Ciudadanía, constituciones y relaciones interétnicas en la Sierra ecuatoriana (1812-1830) [Estudios]

El artículo analiza los requisitos para ser ciudadano con base en la comparación de las constituciones emitidas entre 1812 y 1830 en Ecuador. Se observa cómo los actores locales recibieron e interpretaron estos artículos y se enfatiza en el examen de cómo los indígenas reclamaron los derechos ciudadanos, así como los procesos de negociación en la participación política de los grupos étnicos. Además, se examinan los discursos sobre el derecho a la ciudadanía y las estrategias de argumentación usadas por los actores locales, de acuerdo a algunos casos de la Sierra ecuatoriana.

Afectación al ratio de solvencia mínimo requerido, producto de la aplicación del capital por riesgo operativo a los bancos parte del sistema financiero ecuatoriano, bajo el enfoque y metodología de medición planteado por Basilea II

La solvencia para la industria bancaria está medida en función del ratio que relaciona al capital regulatorio con los activos ponderados por riesgo, ésta es una medida que sirve para tener una apreciación de cuan respaldada se encuentra una institución bancaria para hacer frente a los riesgos que está expuesta por la propia inherencia del negocio. Es en este contexto que se vuelve importante el cálculo del ratio de solvencia para los bancos privados del Ecuador y el cambio o afectación que éste sufre como producto de considerar el valor por la exposición al riesgo operativo y que se considera como un requerimiento de capital. El ratio de solvencia está en función del Índice de Basilea, y, el valor de exposición al riesgo operativo está calculado por uno de los métodos que se menciona en el documento Acuerdo de Capitales o Basilea II. El presente estudio partió de comprobar que en el Ecuador es factible aplicar por parte de las entidades bancarias uno de los métodos de medición para riesgo operativo, considerando que en algunos países de Latinoamérica y en España ya lo aplican. Adicionalmente, se presenta una alternativa de aplicación en el ratio de solvencia del valor calculado para el riesgo operativo, para suavizar su resultado.

Leyes racistas del siglo XVI: Edictos del Rey Carlos II para etnias marginadas en las Américas (Tema Central)

A continuación apuesto por la metodología de lectura histórica marxista propuesta por Frederic Jameson basada en una “reescritura fuerte” (Jameson 1989, 48). Del texto sobre las clases oprimidas (Mömer 1992, 28), y sus tres marcos concéntricos (Jameson 1989, 61-72): a) Historia política, b) Sociedad y tensión constitutiva entre la lucha de clases, c) Historia constitutiva de los modos de producción y el devenir de las formaciones sociales humanas. La Recopilación de las leyes de los reinos de las Indias (De Paredes 1973, 1), emitidas por el Rey Carlos II de España y su Corte, fueron compiladas por primera vez en 1681. Su importancia para la presente investigación radica en las disposiciones emitidas para las clases dominadas por la Corona Española mediante el discurso de “condición racial inferior” y exclusión social establecidas por el poder monárquico, durante la época de la esclavitud en los reinos americanos del siglo XVI, cuando se estipulan castigos para “vagabundos, gitanos, mulatos, negros, berberiscos (norteafricanos) e indios” (De Paredes 1973, 285- 295), quienes sobrevivían en la América de esas fechas. Estos documentos retratan las ideologías dominadoras, el castigo sobre el cuerpo, los intereses del orden imperial frente al auge económico y las formas de explotación y crueldad a las cuales fueron sometidos estos grupos étnicos.

Tratamento do Centro de Atenção Psicossocial para usuários de álcool e outras drogas CAPSad II Leste Natal/RN : uma avaliação da efetividade

The treatment for abusive users of alcohol and other drugs suffered significant modifications until arriving to the psychosocial model that is used by Centro de Atenção Psicossocial CAPSad II Eastern Natal/RN (Psychosocial Support Center). That model appears starting from Brazilian sanitary and psychiatric reforms which are expressed in the principles and propositions of Sistema Único de Saúde SUS (Unique System of Health). The Psychiatric Reform meant a rupture with the mental hospital and hospital centered treatment pattern which was destined to the abusive users of alcohol and other drugs. The new proposal offers the universalization, democratization, regionalization and completeness of the actions in the field of mental health. It gathers a strictly interdisciplinary health staff. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment for abusive users of alcohol and other drugs offered by CAPSad II Eastern Natal/RN. The evaluation used, as priority, the qualitative social research through an evaluating study starting from the non-experimental model. The methodological process used different instruments of data collection: bibliographical and documental researches, systematic observations at CAPSad II Eastern Natal/RN and, mainly, the semistructured interviews (21) that were accomplished with the professionals, users and relatives of CAPSad II Eastern Natal/RN. The investigation showed the effectiveness of the service and, therefore, CAPSad II Eastern Natal/RN constitute itself as the main confronting strategy to the mental hospital and hospital centered treatment pattern of caring the abusive users of alcohol and other drugs

Reproducibility and accuracy of the ICDAS-II for occlusal caries detection

Objectives:The aim of this in vitro study was to assess the inter- and intra-examiner reproducibility and the accuracy of the International Caries Detection and Assessment System-II (ICDAS-II) in detecting occlusal caries.Methods:One hundred and sixty-three molars were independently assessed twice by two experienced dentists using the 0- to 6-graded ICDAS-II. The teeth were histologically prepared and classified using two different histological systems [Ekstrand et al. (1997) Caries Research vol. 31, pp. 224-231; Lussi et al. (1999) Caries Research vol. 33, pp. 261-266] and assessed for caries extension. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and area under the ROC curve (A(z)) were obtained at D(2) and D(3) thresholds. Unweighted kappa coefficient was used to assess inter- and intra-examiner reproducibility.Results:For the Ekstrand et al. histological classification the sensitivity was 0.99 and 1.00, specificity 1.00 and 0.69 and accuracy 0.99 and 0.76 at D(2) and D(3), respectively. For the Lussi et al. histological classification the sensitivity was 0.91 and 0.75, specificity 0.47 and 0.62 and accuracy 0.86 and 0.68 at D(2) and D(3), respectively. The A(z) varied from 0.54 to 0.73. The inter- and intra-examiner kappa values were 0.51 and 0.58, respectively.Conclusions:ICDAS-II presented good reproducibility and accuracy in detecting occlusal caries, especially caries lesions in the outer half of the enamel.

Resistance to maxillary premolar fractures after restoration of class II preparations with resin composite or ceromer.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the resistance to fracture of intact and restored human maxillary premolars. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Thirty noncarious human maxillary premolars, divided into three groups of 10, were submitted to mechanical tests to evaluate their resistance to fracture. Group 1 consisted of intact teeth. Teeth in group 2 received mesio-occlusodistal cavity preparations and were restored with direct resin composite restorations. Teeth in group 3 received mesio-occlusodistal cavity preparations and were restored with ceromer inlays placed with the indirect technique. After restoration, teeth were stored at 37 degrees C for 24 hours and then thermocycled for 500 cycles at temperatures of 5 degrees C and 55 degrees C. RESULTS: Statistical analysis revealed that group 3 (178.765 kgf) had a significantly greater maximum rupture load than did group 1 (120.040 kgf). There was no statistically significant difference between groups 1 and 2 or between groups 2 and 3. CONCLUSION: Class II cavity preparations restored with indirect ceromer inlays offered greater resistance to fracture than did intact teeth. The fracture resistance of teeth restored with resin composite was not significantly different from that of either the ceromer or intact teeth.

Voltammetry of mercury (II) based on an organo-clay modified graphite electrode

Organo-clay complex of ligand-hexadecyltrimethylammonium with montmorillonite was made for the purpose of application as a preconcentration agent in a chemically modified carbon paste electrode for determination of mercury (II) in aqueous solution. It was found out that the adsorption of Hg(II) by organo-clay complex is independent of the pH of the solution. It was also found out that the adsorption of the remaining metals Cd(II), Ps(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), and Ni(II) was dependent on the changes in pH solutions and increased when it varies from 1 to 8. The resultant material was characterized by cyclic and differential pulse anodic voltammetry using a modified graphite paste electrode in different supporting electrolytes. The mercury response was evaluated with respect to pH, electrode composition, preconcentration time, mercury concentration, possible interferences and other variables.

The Edinger-Westphal nucleus II: Hypothalamic afferents in the rat

Numerous functions have been attributed to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW), including those related to feeding behavior, pain control, alcohol consumption and the stress response. The EW is thought to consist of two parts: one controls accommodation, choroidal blood flow and pupillary constriction, primarily comprising cholinergic cells and projecting to the ciliary ganglion; and the other would be involved in the non-ocular functions mentioned above, comprising peptide-producing neurons and projecting to the brainstem, spinal cord and prosencephalic regions. Despite the fact that the EW is well known, its connections have yet to be described in detail. The aim of this work was to produce a map of the hypothalamic sources of afferents to the EW in the rat. We injected the retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold into the EW, and using biotinylated dextran amine, injected into afferent sources as the anterograde control. We found retrogradely labeled cells in the following regions: subfornical organ, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, arcuate nucleus, lateral hypothalamic area, zona incerta, posterior hypothalamic nucleus, medial vestibular nucleus and cerebellar interpositus nucleus. After injecting BDA into the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, lateral hypothalamic area and posterior hypothalamic nucleus, we found anterogradely labeled fibers in close apposition to and potential synaptic contact with urocortin 1-immunoreactive cells in the EW. On the basis of our findings, we can suggest that the connections between the EW and the hypothalamic nuclei are involved in controlling stress responses and feeding behavior. © 2013 The Authors.

Bioecologia de Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera: Tephritidae) em videira

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Manual de salud electrónica para directivos de servicios y sistemas de salud. Volumen II: Aplicaciones de las TIC a la atención primaria de salud

Prólogo de Alicia Bárcena y Luciano Sáez.

Hydroxyquinoline derived vanadium(IV and V) and copper(II) complexes as potential anti-tuberculosis and anti-tumor agents

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Cetacean Notes. I. Sei and Rorqual Whales on the Mississippi Coast, a Correction. II. A Dwarf Sperm Whale in Mississippi Sound and Its Helminth Parasites

I. Gunter and Christmas (1973) described the events leading to the stranding of a baleen whale on Ship Island, Mississippi, in 1968, giving the species as Balaenopteru physalus, the Rorqual. Unfortunately the identification was in error, but fortunately good photographs were shown. The underside of the tail was a splotched white, but there was no black margin. The specimen also had fewer throat and belly grooves than the Rorqual, as a comparison with True’s (1904) photograph shows. Dr. James Mead (in litt.) pointed out that the animal was a Sei Whale, Balaenoptera borealis. This remains a new Mississippi record and according to Lowery’s (1974) count, it is the fifth specimen reported from the Gulf of Mexico. The stranding of a sixth Sei Whale on Anclote Keys in the Gulf, west of Tarpon Springs, Florida on 30 May 1974, was reported in the newspapers and by the Smithsonian Institution (1974). II. Gunter, Hubbs and Beal (1955) gave measurements on a Pygmy Sperm Whale, Kogia breviceps, which stranded on Mustang Island on the Texas coast and commented upon the recorded variations of proportional measurements in this species. Then according to Raun, Hoese and Moseley (1970) these questions were resolved by Handley (1966), who showed that a second species, Kogia simus, the Dwarf Sperm Whale, is also present in the western North Atlantic. Handley’s argument is based on skull comparisons and it seems to be rather indubitable. According to Raun et al. (op. cit.), the stranding of a species of Kogia on Galveston Island recorded by Caldwell, Ingles and Siebenaler (1960) was K. simus. They also say that Caldwell (in litt.) had previously come to the same conclusion. Caldwell et al. also recorded another specimen from Destin, Florida, which is now considered to have been a specimen of simus. The known status of these two little sperm whales in the Gulf is summarized by Lowery (op. cit.).