterogeneous agent endowment economy asset pricing model with risky housing, endogenous collateral and defaults. Investment in housing is subject to an idiosyncratic risk and some mortgages are defaulted in equilibrium. We analytically derive the leverage or the endogenous loan to value ratio. This variable comes from a limited participation constraint in a one period mortgage contract with monitoring costs. Our results show that low values of housing investment risk produces a credit easing effect encouraging excess leverage and generates credit driven rational price bubbles in the housing good. Conversely, high values of housing investment risk produces a credit crunch characterized by tight borrowing constraints, low leverage and low house prices. Furthermore, the leverage ratio was found to be procyclical and the rate of defaults countercyclical consistent with empirical evidence. Chapter 2: It is widely believed that financial assets have considerable persistence and are susceptible to bubbles. However, identification of this persistence and potential bubbles is not straightforward. This chapter tests for price bubbles in the United States housing market accounting for long memory and structural breaks. The intuition is that the presence of long memory negates price bubbles while the presence of breaks could artificially induce bubble behaviour. Hence, we use procedures namely semi-parametric Whittle and parametric ARFIMA procedures that are consistent for a variety of residual biases to estimate the value of the long memory parameter, d, of the log rent-price ratio. We find that the semi-parametric estimation procedures robust to non-normality and heteroskedasticity errors found far more bubble regions than parametric ones. A structural break was identified in the mean and trend of all the series which when accounted for removed bubble behaviour in a number of regions. Importantly, the United States housing market showed evidence for rational bubbles at both the aggregate and regional levels. In the third and final chapter, we attempt to answer the following question: To what extend should individuals participate in the stock market and hold risky assets over their lifecycle? We answer this question by employing a lifecycle consumption-portfolio choice model with housing, labour income and time varying predictable returns where the agents are constrained in the level of their borrowing. We first analytically characterize and then numerically solve for the optimal asset allocation on the risky asset comparing the return predictability case with that of IID returns. We successfully resolve the puzzles and find equity holding and participation rates close to the data. We also find that return predictability substantially alter both the level of risky portfolio allocation and the rate of stock market participation. High factor (dividend-price ratio) realization and high persistence of factor process indicative of stock market bubbles raise the amount of wealth invested in risky assets and the level of stock market participation, respectively. Conversely, rare disasters were found to bring down these rates, the change being severe for investors in the later years of the life-cycle. Furthermore, investors following time varying returns (return predictability) hedged background risks significantly better than the IID ones.

Acousto-optic modulation of optical reflection properties in fiber Bragg gratings and the application in fiber lasers

This thesis aims to investigate the interaction of acoustic waves and fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) in standard and suspended-core fibers (SCFs), to evaluate the influence of the fiber, grating and modulator design on the increase of the modulation efficiency, bandwidth and frequency. Initially, the frequency response and the resonant acoustic modes of a low frequency acousto-optic modulator (f < 1.2 MHz) are numerically investigated by using the finite element method. Later, the interaction of longitudinal acoustic waves and FBGs in SCFs is also numerically investigated. The fiber geometric parameters are varied and the strain and grating properties are simulated by means of the finite element method and the transfer matrix method. The study indicates that the air holes composing the SCF cause a significant reduction of the amount of silica in the fiber cross section increasing acousto-optic interaction in the core. Experimental modulation of the reflectivity of FBGs inscribed in two distinct SCFs indicates evidences of this increased interaction. Besides, a method to acoustically induce a dynamic phase-shift in a chirped FBG employing an optimized design of modulator is shown. Afterwards, a combination of this modulator and a FBG inscribed in a three air holes SCF is applied to mode-lock an ytterbium doped fiber laser. To improve the modulator design for future applications, two other distinct devices are investigated to increase the acousto-optic interaction, bandwidth and frequency (f > 10 MHz). A high reflectivity modulation has been achieved for a modulator based on a tapered fiber. Moreover, an increased modulated bandwidth (320 pm) has been obtained for a modulator based on interaction of a radial long period grating (RLPG) and a FBG inscribed in a standard fiber. In summary, the results show a considerable reduction of the grating/fiber length and the modulator size, indicating possibilities for compact and faster acousto-optic fiber devices. Additionally, the increased interaction efficiency, modulated bandwidth and frequency can be useful to shorten the pulse width of future all-fiber mode-locked fiber lasers, as well, to other photonic devices which require the control of the light in optical fibers by electrically tunable acoustic waves.