第4章 アジア長期需要成長の計量モデルに向けて

本章の目的はアジアの新しい経済成長を内需主導で実現するために必要な施策を考えるために内需の決定要因に関する予備的考察を行うことである。これまで需要制約を重視する計量モデルは短期のケインズモデルと考えられてきた。しかし今後は消費を中心にした内需の成長がアジアの成長の重要な要因となるだろう。本章では人口学的要因を考慮した消費関数を推計する簡便な定式化を試みる。

Transfusão de concentrado eritrocitário em Recém-Nascidos de Muito Baixo Peso e/ou Idade Gestacional menor ou igual a 32 semanas – experiência de 4 anos de uma Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatais

Introdução: A anemia é um problema frequente nos recém-nascidos (RN) pré-termo e a transfusão de concentrado eritrocitário (CE) é o tratamento mais rápido e eficaz. Objetivos: Verificar se a política transfusional da unidade de Neonatologia esteve de acordo com os Consensos Nacionais de Anemia da Prematuridade de 2004 e avaliar a morbilidade dos RN transfundidos e não transfundidos. Material e Métodos: Estudo retrospetivo de RN com peso à nascença (PN) ≤1500g e/ou idade gestacional (IG) ≤32 semanas (janeiro 2010-dezembro 2013). Os RN foram agrupados de acordo com a realização de CE durante o internamento (grupo transfundido vs não transfundido). As variáveis demográficas foram: idade gestacional (IG), PN, género e índice de Apgar <7 ao 1º e 5º minuto. A comorbilidade incluiu displasia broncopulmonar (DBP), sépsis, persistência canal arterial (PCA), enterocolite necrosante, hemorragia peri-intraventricular (HPIV), leucomalácia periventricular (LPV) e retinopatia da prematuridade. Resultados: Foram incluídos 160 doentes: 88 realizaram pelo menos uma transfusão e 72 não realizaram transfusões. O grupo transfundido tinha menor IG e PN e maior duração de internamento. As transfusões de CE foram realizadas com valores médios de hemoglobina superiores nas situações de ventilação invasiva e menor idade pós-menstrual. A prevalência de DBP, sépsis, PCA, HPIV e LPV foi estatisticamente maior no grupo transfundido. Discussão e Conclusão: O tratamento da anemia nos prematuros de menor IG e PN associou-se a maior número de transfusões de CE. Os critérios transfusionais aplicados estiveram de acordo com os consensos nacionais de Neonatologia de 2004. O grupo transfundido teve maior prevalência de comorbilidade.

Letter from William Croswell to Benjamin Webb, 1822 September 4

Draft of a one-page letter primarily concerning Croswell's Mercator maps.

Meeting Competition: Why it is not an Abuse under Article 82. Research Papers in Law, 3/2004.

Introduction. Meeting competition occurs when an undertaking lowers its prices in response to the entry of a competitor. Despite accepting that meeting competition can be compatible with Article 82, the Commission2 and the Court of justice3 have repeatedly condemned the practice due to the modalities of implementation or “particular circumstances”.4 However, existing precedent on the subject remains obscurely reasoned and contradictory, such that it is at the present time impossible to give clear advice to undertakings on the circumstances in which meeting competition is compatible with Article 82. Not only is such legal uncertainty in itself damaging but, in so far as it discourages meeting competition, it appears to us to be harmful to competition. As concerns the latter point, it will be seen that some of the most powerful arguments against prohibiting meeting competition are based on the counterproductive nature of the remedies. The present article does not, however, aim to propose a simple solution to distinguish abusive and non-abusive meeting competition.5 Nor does the article aim to give a comprehensive overview of the existing case law in this area.6 Instead, it takes a more economic approach and aims to lay out in a (brief but) systematic fashion the competitive concerns that might potentially be raised by the practice of meeting competition and in doing so to try to identify the main flaws in the Court and Commission’s approach.

Mice deficient in interleukin-4 (IL-4) or IL-4 receptor alpha have higher resistance to sporozoite infection with Plasmodium berghei (ANKA) than do naive wild-type mice

BALB/c interleukin-4 (IL-4(-/-)) or IL-4 receptor-alpha (IL-4ralpha(-/-)) knockout (KO) mice were used to assess the roles of the IL-4 and IL-13 pathways during infections with the blood or liver stages of plasmodium in murine malaria. Intraperitoneal infection with the blood-stage erythrocytes of Plasmodium berghei (ANKA) resulted in 100% mortality within 24 days in BALB/c mice, as well as in the mutant mouse strains. However, when infected intravenously with the sporozoite liver stage, 60 to 80% of IL-4(-/-) and IL-4ralpha(-/-) mice survived, whereas all BALB/c mice succumbed with high parasitemia. Compared to infected BALB/c controls, the surviving KO mice showed increased NK cell numbers and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the liver and were able to eliminate parasites early during infection. In vivo blockade of NO resulted in 100% mortality of sporozoite-infected KO mice. In vivo depletion of NK cells also resulted in 80 to 100% mortality, with a significant reduction in gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production in the liver. These results suggest that IFN-gamma-producing NK cells are critical in host resistance against the sporozoite liver stage by inducing NO production, an effective killing effector molecule against Plasmodium. The absence of IL-4-mediated functions increases the protective innate immune mechanism identified above, which results in immunity against P. berghei infection in these mice, with no major role for IL-13.