Teoría institucional y proceso de internacionalización de la empresas colombianas

La creciente liberalización de las economías y la creación de bloques comerciales han dado como resultado la transformación del ambiente organizacional. Consecuentemente, más y más firmas operan internacionalmente, o sienten una intensa presiónpor hacerlo. Diferentes perspectivas teóricas acerca de los patrones que siguen las empresas para su desarrollo internacional han tenido una amplia atención de parte de la investigación, sin embargo, el foco de la mayoría de los autores tiende a ser cómo las firmas deben internacionalizarse una vez han tomado la decisión de hacerlo, y poca atención han recibido sobre los factores subyacentes en la toma de la decisión de internacionalizarse. Este artículo investiga el desarrollo de la internacionalización de las empresas desde una perspectiva de lateoría institucional, la cual sugiere que presiones recibidas por los tomadores de decisiones desde el ambiente externo, consideraciones de legitimidad en este ambiente y problemas de una racionalidad colectiva influyen significativamente en la toma de decisiones en el proceso de internacionalización.

Un modelo integral para evaluar el impacto de la transferencia de conocimiento interorganizacional en el desempeño de la firma

En los últimos años las relaciones de cooperación entre firmas han surgido como una nueva forma de organización de la producción que favorece los procesos de aprendizaje y transferencia de conocimiento interorganizacional. Estas formas de cooperación y en particular el conocimiento transferido se constituyen en una fuente de dotación complementaria de competencias que contribuyen al desempeño de la firma receptora. En este artículo se presenta un modelo integral para evaluar el desempeño de la firma, como consecuencia de la transferencia de conocimiento interorganizacional.

Subsistema de agronegocios de la uva de mesa de la región norte del Perú : diagnóstico actual y directrices estratégicas para su consolidación en el mercado asiático

Los países de la región asiática conforman el mercado emergente de mayor consumo de uvas de mesa a nivel mundial. En este marco, la región norte del Perú aparece como un potencial exportador de uvas de mesa, sin embargo su oferta exportadora aún no logra satisfacer y cumplir con los requerimientos de la demanda asiática. El objetivo del trabajo fue estudiar el subsistema de agronegocios (SSAG) de la uva de mesa de la región norte del Perú, a fin de identificar oportunidades comerciales y definir decisiones estratégicas que permitan satisfacer la demanda del mercado asiático. Se utilizó como metodología la etapa 4 del Estudio y Planificación Estratégica del Sistema de Agronegocio (EPESA), a partir de fuentes de información primaria y secundaria. El enfoque teórico de referencia fue el Sistema de Agronegocios, la Nueva Economía Institucional y la Gestión/Planificación Estratégica. Los resultados muestran a un mercado asiático con un panorama alentador de consumo, sobre todo de China, a causa del aumento de la demanda, mayores ingresos, nuevos hábitos de alimentación, etc. En tanto, el SSAG se desenvuelve dentro de un ambiente institucional estable de baja incertidumbre que promueve las exportaciones al mercado. A nivel organizacional, se evidencia la concentración y dominio de las empresas proveedoras y comercializadoras, atomización y baja asociatividad de las pequeñas y medianas empresas productoras/exportadoras, y las estructuras de mercado, contratos e integración vertical entre los agentes interactuantes. El desigual nivel tecnológico viene generando altos costos de producción y pérdidas económicas en la comercialización. En resumen, el SSAG posee una posición en desventaja frente a sus competidores debido a su inferior escala productiva, deficiente logística exportadora, elevados costos y bajos precios de venta, etc. La implementación de decisiones estratégicas como el desarrollo de tecnologías eficientes, creación de una imagen representativa, ampliación de la red logística, capacitación de los recursos humanos, fortalecimiento colectivo, entre otras, permitirá consolidar y mejorar la posición del SSAG dentro del mercado asiático

Gestao tecnologia: um estudo de caso no setor sucroalcooleiro

PEDRO, Edilson da Silva Pedro. Gestão tecnológica: um estudo de caso no setor sucroalcooleiro. 2004. 145f. Dissertaçao (Mestrado em Engenharia de Producao) - Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, 2004.

Algunas consideraciones para la preparación de la pequeña y mediana empresa exportadora

El artículo describe el escenario comercial actual en que actúan las pequeñas y medianas empresas y señala los tipos de exportación que pueden utilizar las compañías que deseen insertarse en los mercados externos. Explica las condiciones subjetivas y objetivas que debe considerar las firmas al prepararse para participar en el proceso exportador, tales como los recursos financieros y humanos, las alianzas, la tecnología, la logística, la información, la producción, la gestión de la organización, la capacitación técnica, la experiencia y la infraestructura, entre otros, así como las ventajas y desafíos que enfrentan las empresas en las actividades comerciales internacionales. Abstract This article describes the current trade scenario where small and mid enterprises acts and emphasizes on the types of exportations companies can use to be part in international markets. At the same time, this scenario explains the subjective and objective conditions must be taken into account all firms to prepare themselves to participate in export processes, such as financial resources, strategic alliances, technology, information, production, organization process, technical training, expertise and infraestructure, among others as advantages and challenges enterprises faces in all international trade activities.

Efecto de derivados de cobertura de moneda en el valor de las empresas no financieras

La presente investigación estudia a través de un análisis cuantitativo el efecto del uso de derivados de cobertura de moneda en el valor de las firmas no financieras. La muestra está conformada por 51 empresas que cotizan en la Bolsa de Valores de Lima (BVL) y que reportan la posición de descalce de moneda no funcional en los estados financieros, para el periodo del primer trimestre del 2007 al segundo trimestre del 2015. Utilizando un modelo con datos de panel con estimación de efectos fijos se encontró evidencia que el uso de derivados tiene un efecto positivo sobre el valor de las empresas, para ello se utilizó como variable dependiente a la Q de Tobin como proxy del valor de la empresa, y como variable independiente relacionada al uso de derivados se utilizó una variable inédita, no considerada en investigaciones anteriores, que es el peso relativo de la posición neta de derivados de moneda sobre la posición de descalce de balance. También se incorporaron variables de control como tamaño de la empresa, apalancamiento, rentabilidad, entre otras.

Demanda de Internet: El sector mayorista de telecomunicaciones Colombiano

A raíz de la necesidad de conocer las diferentes variables que inciden en los servicios de transporte de datos, la escasez de artículos académicos que describan el comportamiento de la demanda en el sector mayorista y tomando como referencia los trabajos realizados, tanto por Madden & Coble-Neal (2004) como por Karacuka, Haucap & Heimeshoff (2011), se presenta, tanto un modelo de demanda, como un modelo de formación de precios, estimados a través de técnicas de panel de datos a nivel de firmas, con el objetivo de comprender el comportamiento de estas en el mercado Colombiano y cuyos resultados fundamentales son una elasticidad precio de la demanda de 1.1102, una elasticidad inversa de la demanda de 0.2215 y una elasticidad ingreso de 0.0569, para las firmas proveedoras del servicio de internet a usuarios finales.

Apuntes de inversión extranjera directa: definiciones, tipología y casos de aplicación colombianos

El presente documento presenta los principales conceptos asociados con el tema de Inversión Extranjera Directa (IED). Inicialmente se presentan varias definiciones de la IED provenientes de organizaciones internacionales y de la reglamentación nacional. Posteriormente, se mencionan los diferentes tipos de IED, así como de los factores motivadores que actúan a favor de la internacionalización de las empresas, identificando especialmente aquellos que favorecen la decisión de las firmas de invertir por fuera del país. Finalmente, se hace énfasis en los beneficios de la IED tanto para los países emisores como para los receptores y en los efectos negativos que surgen en las empresas y economías involucradas.

Constitucion politica de la Nueva Granada, sancionada el año de 1853

49 p.

Análise da eficiência de contratos de serviços de elevada especificidade terceirizados pela petrobras

The definition of the boundaries of the firms is subject that has occupied the organizational theorists long ago, being the seminal work of Coase (1937) indicated as the trigger for one theoretical evolution, with emphasis on governance structures, which led to a modern theory of incomplete contracts. The Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) and Agency Theory arise within this evolution, being widely used in studies related to the theme. Empirically, data envelopment analysis (DEA) has established itself as a suitable tool for analysis of efficiency. Although TCE argues that specific assets must be internalized, recent studies outside the mainstream of theory show that, often, firms may decide, for various reasons, hire them on the market. Researches on transaction costs face with the unavailability of information and methodological difficulties in measuring their critical variables. There`s still the need for further methodological deepening. The theoretical framework includes classic works of TCE and Agency Theory, but also more recent works, outside the mainstream of TCE, which warn about the existence of strategies in use of specific assets that aren`t necessarily aligned with the classical ideas of TCE. The Brazilian oil industry is the focus of this thesis, that aimed to evaluate the efficiency of contracts involving high specificity service outsourced by Petrobras. In order to this, we made the categorization of outsourced services in terms of specificity, as well the description of services with higher specificity. Then, we verified the existence of relationship between the specificity of services and a number of variables, being found divergent results than those that are preached by the mainstream of TCE. Then, we designed a DEA model to analyze the efficiency in the use of onshore drilling rigs, identified among the services of highest specificity. The next step was the application of the model to evaluate the performance of drilling rigs contracts. Finally, we verified the existence of relationship between the efficiency of contracts and a number of variables, being found, again, results not consistent with the theory mainstream. Regarding to analyze of efficiency of drilling rigs contracts, the model developed is compatible with what is found in academic productions in efficiency of drilling rigs. The results on efficiency show a wide range of scores, with efficiencies ranging from 31.79% to 100%, being low the sample efficiency average. There is consonance between the model results and the practices adopted by Petrobras. The results strengthen the DEA as an important tool in studies of efficiency with possibility to use for analysis other types of contracts. In terms of theoretical findings, the results reinforce the arguments that there are situations in which the strategies of the organizations, in terms of use of assets and services of high specificity, do not necessarily follow what is recommended by the mainstream of TCE

A formação e o desenvolvimento de arranjos cooperativos sob a ótica da imersão social e da economia dos custos de transação: um estrudo de caso na Coopercam e na Unipesca

The current study analyzes the birth and development of two strategic alliances established between shrimp producers in Rio Grande do Norte: the Unipesca and the Coopercam. To achieve this aim, two approaches which, at first sight, could be considered contradictory were used: the Transactional Costs Economy and Embeddedness. The first approach is fundamentally based in the studies of Williamson (1985; 1991; 1996; 1999; 2000; 2002). Embededness, on the other hand, went through the review of a series of authors, such as Burt (1992), Granovetter (1973; 1985), Uzzi (1997), Gulati (1994; 1995; 1997; 1998; 1999; 2000), Nielsen (2005), Ring (2002), Ring and Van de Ven (1994), Zafirovski (2002), among others. To analyze the birth and development of the cooperatives in this study, Gulati s work (1998) was used. This study shows the steps to be studied for a better comprehension of an alliance: the decision of starting an alliance and the choice of the partners, the decision about the governance structure, the evolution of the alliance and the development of the companies which established this partnership. To carry this study out, a study case accordingly to Yin s proposal (2001) was adopted. Semi-structured interviews with pre-defined plots were conducted in two phases: in the beginning of 2006 and in the beginning of 2007. The subjects from the research were, in 2006, representative members of the main associations and corporations, besides the shrimp producers from the state, when the context of the activity was set. In the second phase, in 2007, representative members from the two cooperatives that were listed above were interviewed the president from Coopercam and the marketing manager from Unipesca. Besides these two members, directors from two important organizations in each of these cooperatives were also interviewed, giving out the necessary information for the research. Secondary data was also collected from the Brazilian Association of Crab producers website, as well as from news from important newspapers in RN, such as Tribuna do Norte. The primary data was analyzed in terms of quality, accordingly to the documental analysis technique. Thus, through the data that was collected, it can be concluded that the reasons that motivated the companies to cooperate can be explained in terms of the transactional costs economy. However, the choice of partners is more connected to aspects approached by the social embededness. When aspects related to development and evolution were analyzed, it could be seen that both aspects from TCE and Embededness were vital to explain the development of the cooperatives mentioned

Relações interorganizacionais e eficiência coletiva: um estudo de caso no arranjo produtivo local de confecções do Agreste de Pernambuco

This work is a study in the Local Productive Arrangement of confections from Agreste of Pernambuco, as a relevant sector in economic and social aspect. This research has as central aim to understand how the inter-organizational relations influence the collective efficiency of arrangement. The theoretical framework employed highlights the approaches that deal with the benefits of business agglomeration for the develop­ment of firms and regions. It has discussed the approach of small and medium enter­ prises and industrial districts (SCHMITZ, 1997), which introduce the concept of col­ lective efficiency, explaining that only those externalities explained by Marshall (1996) are not sufficient to explain the competitive advantage of enterprises, expand­ing the idea that organizations achieve competitive advantage not acting alone. To examine the influences of relations in the collective efficiency, it has been taken as analytical perspective theory of social networks (GRANOVETTER, 1973, 1985; BURT, 1992; UZZI, 1997) because it has believe that this approach provides subsi­ dies for a structural analysis of social relationships in face the behavior of human ac­tion. By examining the organizations in a social network, you should understand the reason of this establishment of the relationship, their benefits, and as the information flow takes place and density of links between the actors (Powell; SMITH-DOERR, 1994). As for the methods, this study is characterized as a case study, in according to the purposed objectives, in addition to qualitative method. Also, due to recovering of the historical milestones of the arrangement, it is used a sectional approach with longitudinal perspective (VIEIRA, 2004). The primary and secondary data were used in order to understand the evolutionary process of the sector and their inter-actors re­ lationships in the arrangement for the promotion of development, for both, was used the contend and documentary analysis technique, respectively (DELLAGNELO ; SIL­VA, 2005). The approach of social networks has permitted understand that social re­lationships may extend the collective efficiency of the arrangement, and therefore need to develop policies that encourage the legalization of informal companies in ar­rangement, by showing up themselves representative. Thus, the relations estab­ lished in LPA of confections from Agreste of Pernambuco need for more effective mechanisms to broaden the collective efficiency. Therefore, this way as take place has directly benefited only a group of companies that are linked in some way the sup­portive institutions. So we can conclude that the inter-actor relations have limited the collective efficiency of LPA, being stimulated by the institutions in support only to groups of entrepreneurs, even those that produce external relations for all clustered companies

A importância das redes de relacionamento para se formar uma parceria : um estudo de caso na ALESAT

This paper consists in a study case at the Alesat company, which aims at analyzing how the networks from the former companies Ale and Sat influence the formation of partnerships. The study was based on literature by Burt (1992), Granovetter (1973), Uzzi (1997), Contractor and Lorange (1988), Gulati (1998), Child and Faulkner (1998), and others, to verify how important the social relations were between the companies to the formation of a strategic alliance. The research method we adopted analyzed the first partnership between Ale and Sat and the last one that ended up with the merger of the companies resulting in a new company, Alesat. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in 2008 with the council board of the company. Secondary data were also collected from specific web sites from the area, such as ANP, Sindicom and Fecombustíveis, as well as from important newspapers in the market. The primary data were analyzed through the content analysis technique from Triviños (1987). The secondary data were analyzed through the documental analysis technique from Richardson (1985). This way, through the data collected, it can be concluded that the social ties between the companies were important in the partnership, and among the reasons that made the companies get together, the key one was the fact that the union would make possible to the companies act in regions in which they didn t have too much market share, making them a bigger player nationally wise

El cuero duro: (Caso de estudio en mercadeo estratégico)

"Peletería A" fue fundada en febrero de 1978, cuando dos representantes de ventas de firmas diferentes, relacionadas con la industria del cuero (curtiembres y sintéticos), Alfonso Clavo y el señor Jesús M. Puntilla (fallecido), decidieron crear una peletería con el propósito de obtener unos ingresos adicionales. Fue así como en un barrio del centro de la ciudad, en un local pequeño, se empezaron a vender al detal artículos como cuero, tacones, pegantes, tintas, puntillas, etc.

Estratégias internacionais da fruticultura do RN: o caso finobrasa processo e evolução

The present inquiry has as main objective to understand the process of formation of the international strategies of the exporting companies of fruits of the RN through the theory of the resource dependence. Aiming at to clarify as the companies they can carry through the process of internationalization through this theory had been study the behavior and economic theories of the process of internationalization of companies. Amongst the economic theories they are distinguished the eclectic paradigm of Dunning (1958), Vernon (1669) through the theory of the cycle of the product and Bucley and Casson (1979) with the theory of the international operations. In the mannering boarding they had been investigated the school of Upsala through Johanson and Valnhe (1977) with the concept of the increasing of the markets and in the distance psychic starts and the interaction of the purchaser-salesman of Hallen and Wiedersheim-Paul (1979). In this perspective it observes main the occured changes in the organization in function of this process, following the rules observed by the gradual ingression in the international market, having as base ways of entrances in the external market used by these companies, in view of the frist phase that the company presents of businesses. Ahead of you analyze of these theories the study searches to analyze the convergence of the concepts proclaimed for the theory of the dependence of resources (PFEFFER; SALANCIK, 1978). and strategies of internationalization of the companies. The research is characterized as qualitative case study which adopts and exploratory and analytical type, retrospective matrix. The adopted strategy is of case study and the unit of analysis consisting of the Finobrasa, pertaining company to the Vicunha Group. The main method of collection of data was halfstructuralized interview allied the documentary research that together had presented an empirical perspective of the internationalization process. The analysis and quarrel of the results understand the description and the interpretation of the one of the information through the technique of analyzes of content. Initially the historical of the exportation of fruits of the Rio Grande do Norte with the focus in the region Açu/Mossoró is presented and after that the information of the Finobrasa are presented as base of the study. The main events are identified that had constituted the phases of the strategical model of the company. It was observed that the dimensions most excellent amongst those proclaimed by the School of Uppsala had been the learning, staffs and the step-starts is sufficiently gifts in the reality of the company, as well as the aspects of strategical alliances since the consolidated relationship of the Vicunha Group create a more solid trajectory in the international market allied the conditions created windows of marked . One understands, therefore, that the investigated process still has base the theoretical theories of the internationalization strategies corroborating for the theoretical convergence of the rules proclaimed for the theory of the dependence of resources.