Establecimiento de una panadería artesanal en la comunidad de Chichicaste, municipio de Somoto, departamento de Madríz 2016-2020

El presente informe contiene los resultados del trabajo que se llevó a cabo en la comunidad El Chichicaste, Somoto-Madriz, desarrollado por 2 jóvenes estudiantes de la Lic. En Agronegocios de la UNA en alianza con la ONG RALEIGH, el plan se proyecta a cinco años y tiene como principal objetivo el establecimiento de una panadería en la comunidad, ofreciéndoles a los clientes Pan: simple, Pan pico y polvorón, la venta se realizara a pulperías locales, la demanda de pan es creciente, la metodología se enfatiza en tres fases según el reglamento académico de la UNA, primera fase: selección del modelo de negocio (CANVAS) para elaborar un plan de negocio, segunda fase: la realización de protocolo y la fase final es el diseño del documento, Para la ejecución de la investigación se seleccionó una muestra por conveniencia extrayendo de un universo de: 1,000 habitantes, una población de 10 propietarios de pulperías considerados como parte de la demanda potencial, la estructura del plan de negocio es la siguiente: Naturaleza de negocio aquí se describe las características del negocio cuyo nombre presenta panadería DELI-PAN y significa delicia de pan a su vez cuenta con un logotipo (figura) y lema, misión y visión, un análisis FODA en otros. El plan de Marketing hace referencia al estudio de mercado dando como resultado la presentación en bolsa de 5 libras que contiene 12 piezas a un precio de C$ 10 córdobas. La panadería DELI-PAN cuenta con proyecciones de ventas que abarca del periodo 2016-2020, el plan de producción contiene: un plan semanal para la elaboración de pan, diagrama de procedimiento, así mismo se lleva un registro de proveedores y se alcanzará una producción de 19,845 bolsas de pan para el primer año de operaciones, la estructura organizacional es una estructura simple y lineal. En relación al plan financiero la inversión inicial es de C$ 72,340.00, alcanza un retorno (TIR del 28%), y el valor actual neto (VAN) equivale a: C$7,012.00 y el análisis.

Sistematización del proceso de producción de plantas forestales en el jardín botánico y vivero Santa Elena, periodo 2009-2013, Managua, Nicaragua

El presente estudio fue realizado en El Jardín Botánico y Vivero Santa Elena perteneciente a la Alcaldía de Managua, del departamento de áreas verdes de la Dirección General de Ornato el cual se encarga de la reproducción y producción de plantas. El propósito del mismo fue evaluar los procesos de producción de plantas Forestales en el período 2009-2013, Para la realización del trabajo investigativo se establecieron tres etapas metodológicas, siendo la primera etapa la organización del trabajo la que abarca desde la planificación del trabajo, visitas, revisión documental, elaboración de instrumentos de campo, identificación del personal clave, estableciéndose en la segunda etapa la recopilación de la información para llevar a cabo la investigación a través de la revisión del inventario de plantas forestales de los 5 años en estudio y la digitalización de los registros manuales de producción, también se obtuvo información adicional realizando entrevistas a los informantes claves del vivero. La tercera etapa es la de procesamiento y análisis de toda la información esta se fundamentó en la elaboración de la base de datos de los registros de producción de plantas en el programa Microsoft Excel, analizando la información recopilada de los registros y entrevistas realizadas, según los resultados del inventario de la producción de plantas forestales durante el estudio fue de 2,829,930 comprendiendo las etapas de producto proceso y producto terminado en ambos casos se producen en bolsas plásticas de polietileno y a terrón, siendo las plantas de bolsas plásticas las de mayor producción con un total de 2,791,170 plantas y las plantas a terrón con un total de 38,760 , las especies con más demanda son el Roble (Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) DC.), Caoba del pacifico (Swietenia humilis Zucc.), Cortez (Tabebuia chrysantha. (Jacq.) Nicholson), Madroño (Calycophyllum candidissimum (Vahl.) DC.), y Malinche (Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) que se utilizan para reforestar pistas, avenidas, boulevares, siendo la producción de plantas del vivero destinadas principalmente a la alcaldía misma a través de la dirección de Ornato para las áreas verdes de Managua; el método que utilizan para el registro de las plantas en el vivero es de forma manual lo que no garantiza que la producción de plantas registrada sea la correcta.

Aplicação foliar de molibdênio em adubos verdes e o desempenho do feijoeiro em sucessão

The knowledge of molybdenum application in legumes on the availability of N, by BNF, increased enzymatic activity and the residual effect caused on crops growth and yield can contribute to the greater scientific understanding involved in green manure processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the Mo application and the N from Crotalaria juncea and Canavalia ensiformis green manures on common bean performance. Were conducted field experiments for the crops succession system (green manures - common bean) and laboratory essays for the enzymatic activities. Green manure production was installed in a factorial arrangement 2 x 4, with two green manure legumes species, sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea) and jack beans (Canavalia ensiformis), and four Mo doses (0, 40, 80, 120 g ha-1) in the form of sodium molybdate (Na2MoO4), foliar applied, in a randomized block design with four replicates. For succession crop (common bean) additional treatment was added, beans grown without any fertilization, following the same experimental design from the previous crop. The dry matter decomposition and the N mineralization of green manure were monitored through collection of residues over time, by using the litter bags method. In laboratory were carried out tests of nitrate reductase activity in green manures and common beans at 90 and 66 days after sowing, respectively. The sunnhemp responded linearly positively to the application of Mo as the dry matter and N accumulation. While the jack beans presented a negative quadratic response for dry matter and there was no adjustment of regression models to N. The jack beans showed a higher decomposition rate and N mineralization compared to sunnhemp. The half lives for decomposing 50% of dry matter on the soil was 123 and 104 days to sunnhemp and jack beans, respectively, and 50% of N present in the residues was mineralized at 93 and 85 days. In common bean, differed from the control for number of pods the dose of 40 g ha-1 of Mo in both species of green manures and the dose 80 g ha-1 of Mo in jack beans. For number of grains only in sunnhemp on the dose of 40 g ha-1 of Mo differ from the control. The nitrate reductase activity was influenced by developmental stage of green manure species. In common bean, the activity of nitrate reductase was up to three times higher than the dose 0 g ha-1 of Mo compared to treatment with application of Mo in both species. There was no effect of Mo doses or species of green manure on common bean yield.

Relação universidade-escola: o PIBID como instrumento de intervenção sobre o real da formação de professores

The theme of teacher education has always been rich in discussion and presents an abundant literature on the subject. Historically this topic has generated concerns in both development bodies and universities / schools where these people learn or are engaged in professional work. Training teachers is complex and these elements of complexity make necessary a review of paradigms of initial and continuing education. Despite the efforts of the past decades, the lack of teachers in some areas of knowledge is still a big concern, and it can become even worse in the future, what reinforces the importance of new decisions and new directions in order to change this situation. Therefore, the university-school relationship is of fundamental importance, linking and articulating theory and school practice, contextualizing knowledge, renewing and adapting curricula to current times and spaces in order to be able to improve and recover the social and professional value of teachers. From this perspective the education public policies should turn to the encouragement and the rescue of values and principles in quality teacher training. In the course comes the Institutional Teaching Initiation Scholarships Program - PIBID as an innovative program of teacher education working and adding essential factors to the university-school to reinforce good teaching practices taking up the role of co-developer schools. This research is aimed at analyzing the factors that PIBID inserts in the university-school relationship within IFPR Campus Palmas. The theoretical route was marked by authors as Edgar Morin (2003, 2010a, 2010b, 2012), Enrique Leff (2002a, 2002b, 2003, 2010), Boaventura Sousa Santos (1988, 2010a, 2010b, 2013) Menga Lüdke (2005, 2013), Demerval Saviani (2000, 2013), Paulo Freire (2011), among others, among them official documents of PIBID were used in this research too. The methodological approach with exploratory approach, descriptive explanatory was of fundamental importance through data collected by the documentary analysis (BRAZIL, 2007, 2009, 2013) and in the focus groups activities (GATTI, 2012). The focus groups interlocutors constituted of three groups: Area Coordinators, supervisors and teaching initiation scholarships. The categories were defined a priori from the Programme's objectives and emerging categories identified from the analysis process. After both documentary and interlocutors analysis, it was possible to identify that PIBID inserts the following factors in the university-school relationship: the Recognition of the Profession; Innovative Program and Dialogues of Knowledge. For the recognition of the profession mainly because it is an initial and continuing education program; it approximates theory and practice; upgrades the role of the teacher at school and motivates methodological innovations. This Innovative Program promotes the role of co-educational school and it also approximates knowledge of the school reality and promotes the continuous training. The third emerging category university-school relationship promotes dialogs of knowledge; bringing together theory and practice; it allows information exchange and opens new perspectives for teacher training. Finally, it is possible to realize that besides being a new program, PIBID has promoted visible changes through the actions carried out by all subprojects in partnerships between universities and schools, restoring and giving new meanings to the pedagogical practices.

As respostas sociais para o estudante do ensino superior com paralisia cerebral

Dissertação apresentada à Escola Superior de Educação de Paula Frassinetti para obtenção do grau de mestre em intervenção comunitária, especialização em contextos de risco

Aplicação de redes neurais no Brasil: um estudo bibliométrico

As Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNA) simulam o cérebro humano ao coletar evidências empíricas e também ao preservar e permitir o uso do conhecimento experimental. Esta habilidade fez com que a aplicação da técnica atingisse um número cada vez maior de campos de estudo. Em meio às vantagens e desvantagens da adoção das RNA, este artigo se propõe a além de apresentar aspectos básicos das RNA e das implicações do seu uso, realizar um levantamento bibliométrico dos últimos dez anos, contemplando o termo “redes neurais” nos artigos científicos publicados na CAPES e SPELL. Os resultados foram classificados de acordo com a área de pesquisa e, especificamente quanto aos estudos de finanças, aprofundou-se em objetivo, amostra e resultados. Após o tratamento dos dados, foram encontradas 126 publicações, com aumento de 50% na quantidade de pesquisas publicadas entre o início e o final da década. Encontrou-se a seguinte ordem de relevância nas áreas de pesquisa: aplicações gerais; engenharia e manufatura; contabilidade e finanças; saúde e medicina e; marketing. Quanto aos estudos de finanças, em sua maioria os resultados foram melhores com o uso de RNA, sendo as maiores aplicações desta técnica em previsão de falências e estratégias para negociação em bolsas de valores.

História eruptiva do sistema vulcânico fissural dos picos e avaliação da susceptibilidade a escoadas lávicas (ilha de S. Miguel - Açores)

Tese de Doutoramento, Geologia (Vulcanologia), 18 de Julho 2013, Universidade dos Açores.

O processo de criação do programa Universidade para Todos - PROUNI

From the end of the 80s, the Brazilian higher education experience strong growth, coming from the private sector, which would intensify further in the late 90th Higher education has become a lucrative business. With a drop in the number of students entering and strong competition, the number of idle places in private institutions of higher education reached 49.5% in 2004. That same year, by Measure, was the University for All Program (PROUNI) program, to include high school students from public higher education, offering scholarships to those students in private HEIs. In exchange, the IES gain tax exemption. The objective of this research is to investigate the game of interest occurred in the formulation of this program and identify the model and the political game and has led to the creation of PROUNI, analyzing the process occurred since the wording of a bill, the issue of Measure Law and that the legitimacy PROUNI, with the most important changes made initial model. Since the first draft of the Law to the final Act, the PROUNI was disfigured in its main points, as the percentage of stock for paying students, the process of selection of stock and bond of the IES program. Throughout the process of creating the program, it is quite clear the performance of the institutions representing the private higher education. As reference for the analysis was based on Rational Choice Theory of Political Science. The basic argument of the methods based on rational choice is the maximization of the benefit will be the main motivation of individuals, but they can give that your goals can be achieved more effectively through institutional action and thereby discover that their conduct is shaped by institutions. Thus, individuals rationally choose to get to a certain extent constrained to join in certain institutions, whether voluntarily or not. The PROUNI was submitted by government and public policy covered by the mystical aura of the discourse of social justice and economic development, as in higher education includes a stratum of people who would not have access to the university, due to restrictions in the supply network public higher education. However, the greatest benefit from the program are the private HEIs, which through a difficult time in a scenario marked by high competition and idleness of nearly half of the vacancies offered. The PROUNI became a program that prioritizes access and not the residence of the student to higher education. More serious than a supporting program for students Fellows is a program supporting the institutions of private education

Anticorpos anti-trypanosoma cruzi como preditivos de infecção por leishmania infantum

Leishmania infantum and Trypanosoma cruzi are trypanosomatids of medical importance and are, respectively, the etiologic agents of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and Chagas disease (CD) in Brazil. People infected with L. infantum or T. cruzi may develop asymptomatically, enabling the transmission of pathogens through blood transfusion and / or organs. The assessment of the infection by T. cruzi is included among the tests performed for screening blood donors in Brazil, however, there is no availability of tests for Leishmania. Serological tests for T. cruzi are very sensitive, but not specific, and may have cross-reactions with other microorganisms. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Leishmania infection in blood donors and assess whether the serological test for T. cruzi detect L. infantum. Among the 300 blood samples from donors, discarded in 2011, 61 were T. cruzi positive, 203 were from donors with other infections and 36 were from handbags with low blood volume, but without infection. We also assessed 144 samples from donors without infections and able to donate blood, totaling 444 subjects. DNA was extracted from blood samples of all to perform quantitative PCR (qPCR) to detect Leishmania DNA. The buffy coat obtained from all samples was grown in Schneider medium supplemented and NNN. All samples were evaluated for the presence of anti-Leishmania antibody. The serological results indicate a percentage of 22% of Leishmania infection in blood samples obtained from discarded bags. A total of 60% of samples positive in ELISA for T. cruzi were negative by IFI, used as confirmatory test, ie 60% false positive for Chagas. Among these samples false positive for Chagas, 72% were positive by ELISA for Leishmania characterizing the occurrence of cross reaction between serologic assays. Of the 300 cultures performed, 18 grew parasites that were typed by qPCR and specific isoenzymes, found the species Leishmania infantum crops. Among the 18 cultures, 4 were purged from scholarships for low volume and all negative serology blood bank, thus demonstrating that there is a real risk of Leishmania transmission via transfusion. It is concluded that in an area endemic for leishmaniasis in Brazil, serological diagnosis performed to detect infection by T. cruzi among blood donors can identify infection by L. infantum and although cause false positive for Chagas, this cross-reactivity reduces the risk of Leishmania infection via blood transfusion, since tests are not applied specific detection of the parasite. In this way, there remains the need to discuss the implementation of a specific serological screening test for Leishmania in endemic countries such as Brazil

Los problemas del sector bursátil colombiano

Dado que las funciones específica del mercado bursátil no son de dominio público en nuestro país, incluso para aquellos que trabajan en el sector real, financiero y entidades guibernamentales, considero conveniente hacer una introducción al mundo de la bolsa, explicando en forma breve los orígenes de las bolsas, su razón de existir y su trayectoria en Colombia. Solamente mencionaré los problemas principales que enfrenta este mercado. Porque pienso que el mercado bursátil a pesar de las transformaciones tan aceleradas vividas en los últimos cinco años, sigue adoleciendo de fallas y limitaciones; todavía falta mucho por hacer.

Distribuição de funções de variáveis aleatórias dependentes e R-Vines cópulas

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Estatística, 2015.

Gelatinas funcionais desenvolvidas com microsferas de alginato para aplicação nutracêutica

Os ingredientes bioativos são geralmente suscetíveis à degradação durante o armazenamento ou processamento alimentar, pois muitos deles são instáveis física, química ou enzimaticamente, o que leva à sua degração ou transformação com a consequente perda de bioatividade. Para ultrapassar estas limitações a microencapsulação emerge como uma resposta viável para proteger e estabilizar os bioativos, oferecendo também a possibilidade de uma libertação controlada e localizada [1]. Os materiais de encapsulação, processo de produção, morfologia da microesfera e, por último, as condições de aplicabilidade são os fatores mais importantes a ter em conta no desenho de um novo produto microencapsulado, juntamente com a questão da estabilidade e propriedades funcionais. Por outro lado, para obter um produto bem sucedido deve-se garantir um alto rendimento de encapsulação, a reprodutibilidade do processo e o perfil de libertação e, ainda, tentar evitar a agregação das microcápsulas.

Creación de una bolsa de trabajo electrónica para la Universidad de El Salvador

Contando con la nueva tecnología se ha incrementado la publicidad de las empresas del mercado laboral en el país. Dando oportunidades de empleo, colocando ofertas y requerimientos del recurso humano que necesitan a través de las denominadas Bolsas de Trabajo. Las universidades y los sectores productivos, gubernamentales y sociales del país; cuentan hoy en día con la posibilidad de acceder a una de ellas. Es por ello, que el aporte de este proyecto de trabajo de graduación esta encaminado a ofrecer a la Universidad de El Salvador la creación de una bolsa de trabajo electrónica que facilitará a aquellos estudiantes activos y profesionales su incorporación al mercado de trabajo profesional. Se desarrolla una bolsa de trabajo electrónica que pueda ser accesada por medio de internet, que sirva de enlace entre las empresas demandantes de recurso humano y los estudiantes y/o profesionales de la Universidad de El Salvador; logrando de esta manera la colocación de personal calificado en el mercado laboral

Modelling early transitions toward autonomous protocells.

252 p.