New governance for higher education institutions:prospects for female university careers and equality law

This paper analyses the reforms in employment conditions at German public universities from the 1990s to the 2000s, considering how these impact on practical equal opportunities between women and men. It concludes that while the so called "new governance" in universities would have offered opportunities to integrate positive measures to increase female participation in research and teaching, these opportunities were missed in most German states.

Female narratives of ‘new’ citizens’ belonging(s) and identities in Europe: case studies from the Netherlands and Britain

Public discourses on citizenship, identity and nationality, which link geographical borders and the political boundaries of a community, are infused with tensions and contradictions. This paper illustrates how these tensions are interwoven with multilayered notions of home, belonging, migration, citizenship and individual’s ‘longing just to be’, focusing on the Dutch and the British context. The narratives of a number of Dutch and British women, who either immigrated to the respective countries or were born to immigrants, illustrate how the growing rigid integration and assimilative discourses in Europe contradict an individual anchoring in national and local communities. The narratives of women participating in these studies show multilayered angles of belonging presenting an alternative to the increasing strong argument for a fixed notion of positioning and national belonging. The female ‘new’ citizens in our study tell stories of individual choices, social mobility and a sense of multiple belonging in and across different communities.

Measuring burnout among UK social workers: A Community Care study

Preface Extract: This research was commissioned and funded by Community Care as part of our Stand Up For Social Work campaign. Previous surveys of readers had suggested caseloads, vacancies and stress levels were all on the increase. Community Care decided to do a more scientific examination of burnout on a large scale to assess the real impact of budget cuts and increasing demand on social workers across the UK.

HRM and the employment of older workers: Germany and Britain compared

This study examines Human Resource Management (HRM) policies and practices towards older workers in Britain and Germany. While it is widely suggested that older workers have to be better integrated into the labour market, youth-centric HRM is still prevalent. However, HRM is shaped by multiple and contradictory pressures from the international and national institutional environments. We test this dynamic by analysing two national surveys, the German firm panel (IAB)1 and the British Workplace and Employment Relations Survey (WERS).2 Our findings suggest that the institutional environment shapes HR policies and practices distinctively in both countries. We find that age discrimination at the workplace is more prevalent in Germany than in Britain, which can be explained by divergent institutional patterns. As a result, we argue that although both countries will have to continue fostering an age-neutral HR approach, this has to take country-specific institutional peculiarities into account.

Inbreeding uncovers fundamental differences in the genetic load affecting male and female fertility in a butterfly

Inbreeding depression is most pronounced for traits closely associated with fitness. The traditional explanation is that natural selection eliminates deleterious mutations with additive or dominant effects more effectively than recessive mutations, leading to directional dominance for traits subject to strong directional selection. Here we report the unexpected finding that, in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana, male sterility contributes disproportionately to inbreeding depression for fitness (complete sterility in about half the sons from brother-sister matings), while female fertility is insensitive to inbreeding. The contrast between the sexes for functionally equivalent traits is inconsistent with standard selection arguments, and suggests that trait-specific developmental properties and cryptic selection play crucial roles in shaping genetic architecture. There is evidence that spermatogenesis is less developmentally stable than oogenesis, though the unusually high male fertility load in B. anynana additionally suggests the operation of complex selection maintaining male sterility recessives. Analysis of the precise causes of inbreeding depression will be needed to generate a model that reliably explains variation in directional dominance and reconciles the gap between observed and expected genetic loads carried by populations. This challenging evolutionary puzzle should stimulate work on the occurrence and causes of sex differences in fertility load.

Attitudes of physicians, patients, and village health workers toward glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy in rural China:A focus group study

Objective: To understand the knowledge and attitudes of rural Chinese physicians, patients, and village health workers (VHWs) toward diabetic eye disease and glaucoma. Methods: Focus groups for each of the 3 stakeholders were conducted in 3 counties (9 groups). The focus groups were recorded, transcribed, and coded using specialized software. Responses to questions about barriers to compliance and interventions to remove these barriers were also ranked and scored. Results: Among 22 physicians, 23 patients, and 25 VHWs, knowledge about diabetic eye disease was generally good, but physicians and patients understood glaucoma only as an acutely symptomatic disease of relatively low prevalence. Physicians did not favor routine pupillary dilation to detect asymptomatic disease, expressing concerns about workflow and danger and inconvenience to patients. Providers believed that cost was the main barrier to patient compliance, whereas patients ranked poorly trained physicians as more important. All 3 stakeholder groups ranked financial interventions to improve compliance (eg, direct payment, lotteries, and contracts) low and preferred patient education and telephone contact by nurses. All the groups somewhat doubted the ability of VHWs to screen for eye disease accurately, but patients were generally willing to pay for VHW screening. The VHWs were uncertain about the value of eye care training but might accept it if accompanied by equipment. They did not rank payment for screening services as important. Conclusions: Misconceptions about glaucoma's asymptomatic nature and an unwillingness to routinely examine asymptomatic patients must be addressed in training programs. Home contact by nurses and patient education may be the most appropriate interventions to improve compliance.

Surviving the industrial city: the female poor and the workhouse in late nineteenth-century Belfast

In common with many British cities, but unlike the rest of Ireland, late nineteenth-century Belfast experienced rapid industrialization and physical expansion. Women formed a significant proportion of the city’s workforce, attracted by the employment opportunities represented in the burgeoning textile industry. Many of them were economically vulnerable, however, and could find themselves destitute for a number of reasons. This article sets Belfast’s Poor Law workhouse in the landscape of welfare in the city, exploring how its use reflected the development of the city and the ways in which the female poor engaged with it in order to survive.

Exploring communication between social workers, children and young people

A key issue for the social work profession concerns the nature, quality and content of communicative encounters with children and families. This article introduces some findings from a project funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) that took place across the United Kingdom between 2013 and 2015, which explored how social workers communicate with children in their everyday practice. The Talking and Listening to Children (TLC) project had three phases: the first was ethnographic, involving observations of social workers in their workplace and during visits; the second used video-stimulated recall with a small number of children and their social workers; and the third developed online materials to support social workers. This paper discusses findings from the first phase. It highlights a diverse picture regarding the context and content of communicative processes; it is argued that attention to contextual issues is as important as focusing on individual practitioners’ behaviours and outlines a model for so doing.

Health and Social Care Workers Perceptions of Novel Psychoactive substances in Northern Ireland

Background: The EU Early Warning System currently monitors more than 450 new psychoactive substances (EMCDDA, 2015), far outweighing the total number of illicit drugs under international control (UNODC, 2013). Due to the recent emergence of NPS and rapidly changing nature of the market, evidence about the way in which the emerging drugs are managed in health and social care settings is limited. Methods: The study adopted a mixed methods design, utilising a cross sectional survey and follow up telephone interviews to capture data from staff working in drug and alcohol related services in statutory and voluntary sectors, across the five Health and Social Care (HSC) Trust areas in Northern Ireland. 196 staff participated in the survey and 13 took part in follow up telephone interviews. Results: Study respondents reported that addressing NPS related issues with service users was a key aspect of their daily role and function. Levels of injecting behaviours were also viewed as relatively high by the study participants. Almost all workers used harm reduction as their primary approach when working with service users and the majority of respondents called for additional practical training in relation to addressing drug interactions and intervening with NPS related issues.

An Evaluation of the Dual Diagnosis (substance use and mental health )Strategy in the South Eastern Trust Workers and Service Users Perceptions of Dual Diagnosis Issues

In the UK it is estimated that over 33% of psychiatric patients with enduring mental illness have a substance misuse problem, whilst over 50 % of clients currently accessing drug and alcohol services have a mental health problem. Between 2003 and 2013 in Northern Ireland, there were 741 recorded suicides by patients who were in contact with mental health services. Of this number, 68% (n=501) had a history of either alcohol or drug misuse or both, resulting in an average of 46 patient suicides per year associated with dual diagnosis (University of Manchester 2015).
The current evaluation examined staff attitudes towards working with dual diagnosis (co-existing difficulties) issues, staff confidence in working with clients with dual diagnosis, workers’ perceptions of the South Eastern dual diagnosis strategy and service user perspectives of dual diagnosis service provision.
The purpose of the evaluation was to provide evidence regarding the following in accordance with the current dual diagnosis strategy;
Staff understanding of the concept of dual diagnosis,
Staff attitudes towards working with dual diagnosis,
Staff confidence in working with individuals, who present with dual diagnosis,
Service users’ perspectives of SE Trust provision for dual diagnosis.
Staff views on the South Eastern Trust Dual Diagnosis Strategy.

Rastreio do cancro da mama no concelho de Aveiro: do estudo dos fatores determinantes da adesão às propostas educativas emergentes

O cancro da mama feminino pela sua magnitude merece uma especial atenção ao nível das políticas de saúde. Emerge, pois uma visão abrangente que, por um lado, deve atentar para o encargo que esta representa para qualquer sistema de saúde, pelos custos que acarreta, como também, para a qualidade de vida das mulheres portadoras da mesma. Desta forma, a Liga Portuguesa Contra o Cancro (LPCC) tem desenvolvido, em colaboração com as Administrações Regionais de Saúde (ARS), o Programa de Rastreio do Cancro da Mama (PRCM), o qual apresenta, no Concelho de Aveiro, taxas de adesão na ordem dos 50%, ainda distantes dos 70%, objetivo recomendado pelas guidelines da Comissão Europeia. A não adesão tem sido considerada como um dos principais problemas do sistema de saúde, tanto pelas repercussões ao nível de ganhos em saúde, como também na qualidade de vida e na satisfação dos pacientes com os cuidados de saúde, constituindo-se como um fenómeno multifatorial e multidimensional. É neste sentido que o presente trabalho se propõe identificar os fatores, de cariz individual e do meio envolvente, determinantes da adesão ao PRCM, numa amostra de mulheres residentes no Concelho de Aveiro, com idades compreendidas entre os 45 e os 69 anos e, a partir dos resultados emergentes, propor estratégias de educação em saúde. Como procedimentos metodológicos e, numa primeira fase, entre outubro 2009 e maio 2010 foi aplicado um survey, o qual foi complementado com notas de campo dos entrevistadores a uma amostra não aleatória de 805 mulheres, em dois contextos distintos: no centro de saúde às aderentes à mamografia e, no domicílio, às não aderentes. Numa segunda fase, realizamos duas sessões de Focus Group (FG), num total de 12 elementos, um grupo heterogéneo com enfermeiros, médicos e utentes, e um outro grupo homogéneo, apenas com profissionais de saúde. O tratamento dos dados do survey foi efetuado através de procedimentos estatísticos, com utilização do SPSS® versão 17 e realizadas análises bivariadas (qui-quadrado) e multivariadas (discriminação de função e árvore de decisão através do algoritmo Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detector) com o intuito de determinar as diferenças entre os grupos e predizer as variáveis exógenas. No que diz respeito a indicadores sociodemográficos, os resultados mostram que aderem mais, as mulheres com idades <50 anos e ≥ 56 anos, as que vivem em localidades urbanas, as trabalhadoras não qualificadas e as reformadas. As que aderem menos ao PRCM têm idades compreendidas entre os 50-55 anos, vivem nas zonas periurbanas, são licenciadas, apresentam categoria profissional superior ou estão desempregadas. Em relação às restantes variáveis exógenas, aderem ao PRCM, as mulheres que apresentam um Bom Perfil de Conhecimentos (46.6%), enquanto as não aderentes apresentam um Fraco Perfil de Conhecimentos (50.6%), sendo esta relação estatisticamente significativa (X2= 10.260; p=0.006).Cerca de 59% das mulheres aderentes realiza o seu rastreio de forma concordante com as orientações programáticas presentes no PRCM, comparativamente com 41.1% das mulheres que não o faz, verificando-se uma relação de dependência bastante significativa entre as variáveis Perfil de Comportamentos e adesão(X2= 348.193; p=0.000). Apesar de não existir dependência estatisticamente significativa entre as Motivações e a adesão ao PRCM (X2= 0.199; p=0.656), se analisarmos particularmente, os motivos de adesão, algumas inquiridas demonstram preocupação, tanto na deteção precoce da doença, como na hereditariedade. Por outro lado, os motivos de não adesão, também denotam aspetos de nível pessoal como o desleixo com a saúde, o desconhecimento e o esquecimento da marcação. As mulheres que revelam Boa Acessibilidade aos Cuidados de Saúde Primários e um Bom Atendimento dos Prestadores de Cuidados aderem mais ao PRCM, comparativamente com as inquiridas que relatam Fraca Acessibilidade e Atendimento, não aderindo. A partir dos resultados da análise multivariada podemos inferir que as variáveis exógenas estudadas possuem um poder discriminante significativo, sendo que, o Perfil de Comportamentos é a variável que apresenta maior grau de diferenciação entre os grupos das aderentes e não aderentes. Como variáveis explicativas resultantes da árvore de decisão CHAID, permaneceram, o Perfil de Comportamentos (concordantes e não concordantes com as guidelines), os grupos etários (<50 anos, 50-55anos e ≥56anos) e o Atendimento dos prestadores de cuidados de saúde. As mulheres mais novas (<50 anos) com Perfil de comportamentos «concordantes» com as guidelines são as que aderem mais, comparativamente com os outros grupos etários. Por outro lado, as não aderentes necessitam de um «bom» atendimento dos prestadores de cuidados para se tornarem aderentes ao PRCM. Tanto as notas de campo, como a discussão dos FG foram sujeitas a análise de conteúdo segundo as categorias em estudo obtidas na primeira fase e os relatos mostram a importância de fatores de ordem individual e do meio envolvente. No que se refere a aspetos psicossociais, destaca-se a importância das crenças e como fatores ambientais menos facilitadores para a adesão apontam a falta de transportes, a falta de tempo das pessoas e a oferta de recursos, principalmente se existirem radiologistas privados como alternativa ao PRCM. Tal como na primeira fase do estudo, uma das motivações para a adesão é a recomendação dos profissionais de saúde para o PRCM, bem como a marcação de consultas pela enfermeira, que pode ser uma oportunidade de contacto para a sensibilização. Os hábitos de vigilância de saúde, a perceção positiva acerca dos programas de saúde no geral, o acesso à informação pertinente sobre o PRCM e a operacionalização deste no terreno parecem ser fatores determinantes segundo a opinião dos elementos dos FG. O tipo e a regularidade no atendimento por parte dos profissionais de saúde, a relação entre profissional de saúde/paciente, a personalização das intervenções educativas, a divulgação que estes fazem do PRCM junto das suas pacientes, bem como, a organização do modelos de cuidados de saúde das unidades de saúde e a forma como os profissionais se envolvem e tomam a responsabilização por um programa desta natureza são fatores condicionantes da adesão. Se atendermos aos resultados deste estudo, verificamos um envolvimento de fatores que integram múltiplos níveis de intervenção, sendo um desafio para as equipas de saúde que pretendam intervir no âmbito do programa de rastreio do cancro da mama. Com efeito, os resultados também apontam para a combinação de múltiplas estratégias que são transversais a vários programas de promoção da saúde, assumindo, desta forma, uma perspetiva multidimensional e dinâmica que visa, essencialmente, a construção social da saúde e do bem-estar (i.e. responsabilização do cidadão pela sua própria saúde e o seu empowerment).

Defrauding Daughters Turning Deviant Wives? Reading Female Agency in The Merchant of Venice

Brabantio’s words “Look to her, Moor, if thou hast eyes to see:| She has deceived her father, and may thee” ( Othello , 1.3.292–293) warn Othello about the changing nature of female lo yalty and women’s potential for deviancy. Closely examining d aughters caught in the conflict between anxious fathers and husbands-to- be, this article departs from such paranoid male fa ntasy and instead sets out to explore female deviancy in its legal and dramatic implications with reference to Shakespeare ’s The Merchant of Venice . I will argue that Portia’s and Jessica’s struggle to evade male subsidiarity results in their conscio us positioning themselves on the verge of illegality. Besides occa sioning productive exploration of marriage, law and justice within what Morss (2007:183) terms “the dynamics of human desir e and of social institutions,” I argue that female agency, s een as temporary deviancy and/or self-exclusion, reconfigures the ma le domain by affording the inclusion of previous outsiders (Anto nio, Bassanio and Lorenzo) .