The Impact of Lifestyle and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Midlife on the Health-Related Quality of Life among Old Men

Prevention of cardiovascular diseases is known to postpone death, but in an aging society it is important to ensure that those who live longer are neither disabled nor suffering an inferior quality of life. It is essential both from the point of view of the aging individual as well as that of society that any individual should enjoy a good physical, mental and social quality of life during these additional years. The studies presented in this thesis investigated the impact of modifiable risk factors, all of which affect cardiovascular health in the long term, on mortality and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The data is based on the all male cohort of the Helsinki Businessmen Study. This cohort, originally of 3.490 men born between 1919 and 1934 has been followed since the 1960s. The socioeconomic status of the participants is similar, since all the men were working in leading positions. Extensive baseline examinations were conducted among 2.375 of the men in 1974 when their mean age was 48 and at this time the health, medication and cardiovascular risk factors of the participants were observed. In 2000, at the mean age of 73, the HRQoL of the survivors of the original cohort was examined using the RAND-36 mailed questionnaire (n=1.864). RAND-36, along with the equivalent SF-36, is the world s most widely used means of assessing generic health. The response rate was generally over 90%. Mortality was retrieved from national registers in 2000 and 2002. For the six substudies of this thesis, the impact of four different modifiable cardiovascular risk factors (weight gain, cholesterol, alcohol and smoking) on the HRQoL in old age was studied both independently and in combination. The follow-up time for these studies varies from 26 up to 39 years. Mortality is reported separately or included in the RAND-36 scores for HRQoL. Elevated levels of all the risk factors examined among the participants in midlife led to a diminished life expectancy. Among survivors, lower weight gain in midlife was associated with better HRQoL, both physically and mentally. Higher levels of serum cholesterol in middle age indicated both an earlier mortality and a decline in the physical component of HRQoL in a dose-response manner during the 39-year follow-up. Mortality was significantly higher in the highest baseline category of reported mean alcohol consumption (≥ 5 drinks/day), but fairly comparable in abstainers and moderate drinkers during the 29-year follow-up. When HRQoL in old age was accounted for mortality, the men with the highest alcohol consumption in midlife clearly had poorer physical and mental health in old age, but the HRQoL of abstainers and those who drank alcohol in moderation were comparatively similar. The amount of cigarette smoking in midlife was shown to have had a dose-response effect on both mortality and HRQoL in old age during the 26 year follow-up. The men smoking over 20 cigarettes daily in middle age lost about 10 years of their life-expectancy. Meanwhile, the physical functioning of surviving heavy smokers in old age was similar to men 10 years older in the general population. The impact of clustered cardiovascular risk factors was examined by comparing two subcohorts of men who were healthy in 1974, but with different baseline risk factor status. The men with low risk had a 50 % lower mortality during the 29-years follow-up. Their RAND-36 scores for the physical quality of life in old age were significantly better, and the 2002 questionnaire examining psychological well-being indicated also significantly better mental health among the low-risk group. The results indicate that different risk factor levels in midlife have a meaningful impact on life-expectancy and the quality of these extra years. Leading a healthy lifestyle improves both survival and the quality of life.

Protocol for assessing maternal, environmental and epigenetic risk factors for dental caries in children

Background Expenditure on dental and oral health services in Australia is $3.4 billion AUD annually. This is the sixth highest health cost and accounts for 7 % of total national health expenditure. Approximately 49 % of Australian children aged 6 years have caries experience in their deciduous teeth and this is rising. The aetiology of dental caries involves a complex interplay of individual, behavioural, social, economic, political and environmental conditions, and there is increasing interest in genetic predisposition and epigenetic modification. Methods The Oral Health Sub-study; a cross sectional study of a birth cohort began in November 2012 by examining mothers and their children who were six years old by the time of initiation of the study, which is ongoing. Data from detailed questionnaires of families from birth onwards and data on mothers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards oral health collected at the time of clinical examination are used. Subjects’ height, weight and mid-waist circumference are taken and Body Mass Index (BMI) computed, using an electronic Bio-Impedance balance. Dental caries experience is scored using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS). Saliva is collected for physiological measures. Salivary Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid (DNA) is extracted for genetic studies including epigenetics using the SeqCap Epi Enrichment Kit. Targets of interest are being confirmed by pyrosequencing to identify potential epigenetic markers of caries risk. Discussion This study will examine a wide range of potential determinants for childhood dental caries and evaluate inter-relationships amongst them. The findings will provide an evidence base to plan and implement improved preventive strategies.

Psychiatric disturbances in children with intellectual disability : Prevalence, risk factors and assessment

Children with intellectual disability are at increased risk for emotional and behavioural problems, but many of these disturbances fail to be diagnosed. Structured checklists have been used to supplement the psychiatric assessment of children without intellectual disability, but for children with intellectual disability, only a few checklists are available. The aim of the study was to investigate psychiatric disturbances among children with intellectual disability: the prevalence, types and risk factors of psychiatric disturbances as well as the applicability of the Finnish translations of the Developmental Behaviour Checklist (DBC-P) and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) in the assessment of psychopathology. The subjects comprised 155 children with intellectual disability, and data were obtained from case records and five questionnaires completed by the parents or other carers of the child. According to case records, a psychiatric disorder had previously been diagnosed in 11% of the children. Upon careful re-examination of case records, the total proportion of children with a psychiatric disorder increased to 33%. According to checklists, the frequency of probable psychiatric disorder was 34% by the DBC-P, and 43% by the CBCL. The most common diagnoses were pervasive developmental disorders and hyperkinetic disorders. The results support previous findings that compared with children without intellectual disability, the risk of psychiatric disturbances is 2-3-fold in children with intellectual disability. The risk of psychopathology was most significantly increased by moderate intellectual disability and low socio-economic status, and decreased by adaptive behaviour, language development, and socialisation as well as living with both biological parents. The results of the study suggest that both the DBC-P and the CBCL can be used to discriminate between children with intellectual disability with and without emotional or psychiatric disturbance. The DBC-P is suitable for children with any degree of intellectual disability, and the CBCL is suitable at least for children with mild intellectual disability. Because the problems of children with intellectual disability differ somewhat from those of children without intellectual disability, checklists designed specifically for children with intellectual disability are needed.

Childhood otitis media - risk factors and surgical management

Background: Otitis media (OM) is one of the most common childhood diseases. Approximately every third child suffers from recurrent acute otitis media (RAOM), and 5% of all children have persistent middle ear effusion for months during their childhood. Despite numerous studies on the prevention and treatment of OM during the past decades, its management remains challenging and controversial. In this study, the effect of adenoidectomy on the risk for OM, the potential risk factors influencing the development of OM and the frequency of asthma among otitis-prone children were investigated. Subjects and methods: One prospective randomized trial and two retrospective studies were conducted. In the prospective trial, 217 children with RAOM or chronic otitis media with effusion (COME) were randomized to have tympanostomy with or without adenoidectomy. The age of the children at recruitment was between 1 and 4 years. RAOM was defined as having at least 3 episodes of AOM during the last 6 months or at least 5 episodes of AOM during the last 12 months. COME was defined as having persistent middle ear effusion for 2-3 months. The children were followed up for one year. In the first retrospective study, the frequency of childhood infections and allergy was evaluated by a questionnaire among 819 individuals. In the second retrospective study, data of asthma diagnosis were analysed from hospital discharge records of 1616 children who underwent adenoidectomy or had probing of the nasolacrimal duct. Results: In the prospective randomized study, adenoidectomy had no beneficial effect on the prevention of subsequent episodes of AOM. Parental smoking was found to be a significant risk factor for OM even after the insertion of tympanostomy tubes. The frequencies of exposure to tobacco smoke and day-care attendance at the time of randomization were similar among children with RAOM and COME. However, the frequencies of allergy to animal dust and pollen and parental asthma were lower among children with COME than those with RAOM. The questionnaire survey and the hospital discharge data revealed that children who had frequent episodes of OM had an increased risk for asthma. Conclusions: The first surgical intervention to treat an otitis-prone child younger than 4 years should not include adenoidectomy. Interventions to stop parental smoking could significantly reduce the risk for childhood RAOM. Whether an otitis-prone child develops COME or RAOM, seems to be influenced by genetic predisposition more strongly than by environmental risk factors. Children who suffer from repeated upper respiratory tract infections, like OM, may be at increased risk for developing asthma.

Identifying Genetic Risk Factors in Canine Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are more common in dogs than in humans and are already threatening the future of some highly predisposed dog breeds. Susceptibility to autoimmune diseases is controlled by environmental and genetic factors, especially the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene region. Dogs show a similar physiology, disease presentation and clinical response as humans, making them an excellent disease model for autoimmune diseases common to both species. The genetic background of canine autoimmune disorders is largely unknown, but recent annotation of the dog genome and subsequent development of new genomic tools offer a unique opportunity to map novel autoimmune genes in various breeds. Many autoimmune disorders show breed-specific enrichment, supporting a strong genetic background. Furthermore, the presence of hundreds of breeds as genetic isolates facilitates gene mapping in complex autoimmune disorders. Identification of novel predisposing genes establishes breeds as models and may reveal novel candidate genes for the corresponding human disorders. Genetic studies will eventually shed light on common biological functions and interactions between genes and the environment. This study aimed to identify genetic risk factors in various autoimmune disorders, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-related diseases, comprising immune-mediated rheumatic disease (IMRD) and steroid-responsive meningitis arteritis (SMRA) as well as Addison s disease (AD) in Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers (NSDTRs) and chronic superficial keratitis (CSK) in German Shepherd dogs (GSDs). We used two different approaches to identify genetic risk factors. Firstly, a candidate gene approach was applied to test the potential association of MHC class II, also known as a dog leukocyte antigen (DLA) in canine species. Secondly, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed to identify novel risk loci for SLE-related disease and AD in NSDTRs. We identified DLA risk haplotypes for an IMRD subphenotype of SLE-related disease, AD and CSK, but not in SMRA, and show that the MHC class II gene region is a major genetic risk factor in canine autoimmune diseases. An elevated risk was found for IMRD in dogs that carried the DLA-DRB1*00601/DQA1*005011/DQB1*02001 haplotype (OR = 2.0, 99% CI = 1.03-3.95, p = 0.01) and for ANA-positive IMRD dogs (OR = 2.3, 99% CI = 1.07-5.04, p-value 0.007). We also found that DLA-DRB1*01502/DQA*00601/DQB1*02301 haplotype was significantly associated with AD in NSDTRs (OR = 2.1, CI = 1.0-4.4, P = 0.044) and the DLA-DRB1*01501/DQA1*00601/DQB1*00301 haplotype with the CSK in GSDs (OR=2.67, CI=1.17-6.44, p= 0.02). In addition, we found that homozygosity for the risk haplotype increases the risk for each disease phenotype and that an overall homozygosity for the DLA region predisposes to CSK and AD. Our results have enabled the development of genetic tests to improve breeding practices by avoiding the production of puppies homozygous for risk haplotypes. We also performed the first successful GWAS for a complex disease in dogs. With less than 100 cases and 100 controls, we identified five risk loci for SLE-related disease and AD and found strong candidate genes involved in a novel T-cell activation pathway. We show that an inbred dog population has fewer risk factors, but each of them has a stronger genetic risk. Ongoing studies aim to identify the causative mutations and bring new knowledge to help diagnostics, treatment and understanding of the aetiology of SLE-related diseases.

Blood pressure evaluation using sphygmomanometry assisted by arterial pulse waveform detection by fiber Bragg grating pulse device

We report a blood pressure evaluation methodology by recording the radial arterial pulse waveform in real time using a fiber Bragg grating pulse device (FBGPD). Here, the pressure responses of the arterial pulse in the form of beat-to-beat pulse amplitude and arterial diametrical variations are monitored. Particularly, the unique signatures of pulse pressure variations have been recorded in the arterial pulse waveform, which indicate the systolic and diastolic blood pressure while the patient is subjected to the sphygmomanometric blood pressure examination. The proposed method of blood pressure evaluation using FBGPD has been validated with the auscultatory method of detecting the acoustic pulses (Korotkoff sounds) by an electronic stethoscope. (C) 2013 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)

Efeitos da rosuvastatina e da atividade física de baixa intensidade na morfologia renal de ratos normotensos e espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR)

Desordens do sistema renal podem ser as causas da hipertensão arterial, a qual pode, por sua vez, causar doenças renais. A pressão sanguínea elevada é muito comum também nas doenças crônicas dos rins, e é, além disso, um conhecido fator de risco para uma mais rápida progressão da falha renal. A incidência de doenças renais crônicas está aumentando no mundo, e há uma grande necessidade de identificar as terapias capazes de deter ou reduzir a progressão da doença. Há crescente evidência de que as estatinas poderiam desempenhar um papel terapêutico. Além disso, tem sido demonstrado que a atividade física melhora a função renal em pacientes. Estudos ultra-estruturais em humanos e em ratos demonstraram a presença de junções gap dentro de todas as células do glomérulo e os podócitos demonstraram conter principalmente conexina-43 (Cx-43). O presente estudo tem como objetivo observar os efeitos da rosuvastatina e da atividade física de baixa intensidade na estrutura e ultra-estrutura renal e na expressão glomerular de Cx-43 em ratos normotensos (WKY) e em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR). Os ratos foram divididos aleatoriamente em oito grupos: WKY-C: animais normotensos que não receberam rosuvastatina; WKY-ROS: animais normotensos que receberam rosuvastatina 20mg/kg/dia por gavagem orogástrica; SHR-C: animais hipertensos que não receberam rosuvastatina; SHR-ROS: animais hipertensos que receberam rosuvastatina, como descrito no grupo WKY-ROS; SED-WKY: animais normotensos sedentários; EX-WKY: animais normotensos exercitados; SED-SHR: animais hipertensos sedentários; e, EX-SHR: animais hipertensos exercitados. Os animais dos grupos SHR-C, SHR-ROS e SED-SHR apresentaram níveis de pressão arterial maiores que os animais dos grupos WKY-C, WKY-ROS, SED-WKY, EX-WKY e EX-SHR. A massa corporal dos grupos de animais não diferiram significativamente durante o experimento. Não houve diferença nos níveis sanguíneos de uréia, creatinina, ácido úrico e creatinafosfoquinase entre os animas dos grupos estudados. No entanto, houve um aumento da excreção de proteína de 24 horas nos animais do grupo SHR-C. Houve um aumento na área capsular nos animais do grupo SHR-C. Por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão observou-se que nos animais SHR-C e SED-SHR a barreira de filtração glomerular, o diafragma de fenda e os podócitos estão alterados exibindo os vacúolos nos podócitos e pedicelos mais curtos e mais espessos. Por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, os animais SHR-C e SED-SHR exibiram pedicelos mais afilados, curtos e tortuosos. Um aumento da imunofluorescência para Cx-43 foi observada em células epiteliais viscerais dos glomérulos dos animais do grupo WKY-ROS e nas células parietais e viscerais dos glomérulos dos animais do grupo SHR-ROS, se comparado com os grupos WKY-C e SHR-C. Por outro lado, os animais dos grupos SED-SHR e EX-SHR exibiram diminuição da expressão de Cx-43, comparados aos animais SED-WKY e EX-WKY. Em conclusão, podemos supor que os efeitos renais da rosuvastatina e da atividade física de baixa intensidade podem ser ferramentas terapêuticas para melhorar a estrutura e conseqüentemente a função renal em indivíduos hipertensos

Avaliação da função endotelial em mulheres jovens portadoras da síndrome dos ovários policísticos

A síndrome dos ovários policísticos é uma desordem frequente e complexa, com grande variabilidade fenotípica, predominando os sinais de disfunção ovariana. Alterações metabólicas, inflamatórias e vasculares vinculadas à resistência à insulina são muito prevalentes nessa desordem podendo manifestar-se precocemente. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi investigar a presença de alterações microvasculares em mulheres jovens e não obesas portadoras da síndrome dos ovários policísticos, através de videocapilaroscopia periungueal e dosagem dos níveis séricos de endotelina-1. O objetivo secundário foi verificar a existência de associações entre os achados vasculares, níveis séricos de androgênios, parâmetros clínicos, bioquímicos, metabólicos e inflamatórios relacionados ao risco cardiovascular. Em estudo observacional, transverso e controlado avaliamos 12 mulheres com diagnóstico de síndrome dos ovários policísticos, segundo os critérios estabelecidos pelo consenso de Rotterdam e nove voluntárias saudáveis. A idade (22,82,3 X 24,62,7), o índice de massa corporal (22,53,4 X 23,73,1) e a circunferência da cintura (7510,1 X 77,38,1) foram semelhantes nos dois grupos. As portadoras da síndrome apresentavam hiperandrogenismo clínico. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos quando analisados os níveis séricos de estradiol, testosterona total, androstenediona ou o índice de testosterona livre, entretanto a SHBG mostrou-se significativamente mais baixa no grupo de estudo (p=0,011). A glicemia de jejum, insulina, HOMA-IR e o perfil lipídico foram normais e sem diferença entre os grupos. A amostra com síndrome dos ovários policísticos não apresentava intolerância à glicose ou Diabetes Mellitus pelo teste oral de tolerância à glicose. Os níveis séricos dos marcadores inflamatórios (leucócitos, ácido úrico, adiponectina, leptina e proteína c reativa) e do marcador de função endotelial avaliado também foram similares nos dois grupos. A velocidade de deslocamento das hemácias no basal e após oclusão foram significativamente menores nas pacientes de estudo (p=0,02), mas o tempo para atingir a VDHmax e os parâmetros relativos à morfologia e densidade capilar foram semelhantes. Não observamos correlação entre a velocidade de deslocamento das hemácias e níveis plasmáticos de endotelina-1, androgênios ou parâmetros de resistência insulínica. A velocidade de deslocamento das hemácias associou-se positivamente aos níveis plasmáticos de estradiol (r= 0,45, p<0,05) e negativamente aos de colesterol total e LDL colesterol (r= -0,52, p<0,05; r=-0,47, p<0,05, respectivamente). Em conclusão nossos resultados fornecem evidência adicional de dano precoce à função microvascular em mulheres portadoras de síndrome dos ovários policísticos. Através da capilaroscopia periungueal dinâmica, demonstramos que mulheres jovens com moderado hiperandrogenismo, sem obesidade, RI, hipertensão ou dislipidemia, já apresentam disfunção microvascular nutritiva, caracterizada por redução na velocidade de fluxo das hemácias no basal e após oclusão. Estes achados micro-circulatórios não foram acompanhados de elevações nos níveis plasmáticos de endotelina-1.

Apneia obstrutiva do sono e função endotelial em pacientes com hipertensão arterial resistente

A apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) é considerada um fator de risco independente para as doenças cardiovasculares. Existem evidências de que indivíduos com apneia obstrutiva do sono podem apresentar elevação nos mediadores inflamatórios, alterações no perfil metabólico, aumento na atividade do sistema nervoso simpático, com consequente elevação da pressão arterial e disfunção endotelial. Nos últimos anos, inúmeros estudos tem apontado a AOS como um dos fatores responsáveis pela hipertensão resistente. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a presença da apneia obstrutiva do sono e o comportamento da função endotelial em pacientes com hipertensão resistente, comparando com hipertensos apresentando pressão arterial controlada com até 3 classes diferentes de fármacos anti-hipertensivos. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com 40 pacientes hipertensos: 20 com hipertensão arterial resistente (HAR) e 20 com pressão arterial controlada por medicação (hipertensão arterial controlada; HAC), sem distinção de raça ou gênero, com idade entre 18 e 75 anos. A pressão arterial casual e a monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial foram aferidas por método oscilométrico em aparelhos automáticos. A função endotelial e a presença da apneia obstrutiva do sono foram avaliadas através da tonometria arterial periférica pelos equipamentos Endo-PAT2000 e o aparelho portátil Watch-PAT200, respectivamente. A avaliação antropométrica foi realizada através das aferições das circunferências da cintura e do pescoço, índice de massa corporal (IMC), e relação cintura-estatura. A composição corporal foi avaliada por bioimpedância elétrica BIODYNAMICS 450. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas pelo software GraphPad PRISM, versão 6.01. A prevalência de AOS no grupo com HAR foi de 85% (Índice de apneia-hipopneia [AHI]= 12,391,89) e de 80% no grupo com HAC (AHI =20,744,69), sendo mais frequente em homens (p=0,04; OR=3,86; 95% IC 0,99 a 14,52). Os dois grupos apresentaram valores semelhantes das variáveis antropométricas avaliadas. A função endotelial avaliada pelo índice de hiperemia reativa foi similar nos dois grupos (grupo HAR: 1,880,09 vs. grupo HAC: 2,030,09; p=0,28). Apesar do número de dessaturações de oxigênio >4% ter apresentado diferença significativa entre os grupos (grupo HAR: 28,755,08 vs. grupo HAC: 64,1516,97; p=0,04), o tempo total de sono (grupo HAR: 309,515,27 vs. grupo HAC: 323,318,74 min) e a saturação mínima da oxi-hemoglobina (grupo HAR: 87,80,85 vs. grupo HAC: 83,32,37%) não mostraram essa diferença. Considerando todos os pacientes hipertensos, o AHI apresentou correlação significativa com o peso corporal (r=0,51; p=0,0007), o IMC (r=0,41; p=0,007), a circunferência da cintura (r=0,44; p=0,005), a circunferência do pescoço (r=0,38; p=0,01) e a relação cintura-estatura (r=0,39; p=0,01). Os pacientes sem AOS em comparação com os pacientes com AOS, apresentaram risco significativamente menor de apresentar comprometimento da função endotelial (OR=0,17; 95% IC 0,04-0,72; p=0,03). Os achados do presente estudo sugerem que a prevalência de AOS em pacientes com hipertensão resistente é elevada, porém semelhante a de indivíduos com hipertensão controlada. Pacientes com hipertensão resistente e controlada não apresentaram diferenças significativas em relação à função endotelial. A gravidade de AOS no grupo total de hipertensos se associou com maior risco de comprometimento da função endotelial.

Distribution patterns of infection with multiple types of human papillomaviruses and their association with risk factors

Background: Infection with multiple types of human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the main risk factors associated with the development of cervical lesions. In this study, cervical samples collected from 1, 810 women with diverse sociocultural backgrounds, who attended to their cervical screening program in different geographical regions of Colombia, were examined for the presence of cervical lesions and HPV by Papanicolau testing and DNA PCR detection, respectively. Principal Findings: The negative binomial distribution model used in this study showed differences between the observed and expected values within some risk factor categories analyzed. Particularly in the case of single infection and coinfection with more than 4 HPV types, observed frequencies were smaller than expected, while the number of women infected with 2 to 4 viral types were higher than expected. Data analysis according to a negative binomial regression showed an increase in the risk of acquiring more HPV types in women who were of indigenous ethnicity (+37.8%), while this risk decreased in women who had given birth more than 4 times (-31.1%), or were of mestizo (-24.6%) or black (-40.9%) ethnicity. Conclusions: According to a theoretical probability distribution, the observed number of women having either a single infection or more than 4 viral types was smaller than expected, while for those infected with 2-4 HPV types it was larger than expected. Taking into account that this study showed a higher HPV coinfection rate in the indigenous ethnicity, the role of underlying factors should be assessed in detail in future studies.