Congenital Chagas disease: time to screen pregnant women?

The congenital transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi has gained epidemiological importance because it is partially responsible for the spread of Chagas disease worldwide. The feasibility of a cure when infected children are treated early makes the detection of congenital infection a valuable goal toward the control of the disease. Here, the authors review and discuss the findings of Bua et al., who quantified the parasitemia of infected women and their newborns by quantitative PCR. The authors demonstrate that the maternal parasite burden is directly related to the risk of neonatal infection. This study points out the importance of a quantitative screen for T. cruzi in pregnant women who live in, or have traveled to, endemic areas for improving the diagnosis of infected newborns and providing prompt treatment.

Performance and radial distribution profiles of a variable flow rate sprinkler developed for precision irrigation

Variable rate sprinklers (VRS) have been developed to promote localized water application of irrigated areas. In Precision Irrigation, VRS permits better control of flow adjustment and, at the same time, provides satisfactory radial distribution profiles for various pressures and flow rates are really necessary. The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance and radial distribution profiles of a developed VRS which varies the nozzle cross sectional area by moving a pin in or out using a stepper motor. Field tests were performed under different conditions of service pressure, rotation angles imposed on the pin and flow rate which resulted in maximal water throw radiuses ranging from 7.30 to 10.38 m. In the experiments in which the service pressure remained constant, the maximal throw radius varied from 7.96 to 8.91 m. Averages were used of repetitions performed under conditions without wind or with winds less than 1.3 m s-1. The VRS with the four stream deflector resulted in greater water application throw radius compared to the six stream deflector. However, the six stream deflector had greater precipitation intensities, as well as better distribution. Thus, selection of the deflector to be utilized should be based on project requirements, respecting the difference in the obtained results. With a small opening of the nozzle, the VRS produced small water droplets that visually presented applicability for foliar chemigation. Regarding the comparison between the estimated and observed flow rates, the stepper motor produced excellent results.

Ética da pesquisa em modelos animais

A utilização de animais em experimentos científicos é descrita desde o século V a.C. Avanços científicos na área da saúde são atribuídos a modelos animais. O status moral dos animais sempre foi debatido. OBJETIVOS: Este artigo visa à revisão histórica e resumo da legislação atual, para orientar pesquisadores ao utilizar modelos animais na pesquisa em otorrinolaringologia. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Pesquisa na base de dados Medline. RESULTADOS: no Brasil, por muitos anos não havia regulamentação para o uso de animais em experimentação. Eram seguidas normas de organizações nacionais e internacionais. Recentemente, foi sancionada a lei nº 11.794/08, que estabelece procedimentos para o uso científico de animais. Na otorrinolaringologia, os estudos com laringe utilizaram coelho, porco, cachorro, cobaias (Cavia porcellus) e camundongo; estudos para face coelho, rato e cachorro; rinoplastia com coelho; e orelha interna com ratos e cobaias (albinas). CONCLUSÕES: Os pesquisadores envolvidos em trabalhos científicos com animais devem conhecer os princípios da lei nº 11.794/08 e pesquisar quais animais são apropriados para cada subárea estudada seus modelos com maior aplicabilidade. Os otorrinolaringologistas, especialmente aqueles que se dedicam à pesquisa, necessitam estar sempre atentos para o respeito às regras éticas de utilização de animais em seus estudos.

Horn-schunck optical flow with a multi-scale strategy

[EN] The seminal work of Horn and Schunck [8] is the first variational method for optical flow estimation. It introduced a novel framework where the optical flow is computed as the solution of a minimization problem. From the assumption that pixel intensities do not change over time, the optical flow constraint equation is derived. This equation relates the optical flow with the derivatives of the image. There are infinitely many vector fields that satisfy the optical flow constraint, thus the problem is ill-posed. To overcome this problem, Horn and Schunck introduced an additional regularity condition that restricts the possible solutions. Their method minimizes both the optical flow constraint and the magnitude of the variations of the flow field, producing smooth vector fields. One of the limitations of this method is that, typically, it can only estimate small motions. In the presence of large displacements, this method fails when the gradient of the image is not smooth enough. In this work, we describe an implementation of the original Horn and Schunck method and also introduce a multi-scale strategy in order to deal with larger displacements. For this multi-scale strategy, we create a pyramidal structure of downsampled images and change the optical flow constraint equation with a nonlinear formulation. In order to tackle this nonlinear formula, we linearize it and solve the method iteratively in each scale. In this sense, there are two common approaches: one that computes the motion increment in the iterations, like in ; or the one we follow, that computes the full flow during the iterations, like in. The solutions are incrementally refined ower the scales. This pyramidal structure is a standard tool in many optical flow methods.

Cabo Verde, "Pousada" nos Caminhos do Atlântico. Interinluências culturais num arquipélago miscigenado

[POR] Descoberto entre 1460 e 1462, o Arquipélago de Cabo Verde, situado no Oceano Atlântico, constituiu ao longo de vários séculos, escala obrigatória dos navios que faziam as ligações atlânticas entre os portos das Américas, da Europa e da África Graças a sua situação privilegiada, o espaço cabo-verdiano não foi um mero ponto de reabastecimento, mas também um importante ponto de cruzamento de culturas e de raças. Pretende-se, neste texto, abordar o papel que Cabo Verde teve no Atlântico incidindo, particularmente, na dimensão cultural resultante do contacto entre povos e culturas provenientes de diferentes paragens que se fixaram no arquipélago ou que por aqui passaram. Procurar-se-á evidenciar não só a importância que Cabo Verde teve enquanto ponto de passagem obrigatória mas, sobretudo, as contribuições que mais marcadamente se denunciaram, isto é, os apports culturais que mais se acentuaram em Cabo Verde, como processos recebidos dos estrangeiros que por estas ilhas se cruzaram.

Effects of habitat characteristics on cryptic fish assemblages

Habitat structure is known to influence the abundance of fishes on temperate reefs. Biotic interactions play a major role in determining the distribution and abundance of species. The significance of these forces in affecting the abundance of fishes may hinge on the presence of organisms that either create or alter habitat. On temperate reefs, for example, macroalgae are considered autogenic ecosystem engineers because they control resource availability to other species through their physical structure and provide much of the structure used by fish. On both coral and temperate reefs, small cryptic reef fishes may comprise up to half of the fish numbers and constitute a diverse community containing many specialized species. Small cryptic fishes (<100 mm total length) may be responsible for the passage of 57% of the energy flow and constitute ca. 35% of the overall reef fish biomass on coral reefs. These benthic fish exploit restricted habitats where food and shelter are obtained in, or in relation to, conditions of substrate complexity and/or restricted living space. A range of mechanisms has been proposed to account for the diversity and the abundance of small fishes: (1) lifehistory strategies that promote short generation times, (2) habitat associations and behaviour that reduce predation and (3) resource partitioning that allows small species to coexist with larger competitors. Despite their abundance and potential importance within reef systems, little is known of the community ecology of cryptic fishes. Specifically on habitat associations many theories suggested a not clear direction on this subject. My research contributes to the development of marine fish ecology by addressing the effects of habitat characteristics upon distribution of cryptobenthic fish assemblages. My focus was on the important shallow, coastal ecosystems that often serve as nursery habitat for many fish and where different type of habitat is likely to both play important roles in organism distribution and survival. My research included three related studies: (1) identification of structuring forces on cryptic fish assemblages, such as physical and biological forcing; (2) macroalgae as potential tools for cryptic fish and identification of different habitat feature that could explain cryptic fish assemblages distribution; (3) canopy formers loss: consequences on cryptic fish and relationship with benthos modifications. I found that: (1) cryptic fish assemblages differ between landward and seaward sides of coastal breakwaters in Adriatic Sea. These differences are explained by 50% of the habitat characteristics on two sides, mainly due to presence of the Codium fragile, sand and oyster assemblages. Microhabitat structure influence cryptic fish assemblages. (2) Different habitat support different cryptic fish assemblages. High heterogeneity on benthic assemblages reflect different fish assemblages. Biogenic components that explain different and diverse cryptic fish assemblages are: anemonia bed, mussel bed, macroalgal stands and Cystoseira barbata, as canopy formers. (3) Canopy forming loss is not relevant in structuring directly cryptic fish assemblages. A removal of canopy forming algae did not affect the structure of cryptic fish assemblages. Canopy formers algae on Conero cliff, does not seem to act as structuring force, probably due to its regressive status. In conclusion, cryptic fish have been shown to have species-specific associations with habitat features relating to the biological and non biological components afforded by fish. Canopy formers algae do not explain cryptic fish assemblages distribution and the results of this study and information from the literature (both from the Mediterranean Sea and elsewhere) show that there are no univocal responses of fish assemblages. Further exanimations on an non regressive status of Cystoseira canopy habitat are needed to define and evaluate the relationship between canopy formers and fish on Mediterranean sea.

Domänen des Kapsidproteins L2 humanpathogener Papillomviren für die Interaktion mit viralen und zellulären Bindungspartnern

Die Kapsidproteine L1 und L2 von humanen Papillomviren (HPV) werden im Cytoplasma infizierter Keratinocyten synthetisiert und gelangen unabhängig voneinander in den Kern (Florin et al. 2002b). L2 lokalisiert in speziellen Kerndomänen, sog. ND10, und induziert die Reorganisation dieser Kernstrukturen: L2-abhängig akkumuliert der transkriptionelle Modulator Daxx verstärkt in ND10 und außerdem kommt es zum Ausschluss des transkriptionellen Aktivators Sp100 aus diesen Domänen (Florin et al. 2002a). Im Anschluss an diese Umorganisation im Kern induziert L2 die Lokalisation des Kapsidproteins L1 in ND10 (Florin et al. 2002b). Da auch die Replikation und Transkription von Papillomviren in oder in unmittelbarer Nähe von ND10 stattfinden, werden ND10 als Orte der Papillomvirus-Morphogenese diskutiert (Swindle et al. 1999). Innerhalb dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass L1 und L2 im Cytoplasma der Zellen mit Chaperonen interagieren, und dass der Kerntransport von L2 von der L2/Hsc70-Assoziation abhängig ist. Hsc70, das mit dem C-Terminus von L2 assoziiert ist, wird in virusähnliche Partikel (VLPs) eingebaut. Erst durch die Verpackung von DNA in die Kapside kommt es zum Ausschluss von Hsc70 aus dem Papillomvirus-Kapsid. Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit lassen zudem vermuten, dass L2 über seinen C-Terminus mit Mikrotubuli interagieren kann, falls diese Aminosäure-Region in L2 nicht durch das Chaperon maskiert wird. Mit Hilfe dieser Erkenntnisse wurde eine Modellvorstellung für die Rolle von L2 während der Infektion und der Morphogenese von HPV entwickelt. Die ND10-Lokalisationsdomäne (NDLD) in L2 konnte wie bei keinem Protein zuvor auf eine sehr kurze Sequenz von 22 Aminosäuren eingeengt werden. Welcher Mechanismus für die ND10-Lokalisation verantwortlich ist, muss dagegen noch geklärt werden. Alle L2-Mutanten, die ND10-Lokalisation zeigen, induzieren auch die Reorganisation dieser Domänen. Dies spricht dafür, dass L2 direkt in ND10 die Veränderungen hervorruft und wahrscheinlich keine zusätzlichen Domänen in L2 daran beteiligt sind. Es konnten zwei L1-Interaktionsdomänen in L2 kartiert werden. Diese beiden Regionen in L2 konnten nicht genauer lokalisiert werden und umfassen möglicherweise mehrere L1-Interaktionsdomänen. Der Einbau von L2 in die Kapside kann nur im Kern infizierter Zellen stattfinden. Hierfür ist die Lokalisation der Kapsidproteine in ND10 nicht notwendig. Weiterführende Versuche müssen jedoch noch klären, inwieweit ND10 trotzdem unerlässlich für eine produktive Morphogenese sind. Zudem wurde klar, dass die ersten 150 Aminosäuren im L2-Protein für das L1/L2-Verhältnis in Kapsiden verantwortlich sind. In Virionen beträgt dieses Verhältnis 30:1, d. h. zwölf L2-Moleküle werden in die Partikel aus 360 L1-Molekülen eingebaut. Bei der Verwendung der Deletionsmutante L2-150/467 beträgt dieses Verhältnis 5:1. Weitere Analysen, welche Regionen von L1 und L2 miteinander interagieren und wodurch die Beschränkung des L1/L2-Verhältnisses in Papillomviren zustande kommt, können genauere Einblicke in den Aufbau der Kapside und speziell die Lage von L2 im Kapsid liefern.

Elastizität porenüberspannender Membranen: eine kraftmikroskopische Studie

Membranen spielen eine essentielle Rolle bei vielen wichtigen zellulären Prozessen. Sie ermöglichen die Erzeugung von chemischen Gradienten zwischen dem Zellinneren und der Umgebung. Die Zellmembran übernimmt wesentliche Aufgaben bei der intra- und extrazellulären Signalweiterleitung und der Adhäsion an Oberflächen. Durch Prozesse wie Endozytose und Exozytose werden Stoffe in oder aus der Zelle transportiert, eingehüllt in Vesikel, welche aus der Zellmembran geformt werden. Zusätzlich bietet sie auch Schutz für das Zellinnere. Der Hauptbestandteil einer Zellmembran ist die Lipiddoppelschicht, eine zweidimensionale fluide Matrix mit einer heterogenen Zusammensetzung aus unterschiedlichen Lipiden. In dieser Matrix befinden sich weitere Bausteine, wie z.B. Proteine. An der Innenseite der Zelle ist die Membran über Ankerproteine an das Zytoskelett gekoppelt. Dieses Polymernetzwerk erhöht unter anderem die Stabilität, beeinflusst die Form der Zelle und übernimmt Funktionenrnbei der Zellbewegung. Zellmembranen sind keine homogenen Strukturen, je nach Funktion sind unterschiedliche Lipide und Proteine in mikrsokopischen Domänen angereichert.Um die grundlegenden mechanischen Eigenschaften der Zellmembran zu verstehen wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit das Modellsystem der porenüberspannenden Membranen verwendet.Die Entwicklung der porenüberspannenden Membranen ermöglicht die Untersuchung von mechanischen Eigenschaften von Membranen im mikro- bis nanoskopischen Bereich mit rasterkraftmikroskopischen Methoden. Hierbei bestimmen Porosität und Porengröße des Substrates die räumliche Auflösung, mit welcher die mechanischen Parameter untersucht werdenrnkönnen. Porenüberspannende Lipiddoppelschichten und Zellmembranen auf neuartigen porösen Siliziumsubstraten mit Porenradien von 225 nm bis 600 nm und Porositäten bis zu 30% wurden untersucht. Es wird ein Weg zu einer umfassenden theoretischen Modellierung der lokalen Indentationsexperimente und der Bestimmung der dominierenden energetischen Beiträge in der Mechanik von porenüberspannenden Membranen aufgezeigt. Porenüberspannende Membranen zeigen eine linear ansteigende Kraft mit zunehmender Indentationstiefe. Durch Untersuchung verschiedener Oberflächen, Porengrößen und Membranen unterschiedlicher Zusammensetzung war es für freistehende Lipiddoppelschichten möglich, den Einfluss der Oberflächeneigenschaften und Geometrie des Substrates, sowie der Membranphase und des Lösungsmittels auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften zu bestimmen. Es ist möglich, die experimentellen Daten mit einem theoretischen Modell zu beschreiben. Hierbei werden Parameter wie die laterale Spannung und das Biegemodul der Membran bestimmt. In Abhängigkeit der Substrateigenschaften wurden für freitragende Lipiddoppelschichten laterale Spannungen von 150 μN/m bis zu 31 mN/m gefunden für Biegemodulde zwischen 10^(−19) J bis 10^(−18) J. Durch Kraft-Indentations-Experimente an porenüberspannenden Zellmembranen wurde ein Vergleich zwischen dem Modell der freistehenden Lipiddoppelschichten und nativen Membranen herbeigeführt. Die lateralen Spannungen für native freitragende Membranen wurden zu 50 μN/m bestimmt. Weiterhin konnte der Einfluss des Zytoskeletts und der extrazellulä-rnren Matrix auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften bestimmt und innerhalb eines basolateralen Zellmembranfragments kartiert werden, wobei die Periodizität und der Porendurchmesser des Substrates das räumliche Auflösungsvermögen bestimmen. Durch Fixierung der freistehenden Zellmembran wurde das Biegemodul der Membran um bis zu einem Faktor 10 erhöht. Diese Arbeit zeigt wie lokal aufgelöste, mechanische Eigenschaften mittels des Modellsystems der porenüberspannenden Membranen gemessen und quantifiziert werden können. Weiterhin werden die dominierenden energetischen Einflüsse diskutiert, und eine Vergleichbarkeit zurnnatürlichen Membranen hergestellt.rn

Fattori eziologici della Sindrome del Tunnel Carpale: una revisione sistematica con meta-analisi degli studi analitici

OBIETTIVO: sintetizzare le evidenze disponibili sulla relazione tra i fattori di rischio (personali e lavorativi) e l’insorgenza della Sindrome del Tunnel Carpale (STC). METODI: è stata condotta una revisione sistematica della letteratura su database elettronici considerando gli studi caso-controllo e di coorte. Abbiamo valutato la qualità del reporting degli studi con la checklist STROBE. Le stime studio-specifiche sono state espresse come OR (IC95%) e combinate con una meta-analisi condotta con un modello a effetti casuali. La presenza di eventuali bias di pubblicazione è stata valutata osservando l’asimmetria del funnel plot e con il test di Egger. RISULTATI: Sono stati selezionati 29 studi di cui 19 inseriti nella meta-analisi: 13 studi caso-controllo e 6 di coorte. La meta-analisi ha mostrato un aumento significativo di casi di STC tra i soggetti obesi sia negli studi caso-controllo [OR 2,4 (1,9-3,1); I(2)=70,7%] che in quelli di coorte [OR 2,0 (1,6-2,7); I(2)=0%]. L'eterogeneità totale era significativa (I(2)=59,6%). Risultati simili si sono ottenuti per i diabetici e soggetti affetti da malattie della tiroide. L’esposizione al fumo non era associata alla STC sia negli studi caso-controllo [OR 0,7 (0,4-1,1); I(2)=83,2%] che di coorte [OR 0,8 (0,6-1,2); I(2)=45,8%]. A causa delle molteplici modalità di valutazione non è stato possibile calcolare una stima combinata delle esposizioni professionali con tecniche meta-analitiche. Dalla revisione, è risultato che STC è associata con: esposizione a vibrazioni, movimenti ripetitivi e posture incongrue di mano-polso. CONCLUSIONI: I risultati della revisione sistematica confermano le evidenze dell'esistenza di un'associazione tra fattori di rischio personali e STC. Nonostante la diversa qualità dei dati sull'esposizione e le differenze degli effetti dei disegni di studio, i nostri risultati indicano elementi di prova sufficienti di un legame tra fattori di rischio professionali e STC. La misurazione dell'esposizione soprattutto per i fattori di rischio professionali, è un obiettivo necessario per studi futuri.

High mobility rates during the period of the "Celtic migrations"? - 87 Sr, 86 Sr and delta 18 O evidence from Early La Tène Europe

Although the period of the historic “Celtic migrations” is archaeologically extensively studied, the long-lasting question whether mass migration or increased individual mobility caused the expansion of the La Tène culture throughout continental Europe persist. Strontium (Sr) and in part oxygen (O) isotope analysis of human remains from the early La Tène cemeteries of Nebringen (Germany), Münsingen-Rain (Switzerland), Monte Bibele (Italy) and the Czech cemeteries of Radovesice I, Radovesice II and Kutná Hora was, therefore, carried out to investigate the importance of residential changes during this time period. These isotope analyses showed that most analysed individuals either came from the area they were buried in or from the surrounding area of the cemetery. An exception was formed by the Czech cemeteries, where almost a quarter of the studied individuals appeared non-local. Together with Nebringen, these cemeteries also had the most varied Sr isotope ratios, which suggest highly mobile communities in which individuals regularly changed their residency. The isotopic ratios of the cemeteries of Münsingen-Rain and Monte Bibele appeared far less varied. In part, these differences might be explained by the community structures of these cemeteries. Morphological kinship analysis in Münsingen-Rain demonstrated biological relatedness among most of the analysed individuals. These related individuals also shared similar isotope signatures, which suggest an origin from the surrounding Aar Valley. In the vicinity of the cemetery of Monte Bibele, an associated settlement site was discovered. The deceased presumably not only shared this settlement, but also cultivated the same land plots. Dispersed settlement structures were suggested for Nebringen, Radovesice and Kutná Hora, as these agriculturally favourable landscapes were densely populated during prehistoric times. Connected to these community structures are the prevailing geological conditions in these areas. Both Münsingen-Rain and Monte Bibele are located in a region where homogeneous geological conditions prevail, whereas the landscapes of Nebringen, Radovesice and Kutná Hora are characterised by complex heterogeneous geological conditions. As the majority of individuals in Nebringen and the Czech cemeteries correspond to the expected isotope values for the studied areas, regularly changing land plots might have contributed to the observed variation. Although mass migration as depicted by the historical sources was not observed individual mobility of a small part of these studied communities certainly played a role. Males appeared, thereby, to have slightly more often a non-local birthplace or moved during childhood. Male mobility was, however, not always associated with burial as a warrior. Females, on the other hand, originated more often from the region. Patrilocal residential patterns, with the exception of the Czech cemeteries, were nevertheless not observed. Objects and ideas also seem to have been exchanged freely, as there are no indications that individuals with particular grave goods came from specific areas. It rather appears that the individuals buried with them were either local or had different places of origin. This can be explained by the fact that the exact origin of grave goods is difficult to establish and the occurrence of similar 87Sr/86Sr values in different areas. This study provided important new insights on the period of the “Celtic migrations” and the way of life of these prehistoric people.

[Immunosuppressive drugs - how they work, their side effects and interactions]

The central issue in organ transplantation remains suppression of allograft rejection. Immunosuppression can be achieved by depleting lymphocytes, diverting lymphocyte traffic, or blocking lymphocyte response pathways. Immunosuppressive drugs include small-molecule drugs, depleting and nondepleting protein drugs (polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies), fusion proteins, intravenous immune globulin, and glucocorticoids. Small-molecule immunosuppressive agents include calcineurin-inhibitors (cyclosporine, tacrolimus), Target-of-Rapamycin Inhibitors (Sirolimus, Everolimus), inhibitors of nucleotide synthesis and azathioprine. The review covers the mode of action of these drugs with a special focus on belatacept, a new promising fusion protein. Different immuo-suppressive strategies mean also different safety profiles. Common side effects include the consequences of diminished immuno- response, i.e. infections and cancer (mainly involving the skin). Toxic side effects of immunosuppressive drugs range in a wide spectrum that involves almost every organ. The major interest of this toxic effects is the cardiovascular tolerance (with large differences from drug to drug), that are discussed seperately. The calcineurin- and mTOR-inhibitors are both metabolized by the CYP450 3A4 enzyme, which is also involved in the metabolism of many other drugs. The review discusses the most important interactions that in- or decreases the through level of these drugs.

Marx and the Bible: José Miranda’s Critique of the Philosophy of Oppression

This paper critically examines the liberation theology of José Porfirio Miranda, as expressed in his Marx and the Bible (1971), with a focus on the central idea (and subtitle) of this work: the “Critique of the Philosophy of Oppression.” Miranda’s critique is examined via certain key tropes such as “power,” “justice,” and “freedom,” both in the context of late twentieth-century Latin American society, and in the state of the “post-Christian” and “post-Marxist” world more generally, vis-à-vis contemporary liberal justice theory. Close examination of the potentialities, paradoxes and subtle evasions in Miranda’s critique leads not to the conclusion that Miranda does not go far enough in his application of Christian principles to justice theory.

The Social Principles of Jesus: A Critical Re-examination of Walter Rauschenbusch’s Social Gospel

It has been nine decades since Walter Rauschenbusch (1861-1918) published a slim volume entitled The Social Principles of Jesus. Though today less well known than his other works Christianity and the Social Crisis (1907) and Theology for the Social Gospel (1917), it is Social Principles that most adeptly summarizes the theological ethics of Rauschenbusch’s “social gospel.” Taking the form of a pedagogical treatise, Social Principles reads as both a finely tuned analysis of the modern relevance of the teachings of Jesus, and an impassioned plea on the part of its author for an end to the folly of interpreting Christianity solely in “individualistic” terms. It is Rauschenbusch’s expressed aim to resurrect the core teachings of Jesus, which are social and ethical, and apply these to a renewed, socially conscious liberal democracy, establishing a grand harmony between religion, ethics, and social evolution. How far this vision was from the burgeoning “fundamentalism” of his day (and ours) is more than evidenced by the critical reaction of many of his more conservative peers, but also indicates the continuing relevance of his work for theologians and others looking for alternative paths. The following exposition is supplemented with appreciative and critical comments.