Molecular evidence of mother-to-child transmission of HTLV-IIc in the Kararao Village (Kayapo) in the Amazon Region of Brazil

Blood samples from native Indians in the Kararao village (Kayapo), were analysed using serological and molecular methods to characterize infection and analyse transmission of HTLV-II. Specific reactivity was observed in 3/26 individuals, of which two samples were from a mother and child. RFLP analysis of the pX and env regions confirmed HTLV-II infection. Nucleotide sequence of the 5' LTR segment and phylogenetic analysis showed a high similarity (98%) between the three samples and prototype HTLV-IIa (Mot), and confirmed the occurrence of the HTLV-IIc subtype. There was a high genetic similarity (99.9%) between the mother and child samples and the only difference was a deletion of two nucleotides (TC) in the mother sequence. Previous epidemiological studies among native Indians from Brazil have provided evidence of intrafamilial and vertical transmission of HTLV-IIc. The present study now provides molecular evidence of mother-to-child transmission of HTLV-IIc, a mechanism that is in large part responsible for the endemicity of HTLV in these relatively closed populations. Although the actual route of transmission is unknown, breast feeding would appear to be most likely.

Perfil soroepidemiológico da infecção pelo vírus da hepatite B em profissionais das unidades de hemodiálise de Goiânia-Goiás, Brasil Central

Para investigar o perfil da infecção pelo vírus da hepatite B (VHB) em profissionais de hemodiálise (N=152) de Goiânia, Goiás, amostras sangüíneas foram testadas para detecção dos marcadores: AgHBs, anti-HBs e anti-HBc. Uma prevalência global de 24,3% (IC 95%: 17,8 - 32) foi encontrada. A análise multivariada dos fatores de risco mostrou que o tempo de profissão, relato de exposição ocupacional e o não uso de equipamentos de proteção estiveram significativamente associados à soropositividade ao VHB. Dos 40 profissionais que apresentaram susceptibilidade a esta infecção, 20 concordaram em participar do programa de vacinação e, após a administração das três doses da vacina (Euvax-B), 18 (90%) apresentaram soroconversão ao anti-HBs com títulos > ou = 10UI/L. Estes dados sugerem, o ambiente dialítico, como possível fonte de transmissão ocupacional do VHB e, enfatizam a necessidade de reavaliação das medidas de controle e prevenção nestas unidades.

Duffy blood group genotypes among malaria patients in Rondônia, Western Brazilian Amazon

We have compared Duffy blood group genotype distribution, as determined by polymerase chain reaction with allele-specific primers, in 68 Plasmodium vivax-infected patients and 59 non-vivax malaria controls from Rondônia, Brazil. Homozygosity for the allele Fy, which abolishes Duffy antigen expression on erythrocytes, was observed in 12% non-vivax controls but in no P. vivax patient. However, no significant association was found between Fy heterozygosity and protection against P. vivax. The Fy x allele, which has recently been associated with very weak erythrocyte expression of Duffy antigen, was not found in local P. vivax patients.

Isolation of dengue 2 virus from a patient with central nervous system involvement (transverse myelitis)

A dengue fever case is described in a 58-year-old male patient with febrile illness and thrombocytopenia complicated by neurological involvement characterized by transverse myelitis followed by weakness of both legs and flaccid paralysis. Muscle strength was much diminished and bilateral areflexia was observed. Dengue 2 (DEN-2) virus was isolated and the patient sero-converted by hemagglutination-inhibition and IgM-ELISA tests. The RT-PCR test was positive to DEN-2 in acute phase serum and culture supernatant, but negative in the cerebrospinal fluid. After three weeks of hospitalization the patient was discharged. No other infectious agent was detected in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples. The patient had full recovery from paralysis six months after the onset of DEN-2 infection.

Contaminação ambiental por ovos e larvas de helmintos em fezes de cães na área central do Balneário Cassino, Rio Grande do Sul

Para investigar a presença de helmintos, agentes de zoonoses parasitárias, foram examinadas 237 amostras fecais de cães, na área central do principal balneário do litoral sul do Rio Grande do Sul. As principais contaminações foram: ovos e larvas do gênero Ancylostoma (71,3%), ovos de Trichuris (32,5%) e Toxocara (9,3%).

Toxocariasis of the central nervous system: with report of two cases

Clinical involvement of the nervous system in visceral larva migrans due to Toxocara is rare, although in experimental animals the larvae frequently migrate to the brain. A review of the literature from the early 50's to date found 29 cases of brain involvement in toxocariasis. In 20 cases, various clinical and laboratory manifestations of eosinophilic meningitis, encephalitis, myelitis or radiculopathy were reported. We report two children with neurological manifestations, in which there was cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis with marked eosinophilia and a positive serology for Toxocara both in serum and CSF. Serology for Schistosoma mansoni, Cysticercus cellulosae, Toxoplasma and cytomegalovirus were negative in CSF, that was sterile in both cases. Improvement of signs and symptoms after specific treatment (albendazole or thiabendazole) was observed in the two cases. A summary of data described in the 25 cases previously reported is presented and we conclude that in cases of encephalitis and myelitis with cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis and eosinophilia, parasitic infection of the central nervous system should be suspected and serology should be performed to establish the correct diagnosis and treatment.

Preliminary assessment of medicinal plants used as antimalarials in the southeastern Venezuelan Amazon

Eighteen species of medicinal plants used in the treatment of malaria in Bolívar State, Venezuela were recorded and they belonged to Compositae, Meliaceae, Anacardiaceae, Bixaceae, Boraginaceae, Caricaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Leguminosae, Myrtaceae, Phytolaccaceae, Plantaginaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Solanaceae and Verbenaceae families. Antimalarial plant activities have been linked to a range of compounds including anthroquinones, berberine, flavonoids, limonoids, naphthquinones, sesquiterpenes, quassinoids, indol and quinoline alkaloids.

Efficacy of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and mefloquine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the Amazon basin of Peru

In vivo antimalarial drug efficacy studies of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria at an isolated site in the Amazon basin of Peru bordering Brazil and Colombia showed >50% RII/RIII resistance to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine but no evidence of resistance to mefloquine.

Low prevalence of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis D virus and hepatitis C virus among patients with human immunodeficiency virus or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the Brazilian Amazon basin

Comorbidities in human immunodeficiency virus infection are of great interest due to their association with unfavorable outcomes and failure of antiretroviral therapy. This study evaluated the prevalence of coinfection by human immunodeficiency virus and viral hepatitis in an endemic area for hepatitis B in the Western Amazon basin. Serological markers for hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and hepatitis D virus were tested in a consecutive sample of all patients referred for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The variables sex, age, origin and exposure category were obtained from medical records and from the sexually transmitted diseases and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome surveillance database. Among 704 subjects, the prevalence of chronic hepatitis B carriage was 6.4% and past infection 40.2%. The presence of hepatitis B was associated with birth in hyperendemic areas of the Amazon basin, male sex and illegal drug use. The overall prevalence of hepatitis C was 5% and was associated with illegal drug use. The prevalence of hepatitis B and C among human immunodeficiency virus or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients in the Western Amazon basin was lower than seen elsewhere and is probably associated with the local epidemiology of these viruses and the degree of overlap of their shared risk factors. An opportunity presents itself to evaluate the prevention of hepatitis C through harm reduction policies and hepatitis B through vaccination programs among human immunodeficiency virus or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients.

Optimização da armazenagem e nível de serviço do armazém central da Robbialac

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química e Bioquímica

Leptospirose humana na Província da Huíla: rastreio serológico e molecular de doentes assistidos no Hospital Central Dr. António Agostinho Neto, Lubango (Angola)

A Leptospirose é uma doença infecciosa causada por bactérias patogénicas do género Leptospira. Ocorre sobretudo nos países em desenvolvimento, em regiões tropicais e subtropicais. Nos últimos anos tem-se tornado um problema emergente de Saúde Pública, afectando uma grande diversidade de mamíferos (hospedeiros), incluindo os humanos. Actualmente observa-se um aumento do número de casos com alterações do padrão epidemiológico, assim como o ressurgimento de surtos epidémicos devido a alterações climáticas. No entanto, devido aos sintomas inespecíficos, o diagnóstico clínico é confundível com outras doenças e o laboratorial é difícil e dispendioso, requerendo recursos e técnicos especializados. Em Angola (Lubango), o diagnóstico laboratorial não é praticado devido à indisponibilidade de testes específicos, resultando no desconhecimento da sua prevalência. Assim, de modo, a determinar a sero-ocorrência da Leptospirose humana em doentes febris assistidos no Hospital Central do Lubango, contribuindo para: i) a possível inclusão desta doença no diagnóstico diferencial de doentes com síndromes febris indeterminados; e ii) implementar medidas de prevenção e controlo. Foram analisadas 300 amostras séricas obtidas em igual número de doentes febris que recorreram ao referido hospital, no período de Setembro a Dezembro de 2012, aos quais também se aplicou um inquérito clínico-epidemiológico. Foi realizada uma avaliação serológica usando a técnica de rastreio (MACROLepto), e a técnica de referência (Técnica de Aglutinação Microscópica; TAM). Para a análise molecular usou-se a Reacção em Cadeia de Polimerase (PCR), em soro utilizando primers baseados no gene hap1 (para leptospiras patogénicas). Os produtos amplificados foram sequenciados para determinação de espécies genómicas de Leptospira. A amostra populacional foi constituída por indivíduos do género masculino (111; 37%) e (189; 63%) do género feminino. A suspeita clínica de Leptospirose foi confirmada serologicamente pela TAM em (120+/300; 40%) dos doentes, e a análise por PCR foi positiva em (30+/193; 16%) das amostras analisadas. A sequenciação do DNA obtido permitiu identificar três espécies genómicas: L. borgpetersenii, L. interrogans e L. kirschneri. Os participantes no estudo foram distribuídos por grupos etários, e a média de idade foi de 30 anos, sendo os grupos (11-20 e 21- 30 anos) os mais representados, e o género feminino o mais afectado (61%). As principais manifestações clínicas foram a febre (91%), cefaleias (84%) e mialgias (59%). Em relação as variáveis de risco de infecção por Leptospira spp., verificou-se que a ausência de saneamento básico, exposição aos lixos, presença de roedores próximos das populações e o consumo de água não tratada, foram as situações mais referidas. O contacto com os roedores, seguido dos canídeos, foi referido por 97% e 41% dos doentes com resultado positivo. Quanto à proveniência, a maioria dos doentes veio de áreas suburbanas. No que respeita à ocupação destacaram-se as mulheres camponesas, estudantes e domésticas. Os soros com resultado positivo mostraram reactividade específica para leptospiras de 19 serogrupos (serovares) com maior destaque, Icterohaemorrhagiae (Copenhageni), Hebdomadis, Javanica (Poi) Australis (Bratislava) e Sejroe (Hardjobovis). O título mais elevado foi de 1:800 observado para os serovares Copenhageni, Ballum (Arborea), Panama e Pyrogenes. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a Leptospirose está presente entre os doentes febris na província da Huíla, sendo importante incluir esta zoonose no diagnóstico diferencial e promover medidas de prevenção e controlo, especialmente nos grupos de risco agora identificados.

Prevalence of hepatitis A virus infection: the paradoxical example of isolated communities in the western Brazilian Amazon region

This study evaluated the prevalence of hepatitis A virus infection in the rural area of Lábrea, in the western Brazilian Amazon region. Communities and households were selected randomly. Serum samples were analyzed by means of the immunoenzymatic method for the presence of total antibodies against HAV. The study included 1,499 individuals. The prevalence of anti-HAV was 74.6% (95% CI 72.3-76.8). Univariate analysis showed associations with age (chi-square for linear trend = 496.003, p < 0.001), presence of outside toilet (p < 0.001), history of hepatitis (p < 0.001) and family history of hepatitis (p = 0.05). After adjusting for age, HAV infection also showed an association with the number of people in the family (p = 0.03). The overall prevalence rates were high, but not more than 60% of the children under the age of ten years had already been infected. Very high prevalence was detected only within older cohorts, thus paradoxically defining this as a region with intermediate endemicity, even under the conditions of poverty encountered.