A technique to detect and to quantify fasciocutaneous blood vessels in small laboratory animals ex vivo

PURPOSE: A microangiographical technique is described, which allows visualization of small and capillary blood vessels and quantification of fasciocutaneous blood vessels by means of digital computer analysis in very small laboratory animals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The left carotid artery of 20 nu/nu mice was cannulated (26 gauge) and a mixture of gelatin, bariumsulfate, and green ink was injected according to standardized protocol. Fasciocutaneous blood vessels were visualized by digital mammography and analyzed for vessel length and vessel surface area as standardized units [SU] by computer program. RESULTS: With the described microangiography method, fasciocutaneous blood vessels down to capillary size level can be clearly visualized. Regions of interest (ROIs) can be defined and the containing vascular network quantified. Comparable results may be obtained by calculating the microvascular area index (MAI) and the microvascular length index (MLI), related to the ROIs size. Identical ROIs showed a high reproducibility for measured [SU] < 0.01 +/- 0.0012%. CONCLUSION: Combining microsurgical techniques, pharmacological knowledge, and modern digital image technology, we were able to visualize small and capillary blood vessels even in small laboratory animals. By using our own computer analytical program, quantification of vessels was reliable, highly reproducible, and fast.

Erosive and buffering capacities of yogurt

OBJECTIVE: The capability of drinks and foods to resist pH changes brought about by salivary buffering may play an important role in the erosion of dental enamel. The aim of the present study was to measure the initial pH of several types of yogurt and to test the degrees of saturation (pK-pl) with respect to hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite to determine the buffering capacity and related erosive potential of yogurt. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Twenty-five milliliters of 7 types of freshly opened yogurt was titrated with 1 mol/L of sodium hydroxide, added in 0.5 mL increments, until the pH reached 10, to assess the total titratable acidity, a measure of the drink's own buffering capacity. The degrees of saturation (pK-pl) with respect to hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite were also calculated, using a computer program developed for this purpose. For statistical analysis, samples were compared using Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: The buffering capacities can be ordered as follows: fruit yogurt >low-fat yogurt >bioyogurt >butter yogurt >natural yogurt >light fruit yogurt >light yogurt. The results suggest that, in vitro, fruit yogurt has the greatest buffering capacity. CONCLUSION: It can be stated that it is not possible to induce erosion on enamel with any type of yogurt.

Range of motion after computed tomography-based simulation of intertrochanteric corrective osteotomy in cases of slipped capital femoral epiphysis: comparison of uniplanar flexion osteotomy and multiplanar flexion, valgisation, and rotational osteotomies

BACKGROUND: Various osteotomy techniques have been developed to correct the deformity caused by slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) and compared by their clinical outcomes. The aim of the presented study was to compare an intertrochanteric uniplanar flexion osteotomy with a multiplanar osteotomy by their ability to improve postoperative range of motion as measured by simulation of computed tomographic data in patients with SCFE. METHODS: We examined 19 patients with moderate or severe SCFE as classified based on slippage angle. A computer program for the simulation of movement and osteotomy developed in our laboratory was used for study execution. According to a 3-dimensional reconstruction of the computed tomographic data, the physiological range was determined by flexion, abduction, and internal rotation. The multiplanar osteotomy was compared with the uniplanar flexion osteotomy. Both intertrochanteric osteotomy techniques were simulated, and the improvements of the movement range were assessed and compared. RESULTS: The mean slipping and thus correction angles measured were 25 degrees (range, 8-46 degrees) inferior and 54 degrees (range, 32-78 degrees) posterior. After the simulation of multiplanar osteotomy, the virtually measured ranges of motion as determined by bone-to-bone contact were 61 degrees for flexion, 57 degrees for abduction, and 66 degrees for internal rotation. The simulation of the uniplanar flexion osteotomy achieved a flexion of 63 degrees, an abduction of 36 degrees, and an internal rotation of 54 degrees. CONCLUSIONS: Apart from abduction, the improvement in the range of motion by a uniplanar flexion osteotomy is comparable with that of the multiplanar osteotomy. However, the improvement in flexion for the simulation of both techniques is not satisfactory with regard to the requirements of normal everyday life, in contrast to abduction and internal rotation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, Retrospective comparative study.

UsedSoft and the Big Bang Theory: Is the e-Exhaustion Meteor about to Strike?

Since the UsedSoft ruling of the CJEU in 2012, there has been the distinct feeling that – like the big bang - UsedSoft signals the start of a new beginning. As we enter this brave new world, the Copyright Directive will be read anew: misalignments in the treatment of physical and digital content will be resolved; accessibility and affordability for consumers will be heightened; and lock-in will be reduced as e-exhaustion takes hold. With UsedSoft as a precedent, the Court can do nothing but keep expanding its own ruling. For big bang theorists, it is only a matter of time until the digital first sale meteor strikes non-software downloads also. This paper looks at whether the UsedSoft ruling could indeed be the beginning of a wider doctrine of e-exhaustion, or if it is simply a one-shot comet restrained by provisions of the Computer Program Directive on which it was based. Fighting the latter corner, we have the strict word of the law; in the UsedSoft ruling, the Court appears to willingly bypass the international legal framework of the WCT. As far as expansion goes, the Copyright Directive was conceived specifically to implement the WCT, thus the legislative intent is clear. The Court would not, surely, invoke its modicum of creativity there also... With perhaps undue haste in a digital market of many unknowns, it seems this might well be the case. Provoking the big bang theory of e-exhaustion, the UsedSoft ruling can be read as distinctly purposive, but rather than having copyright norms in mind, the standard for the Court is the same free movement rules that underpin the exhaustion doctrine in the physical world. With an endowed sense of principled equivalence, the Court clearly wishes the tangible and intangible rules to be aligned. Against the backdrop of the European internal market, perhaps few legislative instruments would staunchly stand in its way. With firm objectives in mind, the UsedSoft ruling could be a rather disruptive meteor indeed.

Vergleich von Softwarelösungen für die Ökobilanzierung – eine softwareergonomische Analyse

Ökobilanzierung von Produktsystemen dient der Abschätzung ihrer Wirkung auf die Umwelt. Eine vollständige Lebenswegbetrachtung erfordert auch die Einbeziehung intralogistischer Transportprozesse bzw. -mittel. Für die Erstellung von Ökobilanzen wird i. d. R. ein Computerprogramm verwendet. Die Demoversionen dreier kommerzieller Softwarelösungen (SimaPro, GaBi und Umberto NXT LCA) und die Vollversion einer Open Source Software (openLCA) wurden aus softwareergonomischer Sicht analysiert. Hierzu erfolgte u. a. der Nachbau der bereitgestellten Tutorials bzw. die Modellierung eigener Produktsysteme. Im Rahmen der Analyse wurden die Punkte • Entstehung, Verbreitung, Zielgruppe, • Eignung der Tutorials, Erlernbarkeit, • Grafische Benutzeroberfläche, Individualisierbarkeit der Software, • Umsetzung der Anforderungen aus den Ökobilanzierungsnormen, • Notwendige Arbeitsschritte zur Erstellung einer Ökobilanz einer vergleichenden Betrachtung unterzogen. Der Beitrag beinhaltet eine Einführung in die wesentlichen Prinzipien der Ökobilanzierung und die Grundsätze der Softwareergonomie. Diese werden zu softwareergonomischen Eigenschaften für Ökobilanzsoftwarelösungen subsumiert. Anschließend werden die Ergebnisse des Softwarevergleiches dargestellt. Abschließend erfolgt eine Zusammenfassung der Erkenntnisse.

Automatic identification of discourse markers in dialogues: An in-depth study of like and well

The lexical items like and well can serve as discourse markers (DMs), but can also play numerous other roles, such as verb or adverb. Identifying the occurrences that function as DMs is an important step for language understanding by computers. In this study, automatic classifiers using lexical, prosodic/positional and sociolinguistic features are trained over transcribed dialogues, manually annotated with DM information. The resulting classifiers improve state-of-the-art performance of DM identification, at about 90% recall and 79% precision for like (84.5% accuracy, κ = 0.69), and 99% recall and 98% precision for well (97.5% accuracy, κ = 0.88). Automatic feature analysis shows that lexical collocations are the most reliable indicators, followed by prosodic/positional features, while sociolinguistic features are marginally useful for the identification of DM like and not useful for well. The differentiated processing of each type of DM improves classification accuracy, suggesting that these types should be treated individually.

LiDAR simulation in modelled orchards to optimise the use of terretrial laser scanners and derived vegetative measures

Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technology is beginning to have an impact on agriculture. Canopy volume and/or fruit tree leaf area can be estimated using terrestrial laser sensors based on this technology. However, the use of these devices may have different options depending on the resolution and scanning mode. As a consequence, data accuracy and LiDAR derived parameters are affected by sensor configuration, and may vary according to vegetative characteristics of tree crops. Given this scenario, users and suppliers of these devices need to know how to use the sensor in each case. This paper presents a computer program to determine the best configuration, allowing simulation and evaluation of different LiDAR configurations in various tree structures (or training systems). The ultimate goal is to optimise the use of laser scanners in field operations. The software presented generates a virtual orchard, and then allows the scanning simulation with a laser sensor. Trees are created using a hidden Markov tree (HMT) model. Varying the foliar structure of the orchard the LiDAR simulation was applied to twenty different artificially created orchards with or without leaves from two positions (lateral and zenith). To validate the laser sensor configuration, leaf surface of simulated trees was compared with the parameters obtained by LiDAR measurements: the impacted leaf area, the impacted total area (leaves and wood), and th impacted area in the three outer layers of leaves.

Estructuras espaciales desmontables y desplegables. Estudio de la obra del arquitecto Emilio Pérez Pinero.

La presente tesis estudia las realizaciones del arquitecto Emilio Pérez Pinero, todas dentro de las estructuras espaciales de barras desmontables y desplegables, elabora la documentación que hace transmisible su investigación y generaliza el estudio del comportamiento en la parcela de las desplegables. La obra de este arquitecto forma un conjunto original, atractivo y sin continuadores, y por otra parte, no abundan las" investigaciones sobre este tipo de estructuras ( mucho menos las realizaciones), en las que hay que resolver tanto su definición como su movilidad y comportamiento estructural. El contenido de la parte correspondiente a las estructuras desmontables se limita a las cúpulas reticuladas de una capa, con el sistema de reticulado y montaje ideado por Pinero, por considerar que se debe documentar su aportación pero no incidir mas en un campo de investigación que cuenta con abundantes estudios. Se aporta la solución matemática y un programa de ordenador para la definición geométrica completa del reticulado empleado. Las estructuras desplegables se caracterizan por el empleo de barras dispuestas en "x" en el espesor de la estructura, con generación de superficies tanto planas como curvas. En ambos casos se analiza la movilidad en fase de mecanismo, tanto a las soluciones de Pinero como a las complementarlas que se exponen. Se estudian las relaciones geométricas que deben de cumplirse para que sea posible el movimiento de las barras, relaciones particularmente complejas en las desplegables según superficies esféricas, y que determinan su definición geométrica. En la fase de estructura, además de analizar lo realizado por Pinero, documentando y definiendo sus componentes, se proponen varias estructuras posibles para cada mecanismo, y se desarrolla en detalle el tipo de los emparrillados de canto constante, donde se incluye un estudio comparativo de nueve variantes distintas. Se muestra el amplio campo de uso posible para estas estructuras. ABSTRACT The • present doctoral dissertation studies the work of de spanish architect Emilio Pérez Pinero, all of it within de field of spatial demountable and deployable structures. This contribution compiles the necessary documentation for research in this field and, besides, generalizes the theoretical background for the analysis of this type of structures. Pérez Pinero's contributions are original and attractive, but, so far, he has not any followers ; on the other hand research in this field is scarce (much less actual realizations). In the part corresponding to demountable structures the research is limited to reticulated domes of only one layer, following Pérez Pinero's sys~ tem, trying to give a comprehensive documentation of it. The mathematical solution is given and so is a computer program for the complete definition of the geometry of the structure. One characteristic of deployable structures is the use of struts placed - formix "X" in the thickness of the structure, making possible the generation of plañe as well as curved surfaces. In both cases, the operation in the phase of mechanism is studied, both fot Pinero's solution and for the other schemes presented. The geometrical relationships that must be maintained in order to guarantee strut's movements, are studied; these relationships are particularly complex in the case of spherical surfaces, and, in this last casey determine completely its geometrical definition. In regard of the structure behaviour, besides analysing Pinero's works, a variety of solutions are proposed for each mechanism. Particularly, the configuration for double layer grids of constant thickness is developed with great detall, and a comparative study of nine different solutions of this special case is included. A wide range of the possible applications of this structural type is shown.

Coupled model of initiation and propagation of corrosion in reinforced concrete

Corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete due to chloride ingress is one of the main causes of the deterioration of reinforced concrete structures. Structures most affected by such a corrosion are marine zone buildings and structures exposed to de-icing salts like highways and bridges. Such process is accompanied by an increase in volume of the corrosión products on the rebarsconcrete interface. Depending on the level of oxidation, iron can expand as much as six times its original volume. This increase in volume exerts tensile stresses in the surrounding concrete which result in cracking and spalling of the concrete cover if the concrete tensile strength is exceeded. The mechanism by which steel embedded in concrete corrodes in presence of chloride is the local breakdown of the passive layer formed in the highly alkaline condition of the concrete. It is assumed that corrosion initiates when a critical chloride content reaches the rebar surface. The mathematical formulation idealized the corrosion sequence as a two-stage process: an initiation stage, during which chloride ions penetrate to the reinforcing steel surface and depassivate it, and a propagation stage, in which active corrosion takes place until cracking of the concrete cover has occurred. The aim of this research is to develop computer tools to evaluate the duration of the service life of reinforced concrete structures, considering both the initiation and propagation periods. Such tools must offer a friendly interface to facilitate its use by the researchers even though their background is not in numerical simulation. For the evaluation of the initiation period different tools have been developed: Program TavProbabilidade: provides means to carry out a probability analysis of a chloride ingress model. Such a tool is necessary due to the lack of data and general uncertainties associated with the phenomenon of the chloride diffusion. It differs from the deterministic approach because it computes not just a chloride profile at a certain age, but a range of chloride profiles for each probability or occurrence. Program TavProbabilidade_Fiabilidade: carries out reliability analyses of the initiation period. It takes into account the critical value of the chloride concentration on the steel that causes breakdown of the passive layer and the beginning of the propagation stage. It differs from the deterministic analysis in that it does not predict if the corrosion is going to begin or not, but to quantifies the probability of corrosion initiation. Program TavDif_1D: was created to do a one dimension deterministic analysis of the chloride diffusion process by the finite element method (FEM) which numerically solves Fick’second Law. Despite of the different FEM solver already developed in one dimension, the decision to create a new code (TavDif_1D) was taken because of the need to have a solver with friendly interface for pre- and post-process according to the need of IETCC. An innovative tool was also developed with a systematic method devised to compare the ability of the different 1D models to predict the actual evolution of chloride ingress based on experimental measurements, and also to quantify the degree of agreement of the models with each others. For the evaluation of the entire service life of the structure: a computer program has been developed using finite elements method to do the coupling of both service life periods: initiation and propagation. The program for 2D (TavDif_2D) allows the complementary use of two external programs in a unique friendly interface: • GMSH - an finite element mesh generator and post-processing viewer • OOFEM – a finite element solver. This program (TavDif_2D) is responsible to decide in each time step when and where to start applying the boundary conditions of fracture mechanics module in function of the amount of chloride concentration and corrosion parameters (Icorr, etc). This program is also responsible to verify the presence and the degree of fracture in each element to send the Information of diffusion coefficient variation with the crack width. • GMSH - an finite element mesh generator and post-processing viewer • OOFEM – a finite element solver. The advantages of the FEM with the interface provided by the tool are: • the flexibility to input the data such as material property and boundary conditions as time dependent function. • the flexibility to predict the chloride concentration profile for different geometries. • the possibility to couple chloride diffusion (initiation stage) with chemical and mechanical behavior (propagation stage). The OOFEM code had to be modified to accept temperature, humidity and the time dependent values for the material properties, which is necessary to adequately describe the environmental variations. A 3-D simulation has been performed to simulate the behavior of the beam on both, action of the external load and the internal load caused by the corrosion products, using elements of imbedded fracture in order to plot the curve of the deflection of the central region of the beam versus the external load to compare with the experimental data.

P-Adaptive Boundary Elements

This paper presents the implementation of an adaptive philosophy to plane potential problems, using the direct boundary element method. After some considerations about the state of the art and a discussion of the standard approach features, the possibility of separately treating the modelling of variables and their interpolation through hierarchical shape functions is analysed. Then the proposed indicators and estimators are given, followed by a description of a small computer program written for an IBM PC. Finally, some examples show the kind of results to be expected.

Improvements for B.E.M. implementation in micros

This paper presents a computer program developed to run in a micro I.B.M.-P.C. wich incorporates some features in order to optimize the number of operations needed to compute the solution of plane potential problems governed by Laplace's equation by using the Boundary Integral Equation Method (B.I.E.M.). Also incorporated is a routine to plot isolines inside the domain under study.

Theoretical Simulation of the A5 VEB Structure Pyrotechnique Shock Propagation

This paper presents some of the modelling criteria that have been used for the study of pyrotechnic shock propagation in the A5 VEB Structure, as well as the main conclusions from a mathematical model of the axymmetric effects in it. The separation of the lower stage of the ARIANE 5 Vehicle Equipment Bay (VEB)Structure is to be done using a pyrotechnic device. The wave propagation effects produced by the explosion have been analyzed with a computer program using as shape functions the analytical solution to the frequency response of a Timoshenko-Rayleigh beams and shells in that way the discretization can have elements as large as possible, depending on the material properties and boundary conditions. Moreover an enormous amount of possibilities in the treatment of concentrated masses, springs and dashpots, either with respect to a fixed reference or between nodes, is open for translational as well as rotational degrees of freedom.

Estimación de la peligrosidad sísmica mediante protocolos de juicios de expertos

Este trabajo estudia la aportación que los métodos de agregación de juicios de expertos pueden realizar en el cálculo de la peligrosidad sísmica de emplazamientos. Se han realizado cálculos en dos emplazamientos de la Península Ibérica: Mugardos (La Coruña) y Cofrentes (Valencia) que están sometidos a regímenes tectónicos distintos y que, además, alojan instalaciones industriales de gran responsabilidad. Las zonas de estudio, de 320 Km de radio, son independientes. Se ha aplicado un planteamiento probabilista a la estimación de la tasa anual de superación de valores de la aceleración horizontal de pico y se ha utilizado el Método de Montecarlo para incorporar a los resultados la incertidumbre presente en los datos relativos a la definición de cada fuente sismogenética y de su sismicidad. Los cálculos se han operado mediante un programa de ordenador, desarrollado para este trabajo, que utiliza la metodología propuesta por el Senior Seismic Hazard Analysis Commitee (1997) para la NRC. La primera conclusión de los resultados ha sido que la Atenuación es la fuente principal de incertidumbre en las estimaciones de peligrosidad en ambos casos. Dada la dificultad de completar los datos históricos disponibles de esta variable se ha estudiado el comportamiento de cuatro métodos matemáticos de agregación de juicios de expertos a la hora de estimar una ley de atenuación en un emplazamiento. Los datos de partida se han obtenido del Catálogo de Isosistas del IGN. Los sismos utilizados como variables raíz se han elegido con el criterio de cubrir uniformemente la serie histórica disponible y los valores de magnitud observados. Se ha asignado un panel de expertos particular a cada uno de los dos emplazamientos y se han aplicado a sus juicios los métodos de Cooke, equipesos, Apostolakis_Mosleh y Morris. Sus propuestas se han comparado con los datos reales para juzgar su eficacia y su facilidad de operación. A partir de los resultados se ha concluido que el método de Cooke ha mostrado el comportamiento más eficiente y robusto para ambos emplazamientos. Este método, además, ha permitido identificar, razonadamente, a aquellos expertos que no deberían haberse introducido en un panel. The present work analyses the possible contribution of the mathematical methods of aggregation in the assessment of Seismic Hazzard. Two sites, in the Iberian Peninsula, have been considered: Mugardos ( La Coruña) and Cofrentes (Valencia).Both of them are subjected to different tectonic regimes an both accommodate high value industrial plants. Their areas of concern, with radius of 320 Km, are not overlapping. A probabilistic approach has been applied in the assessment the annual probability of exceedence of the horizontal peak acceleration. The Montecarlo Method has allowed to transfer the uncertainty in the models and parameters to the final results. A computer program has been developed for this purpose. The methodology proposed by the Senior Seismic Analysis Committee (1997) for the NRC has been considered. Attenuation in Ground motion has been proved to be the main source of uncertainty in seismic hazard for both sites. Taking into account the difficulties to complete existing historical data in this subject the performance of four mathematical methods of aggregation has been studied. Original data have been obtained from the catalogs of the Spanish National Institute of Geography. The seismic events considered were chosen to cover evenly the historical records and the observed values of magnitude. A panel of experts have been applied to each site and four aggregation methods have been developed : equal weights, Cooke, Apostolakis-Mosleh and Morris The four proposals have been compaired with the actual data to judge their performance and ease of application. The results have shown that the Method of Cooke have proved the most efficient and robust for both sites. This method, besides, allow the reasoned identification of those experts who should be rejected from the panel

Hierarchical boundary elements

In this paper we show the possibility of applying adaptive procedures as an alternative to the well-known philosophy of standard Boundary Elements. The three characteristic steps of adaptive procedures, i.e. hierarchical shape functions families, indicator criteria, and a posteriori estimation, can be defined in order to govern an automatic refinement and stopping of the solution process. A computer program to treat potential problems, called QUEIMADA, has been developed to show the capabilities of the new idea.