La dislexia : un trastorno del lenguaje.

Estudiar los trastornos del lenguaje en general, y especialmente la dislexia. Expone las teorías que explican los trastornos del lenguaje, analiza la clasificación y etiología de dichos trastornos y estudia especialmente las dificultades de la lectura, examinando las características, factores, diagnóstico, recuperación y demás factores relacionados con la dislexia. 1) La dislexia no se produce por una única causa específica, ya que las perturbaciones en la adquisición de la lectura surgen como consecuencia de diversos factores, aunque a veces se presenten todos de un modo global. 2) Dentro del lenguaje, el vocabulario influye en gran manera en la lectura, ya que conocer palabras y relacionarlas con el objeto significado, facilita su reconocimiento en signos imprecisos lo que ayudará en la lectura y aumentará el interés por ella. 3) Para que se pueda producir la lectura y escritura, es necesario que existan unos patrones combinados de imágenes motrices, visuales y auditivas, puesto que si en el período evolutivo no se han formado unos modelos posturales, el niño tendrá grandes dificultades para el aprendizaje de la lectura y escritura. 4) El aprendizaje de la lectura requiere como cualquier otro tipo de aprendizaje que esté bien motivado, es preciso un impulso que nos mueva hacia ello. La mejor motivación es hacer que el niño antes de empezar a leer se sienta atraído por la lectura. 5) En el aprendizaje de la lectura conviene tener en cuenta la edad mental del alumno, es decir, la correlación entre la edad intelectual y la edad cronológica, ya que el conocimiento de estos dos aspectos es de gran importancia. La mayoría de los autores opinan que la edad mental adecuada para el aprendizaje es la comprendida entre los 5 y los 7 años. 6) Por otra parte, hay que tener en cuenta que un sujeto con un nivel intelectual bajo, siempre tendrá más dificultad tanto en la lectura como en la aritmética y lenguaje, que un sujeto con una inteligencia elevada. 7) El medio familiar en el que se desarrolla la vida del niño es causa de sus posteriores resultados escolares y entre ellos, los que hacen referencia a la lectura, los medios no favorecidos económicamente tienen porcentajes más altos de niños con inteligencia mediocre. Sin embargo, en los ambientes de padres universitarios los niños son estimulados mejor, puesto que gozan de un medio lingüístico más rico, variado y estructurado, de forma que se consigue un mejor rendimiento en el alumno. Para conseguir un buen aprendizaje de lectura y escritura es necesaria la madurez de coordinación de movimientos visuales, motrices y auditivo motores, pero también de los factores que son necesarios para la memorización visual y auditiva y de aquellos que permiten la oposición a la fatiga y el refuerzo de la atención. Si no se posee un desarrollo madurativo en su conjunto es muy difícil lograr un buen aprendizaje.

Malo : ¿misoginia o ignorancia?

Resumen tomado de la publicación

Equilibrio de género en la preparación profesional

Resumen basado en el de la publicación

Estrategias cardinales en la adquisición del concepto de número.

Conocer en qué medida el conteo como estrategia de cuantificación, depende de la comprensión de la invarianza cuantitativa (conservación). ¿Emergen sincrónicamente las estrategias cardinales y las ordinales a la conservación del número, o se aprecia una relevancia de unas sobre otras?. 134 sujetos seleccionados aleatoriamente, 71 niños y 63 niñas, de clase social media, de tres colegios públicos del municipio de Murcia. De los 134 sujetos, 49 eran de Preescolar, 52 de primero de EGB, y 33 de segundo de EGB. El rango de edad era de 4 años 5 meses a 6 años 2 meses en el grupo de Preescolar, con una media de 5 años 8 meses; de 6 años 2 meses a 7 años 6 meses en el grupo de primero de EGB, con una media de 6 años 9 meses; y de 7 años 2 meses a 9 años 11 meses en el segundo curso de EGB, con una media de 8 años 6 meses. Diseño no paramétrico. Se han establecido los tres grupos de edad agrupándolos en tres categorías: no conservadores, retorno empírico y conservadores. Los resultados de las tareas ordinal, cardinal y cardinal-ordinal se analizaron en función de las categorías mencionadas. Prueba de conservación standard de cantidades discretas Piaget y Szeminska, 1967 y Piaget e Inhelder, 1975. Se exploraron los siguientes aspectos: conservación, cardinalidad, ordinalidad, cardinalidad-ordinalidad. Para la exploración de la cardinalidad, ordinalidad y cardinalidad-ordinalidad se utilizaron dos tareas diferentes. Interpretación cualitativa de la tabla de resultados. Chi cuadrado para la significación entre los grupos de respuesta. Todos los sujetos son capaces de utilizar el conteo para determinar la cantidad de elementos de una colección. Sólo los sujetos conservadores son capaces de seriar una colección de acuerdo con el criterio tamaño. Todos los sujetos eligen como criterio para establecer una seriación, la cantidad de elementos de una colección, en vez de su tamaño. No hay diferencias significativas cuando se trata de utilizar estrategias cardinales u ordinales. Existen diferencias significativas en el uso de una estrategia cardinal que implica el establecimiento de una equivalencia y una estrategia que implica la determinación de una posición. Hay diferencias significativas cuando se trata de establecer una equivalencia según los criterios diferentes. Los conservadores respetan los criterios mientras los no conservadores dan respuestas incorrectas. El conteo no está relacionado con la conservación del número, ya que los niños pequeños pueden contar correctamente, antes de que sean capaces de conservar el número. Cuando se utilizan conceptos cardinales y ordinales a la vez, se observa, por una parte que no existen diferencias entre los sujetos conservadores y no conservadores a la hora de realizar la tarea, y por otra, existen diferencias a la hora de elegir estrategias para la consecución de la tarea. El establecimiento de la equivalencia es simultánea a la seriación.

Baremo del test de desarrollo de la percepción visual de M. Frostig en niños españoles.

Hacer un estudio a fondo sobre el test de desarrollo de la percepción visual de M. FROSTIG para adaptarlo y hacer un baremo a la población infantil española. 247 niños y 279 niñas entre los cuatro y los siete años. Estudia la importancia de la detección de los problemas de percepción visual para con ello evitar muchas inadaptaciones y fracasos escolares, pues , aunque muchos sujetos superan estos problemas con la edad, no existe, por el momento, ningún medio para determinar cuántos podrán hacerlo sin ayuda. En cambio, se ha demostrado que los trastornos de la percepción visual, convenientemente detectados, pueden ser atenuados por medio de una reeducación específica. Test. Consta de dos partes, una primera en la que explica la noción de Percepción visual y una segunda parte en la que aplica y analiza los resultados de la aplicación del Test de Desarrollo de la Percepción de M. Frostig. Este test está formado por cinco subtests, diseñados de modo que se puedan valorar por separado diversas facetas de la aptitud perceptiva. Se puede aplicar de forma individual o colectiva. 1) Los resultados varía bastante de unos centros a otros y sospecha que las diferencias puedan provenir del nivel de calidad de la educación y enseñanza impartidas. 2) los sexos no presentan diferencias significativas en las puntuaciones de los distintos subtests. 3) El tiempo que dura la aplicación de la prueba es excesivo. 4) la Evolución de las medias de las puntuaciones de los subtests es progresiva y ascendente, si bien este progreso ascendente es muy marcado en la Coordinación Visomotora (Subtest I), Discriminación figura-fondo (Subtest II), también en la Constancia de forma (Subtest III) sobre todo a partir de los cinco años. 5) Desde el punto de vista evolutivo el gran momento de desarrollo de la coordinación visomotora está situado entre los 4 y los 7 años. 6) La percepción de la constancia de forma tienen su desarrollo a partir de los cinco años y la proyección de las líneas ascendentes hace pensar en que este desarrollo continúa más allá de los siete años.

Miralls convexos: [Què us sembla si parlem de quines són les funcions que té una federació?]

En el presente artículo se hace un debate abierto entre diferentes miembros de las cooperativas de enseñanza con el fin de debatir cual es la función de las federaciones, llegando a plantearse la hipotética creación de una sola federación de asociaciones de pares y madres ya que sus objetivos se asemejan mucho, así estudiar la relación de las famílias con la escuela.

Evidence of trends in daily climate extremes over southern and west Africa

[ 1] There has been a paucity of information on trends in daily climate and climate extremes, especially from developing countries. We report the results of the analysis of daily temperature ( maximum and minimum) and precipitation data from 14 south and west African countries over the period 1961 - 2000. Data were subject to quality control and processing into indices of climate extremes for release to the global community. Temperature extremes show patterns consistent with warming over most of the regions analyzed, with a large proportion of stations showing statistically significant trends for all temperature indices. Over 1961 to 2000, the regionally averaged occurrence of extreme cold ( fifth percentile) days and nights has decreased by - 3.7 and - 6.0 days/decade, respectively. Over the same period, the occurrence of extreme hot (95th percentile) days and nights has increased by 8.2 and 8.6 days/decade, respectively. The average duration of warm ( cold) has increased ( decreased) by 2.4 (0.5) days/decade and warm spells. Overall, it appears that the hot tails of the distributions of daily maximum temperature have changed more than the cold tails; for minimum temperatures, hot tails show greater changes in the NW of the region, while cold tails have changed more in the SE and east. The diurnal temperature range (DTR) does not exhibit a consistent trend across the region, with many neighboring stations showing opposite trends. However, the DTR shows consistent increases in a zone across Namibia, Botswana, Zambia, and Mozambique, coinciding with more rapid increases in maximum temperature than minimum temperature extremes. Most precipitation indices do not exhibit consistent or statistically significant trends across the region. Regionally averaged total precipitation has decreased but is not statistically significant. At the same time, there has been a statistically significant increase in regionally averaged daily rainfall intensity and dry spell duration. While the majority of stations also show increasing trends for these two indices, only a few of these are statistically significant. There are increasing trends in regionally averaged rainfall on extreme precipitation days and in maximum annual 5-day and 1-day rainfall, but only trends for the latter are statistically significant.

Puroindoline-b mutations control the lipid binding interactions in mixed puroindoline-a: puroindoline-b systems

The interactions have been investigated of puroindoline-a (Pin-a) and mixed protein systems of Pin-a and wild-type puroindoline-b (Pin-b+) or puroindoline-b mutants (G46S mutation (Pin bH) or W44R mutation (Pin-bS)) with condensed phase monolayers of an anionic phospholipid (L-α-dipalmitoylphosphatidyl-dl-glycerol (DPPG)) at the air/water interface. The interactions of the mixed systems were studied at three different concentration ratios of Pin-a:Pin-b, namely 3:1, 1:1 and 1:3 in order to establish any synergism in relation to lipid binding properties. Surface pressure measurements revealed that Pin-a interaction with DPPG monolayers led to an equilibrium surface pressure increase of 8.7 ± 0.6 mN m-1. This was less than was measured for Pin-a:Pin-b+ (9.6 to 13.4 mN m-1), but was significantly more than was measured for Pin-a:Pin-bH (4.0 to 6.2 mN m-1) or Pin-a:Pin-bS (3.8 to 6.3 mN m-1) over the complete range of concentration ratio. Consequently, surface pressure increases were shown to correlate to endosperm hardness phenotype, with puroindolines present in hard-textured wheat varieties yielding lower equilibrium surface pressure changes. Integrated amide I peak areas from corresponding external reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ER-FTIR) spectra, used to indicate levels of protein adsorption to the lipid monolayers, showed that differences in adsorbed amount were less significant. The data therefore suggest that Pin-b mutants having single residue substitutions within their tryptophan-rich loop that are expressed in some hard-textured wheat varieties influence the degree of penetration of Pin-a and Pin-b into anionic phospholipid films. These findings highlight the key role of the tryptophan-rich loop in puroindoline-lipid interactions.

A temperature-dependent relative-rate study of the OH initiated oxidation of n-butane: the kinetics of the reactions of the 1-and 2-butoxy radicals

The kinetics of the reactions of 1-and 2-butoxy radicals have been studied using a slow-flow photochemical reactor with GC-FID detection of reactants and products. Branching ratios between decomposition, CH3CH(O-.)CH2CH3 CH3CHO + C2H5, reaction (7), and reaction with oxygen, CH3CH(O-.)CH2CH3 + O-2 -> CH3C(O)C2H5 + HO2, reaction (6), for the 2-butoxy radical and between isomerization, CH3CH2CH2CH2O. -> CH2CH2CH2CH2OH, reaction (9), and reaction with oxygen, CH3CH2CH2CH2O. + O-2 -> C3H7CHO + HO2, reaction (8), for the 1-butoxy radical were measured as a function of oxygen concentration at atmospheric pressure over the temperature range 250-318 K. Evidence for the formation of a small fraction of chemically activated alkoxy radicals generated from the photolysis of alkyl nitrite precursors and from the exothermic reaction of 2-butyl peroxy radicals with NO was observed. The temperature dependence of the rate constant ratios for a thermalized system is given by k(7)/k(6) = 5.4 x 1026 exp[(-47.4 +/- 2.8 kJ mol(-1))/RT] molecule cm(-3) and k(9)/k(8) = 1.98 x 10(23) exp[(-22.6 +/- 3.9 kJ mol(-1))/RT] molecule cm(-3). The results agree well with the available experimental literature data at ambient temperature but the temperature dependence of the rate constant ratios is weaker than in current recommendations.

Influence of a halide ion on ribbons of water pentamer

Reactions of CuF2, CuCl2 center dot 2H(2)O and CuBr2 with 2,2'-dipyridylamine (HDPA) in water at room temperature using Cu: HDPA = 2: 1 mol yield [Cu(HDPA) (H2O)(2)F]F center dot 3H(2)O (1), Cu(HDPA) Cl-2 (2) and [Cu(HDPA) Br-2 (3) respectively. The structures of 2 and 3 are isostructural in spacegroup C-2 with cell dimensions; for 2, a = 14.702(8), b = 7.726(2), c = 4.829(6) angstrom, beta = 96.68(8)degrees and for 3, a = 14.2934(8), b = 7.9057(6), c = 5.1982(5) angstrom, beta = 94.049(7)degrees. In the X-ray crystal structure, the complex 1 is found to contain tapes of water pentamers. Our DFT calculations at the B3LYP/LanL2DZ level show that the reaction Cu(HDPA)X-2 + 2H(2)O = [Cu(HDPA)(H2O)(2)X]X is most exothermic in the gas phase when X- = F-, i.e., the tendency of water uptake is maximum for Cu(HDPA) F-2. It seems that the exothermicities of the aquations of Cu(HDPA) Cl-2 and Cu(HDPA) Br-2 are not sufficient to stabilise the type of ribbons of water observed in 1 and consequently water is eschewed when X- = Cl- or Br-.

Comparison of algal and fish sources on the oxidative stability of poultry meat and its enrichment with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

Human consumption of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) is below recommendations, and enriching chicken meat (by incorporating LC n-3 PUFA into broiler diets) is a viable means of increasing consumption. Fish oil is the most common LC n-3 PUFA supplement used but is unsustainable and reduces the oxidative stability of the meat. The objective of this experiment was to compare fresh fish oil (FFO) with fish oil encapsulated (EFO) in a gelatin matrix (to maintain its oxidative stability) and algal biomass at a low (LAG, 11), medium (MAG, 22), or high (HAG, 33 g/kg of diet) level of inclusion. The C22:6n-3 contents of the FFO, EFO, and MAG diets were equal. A control (CON) diet using blended vegetable oil was also made. As-hatched 1-d-old Ross 308 broilers (144) were reared (21 d) on a common starter diet then allocated to treatment pens (4 pens per treatment, 6 birds per pen) and fed treatment diets for 21 d before being slaughtered. Breast and leg meat was analyzed (per pen) for fatty acids, and cooked samples (2 pens per treatment) were analyzed for volatile aldehydes. Concentrations (mg/100 g of meat) of C20:5n-3, C22:5n-3, and C22:6n-3 were (respectively) CON: 4, 15, 24; FFO: 31, 46, 129; EFO: 18, 27, 122; LAG: 9, 19, 111; MAG: 6, 16, 147; and HAG: 9, 14, 187 (SEM: 2.4, 3.6, 13.1) in breast meat and CON: 4, 12, 9; FFO: 58, 56, 132; EFO: 63, 49, 153; LAG: 13, 14, 101; MAG: 11, 15, 102; HAG: 37, 37, 203 (SEM: 7.8, 6.7, 14.4) in leg meat. Cooked EFO and HAG leg meat was more oxidized (5.2 mg of hexanal/kg of meat) than the other meats (mean 2.2 mg/kg, SEM 0.63). It is concluded that algal biomass is as effective as fish oil at enriching broiler diets with C22:6 LC n-3 PUFA, and at equal C22:6n-3 contents, there is no significant difference between these 2 supplements on the oxidative stability of the meat that is produced.

Relationship between phonons and thermal expansion in Zn(CN)2 and Ni(CN)2 from inelastic neutron scattering and ab initio calculations

Zn(CN)2 and Ni(CN)2 are known for exhibiting anomalous thermal expansion over a wide temperature range. The volume thermal expansion coefficient for the cubic, three dimensionally connected material, Zn(CN)2, is negative (alpha(V) = −51  10(-6) K-1) while for Ni(CN)2, a tetragonal material, the thermal expansion coefficient is negative in the two dimensionally connected sheets (alpha(a) = −7  10(-6) K-1), but the overall thermal expansion coefficient is positive (alpha(V) = 48  10(-6) K-1). We have measured the temperature dependence of phonon spectra in these compounds and analyzed them using ab initio calculations. The spectra of the two compounds show large differences that cannot be explained by simple mass renormalization of the modes involving Zn (65.38 amu) and Ni (58.69 amu) atoms. This reflects the fact that the structure and bonding are quite different in the two compounds. The calculated pressure dependence of the phonon modes and of the thermal expansion coefficient, alpha(V), are used to understand the anomalous behavior in these compounds. Our ab initio calculations indicate that phonon modes of energy approx. 2 meV are major contributors to negative thermal expansion (NTE) in both the compounds. The low-energy modes of approx.8 and 13 meV in Zn(CN)2 also contribute significantly to the NTE in Zn(CN)2 and Ni(CN)2, respectively. The measured temperature dependence of the phonon spectra has been used to estimate the total anharmonicity of both compounds. For Zn(CN)2, the temperature-dependent measurements (total anharmonicity), along with our previously reported pressure dependence of the phonon spectra (quasiharmonic), is used to separate the explicit temperature effect at constant volume (intrinsic anharmonicity).

Lumbricus terrestris L. does not impact on the remediation efficiency of compost and biochar amendments

The aim of this study was to test the impact of compost and Biochar, with or without earthworms, on the mobility and availability of metals, and on the growth of grass to re-vegetate contaminated soil from the Parys Mountain mining site, Anglesey. We also determined if the addition of earthworms compromises remediation efforts. In a laboratory experiment, contaminated soil (1343 mg Cu kg−1, 2511 mg Pb kg−1 and 262 mg Zn kg−1) was remediated with compost and/or Biochar. After 77 days Lumbricus terrestris L. earthworms were added to the treatment remediated with both compost and Biochar, and left for 28 days. L. terrestris was not able to survive in the Biochar, compost or unamended treatments. A germination and growth bioassay, using Agrostis capillaris (Common Bent) was then run on all treatments for 28 days. The combination of Biochar and compost decreased water soluble Cu (from 5.6 to 0.2 mg kg−1), Pb (0.17 to less than 0.007 mg kg−1) and Zn (3.3 to 0.05 mg kg−1) in the contaminated soil and increased the pH from 2.7 to 6.6. The addition of L. terrestris to this treatment had no effect on the concentration of the water soluble metals in the remediated soil. The compost was the only treatment that resulted in germination and growth of A. capillaris suitable for re-vegetation purposes. However, the combination of compost, Biochar (with or without L. terrestris) produced the lowest concentrations of Cu (8 mg kg−1) and Zn (36 mg kg−1) in the aboveground biomass, lower than the compost treatment (15 mgCu kg−1 and 126 mgZn kg−1). The addition of Biochar and compost both separately and as co-amendments was effective in reducing the mobility and availability of metals. The addition of L. terrestris did not re-mobilise previously sequestered metals.

Characterisation of attaching-effacing Escherichia coli isolated from animals at slaughter in England and Wales

Escherichia coli isolates were recovered from faecal samples taken from cattle, sheep and pigs at slaughter in England and Wales. Isolates (n = 1227) selected at random from this collection were each hybridised in colony dot-blot experiments with an eae gene probe that presumptively identified attaching-effacing E. coli (AEEC). Of the 99 (8.1%) eae positive isolates 72 were of ovine origin, 24 were of bovine origin and three of porcine origin. None were typed as O157:H7 whereas 78 were assigned to 23 serogroups and 21 were untypable. The most frequently isolated eae positive serogroups were O156 (10), O26 (8), O103 (8), O108 (7) O56 (6) and O168 (6) of which serogroups O103 and O156 only were recovered from all three animal species. In tissue culture adherence assays, 36 representatives of eae positive isolates of all serogroups and host of origin tested induced intimate attachment with varying degrees of actin accumulation and pedestal formation in the HEp-2 cells. The identity of the eae type for these 36 was determined by specific PCR and the most prevalent intimin types were caebeta (15), eaegamma (12) and eaeepsilon (4). Isolates were examined by PCR for the presence of other virulence determinants and five possessed stx1 but none possessed stx2. One O115 eaeepsilon isolate possessed cnf1 and 2, hlyA, etpD and katP genes which is a novel combination of virulence determinants.

Cosmic effects on the intimate screen: J. B. Priestley, Ralph Richardson and 'Johnson over Jordan' (1965)

This article considers ideas about the suitability of experimental, non-naturalist, narrative forms in theatre and television, through the example of a 1965 BBC2 adaptation of J. B. Priestley's 1939 play Johnson over Jordan. Using both textual analysis of the programme and research into the BBC production documentation, this essay explains how the circumstances and conditions of 1960s television adaptation and the star casting of Sir Ralph Richardson transformed Priestley's stage play. The TV adaptation achieved cosmic effects on an intimate scale, through inference and the imaginative integration of the studio space with dubbed sound.