El projecte reservista de la Gendarmeria francesa

En el marc de la reflexio sobre la participacio ciutadana en la seguretat publica, el cas de la Reserva Operacional de la Gendarmeria (Réserve Opérationnelle de la Gendarmerie Nationale) francesa ofereix un exemple interessant d’implicacio activa de ciutadans en una institucio publica de seguretat. Per entendre millor aquesta experiencia recient (d’uns 12 anys d’edat) pero bén consolidada avui amb dia, es necessari estudiar-la segons 3 eixos : - una presentacio historica ens permetra entendre quins son els origens i la filosofia general que van fundar la seva creacio aixi com les diferents vies del seu reclutament i la formacio dispensada. - veurem quin és el paper de la Reserva Operacional observant les sevas missions classicas, i algunes més peculiars com, per exemple, en el Tour de França ciclista. - observarem, per ultim, la situacio particular del reservista entre un estatut de policia (gendarme en aquest càs) a mitja jornada i el de ciutadà en la vida de cada dia.

Lung cancer mortality in European women: trends and predictions.

Female lung cancer mortality increased by 50% between the mid 1960s and the early 2000s in the European Union (EU). To monitor the current lung cancer epidemic in European women, we analyzed mortality trends in 33 European countries between 1970 and 2009 and estimated rates for the year 2015 using data from the World Health Organization. Female lung cancer mortality has been increasing up to recent calendar years in most European countries, with the exceptions of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine, with relatively low rates, and the UK, Iceland and Ireland, where high rates were reached in mid/late 1990s to leveled off thereafter. In the EU, female lung cancer mortality rates rose over the last decade from 11.3 to 12.7/100,000 (+2.3% per year) at all ages and from 18.6 to 21.5/100,000 (+3.0% per year) in middle-age. A further increase is predicted, to reach 14/100,000 women in 2015. Lung cancer mortality trends have been more favorable over the last decade in young women (20-44 years), particularly in the UK and other former high-risk countries from northern and central/eastern Europe, but also in France, Italy, and Spain where mortality in young women has been increasing up to the early 2000s. In the EU as a whole, mortality at age 20-44 years decreased from 1.6 to 1.4/100,000 (-2.2% per year). Although the female lung cancer epidemic in Europe is still expanding, the epidemic may be controlled through the implementation of effective anti-tobacco measures, and it will probably never reach the top US rates.

IKEA- Una compañía multinacional en la época de la globalización. La influencia de la cultura en la comunicación publicitaria

El fenómeno de la globalización es cada vez más presente en la vida cotidiana. Juntocon este proceso, se han desarrollado las compañías multinacionales. El reto de estas compañías es de sobrevivir en medios distintos y de adaptarse a cada público, que tiene sus especificidades.Las estrategias de comunicación se crean conforme con las exigencias de cada mercado local.¿Cuál es el papel de la cultura en el proceso de creación de las campañas de comunicación de las compañías multinacionales? ¿Qué indicios nos dan los eslóganes publicitarios sobre la relaciónque se establece entre la identidad del producto y las influencias culturales

Dietary folates and cancer risk in a network of case-control studies.

Background Folate deficiency leads to DNA damage and inadequate repair, caused by a decreased synthesis of thymidylate and purines. We analyzed the relationship between dietary folate intake and the risk of several cancers. Patients and methods The study is based on a network of case-control studies conducted in Italy and Switzerland in 1991-2009. The odds ratios (ORs) for dietary folate intake were estimated by multiple logistic regression models, adjusted for major identified confounding factors. Results For a few cancer sites, we found a significant inverse relation, with ORs for an increment of 100 μg/day of dietary folate of 0.65 for oropharyngeal (1467 cases), 0.58 for esophageal (505 cases), 0.83 for colorectal (2390 cases), 0.72 for pancreatic (326 cases), 0.67 for laryngeal (851 cases) and 0.87 for breast (3034 cases) cancers. The risk estimates were below unity, although not significantly, for cancers of the endometrium (OR = 0.87, 454 cases), ovary (OR = 0.86, 1031 cases), prostate (OR = 0.91, 1468 cases) and kidney (OR = 0.88, 767 cases), and was 1.00 for stomach cancer (230 cases). No material heterogeneity was found in strata of sex, age, smoking and alcohol drinking. Conclusions Our data support a real inverse association of dietary folate intake with the risk of several common cancers.

Diabetes mellitus and cancer risk in a network of case-control studies.

Diabetes has been associated to the risk of a few cancer sites, though quantification of this association in various populations remains open to discussion. We analyzed the relation between diabetes and the risk of various cancers in an integrated series of case-control studies conducted in Italy and Switzerland between 1991 and 2009. The studies included 1,468 oral and pharyngeal, 505 esophageal, 230 gastric, 2,390 colorectal, 185 liver, 326 pancreatic, 852 laryngeal, 3,034 breast, 607 endometrial, 1,031 ovarian, 1,294 prostate, and 767 renal cell cancer cases and 12,060 hospital controls. The multivariate odds ratios (OR) for subjects with diabetes as compared to those without-adjusted for major identified confounding factors for the cancers considered through logistic regression models-were significantly elevated for cancers of the oral cavity/pharynx (OR = 1.58), esophagus (OR = 2.52), colorectum (OR = 1.23), liver (OR = 3.52), pancreas (OR = 3.32), postmenopausal breast (OR = 1.76), and endometrium (OR = 1.70). For cancers of the oral cavity, esophagus, colorectum, liver, and postmenopausal breast, the excess risk persisted over 10 yr since diagnosis of diabetes. Our data confirm and further quantify the association of diabetes with colorectal, liver, pancreatic, postmenopausal breast, and endometrial cancer and suggest forthe first time that diabetes may also increase the risk of oral/pharyngeal and esophageal cancer. [Table: see text] [Table: see text].

Información biológico-pesquera de los principales recursos demersales en el Perú

Se presentan las principales características biológico-pesqueras de los recursos demersales en el Perú y su relación con cambios océano-atmosféricos (ENSO), así como los efectos que tiene este fenómeno en la dinámica poblacional. Los datos considerados, ponen en evidencia la concentración de este tipo de recursos al norte de los 10º S. El seguimiento de la pesquería de estos recursos está considerado en términos de desembarques globales durante una serie histórica (1950-1992)

Frecuencia de desove de la anchoveta peruana, engraulis ringens, en agosto y setiembre 1995

Se estimó la frecuencia de desove (F) de la anchoveta peruana Engraulis ringens, colectada en el área Tambo de Mora a Paita, en el Crucero BIC Humboldt y BIC SNP-1 9508-09. El valor de la frecuencia de desove fue de 0,119 (11,9%) con una varianza (V) de 0,00046 y un coeficiente de variación (CV) de 0,180402. Es decir que en el período de muestreo de 28 días una hembra promedio desovó 3,3 veces, o cada 8 días. Se calculó los valores de F por grado latitudinal y se discutió su relación con la temperatura superficial del mar.