Visibility of vascular phenylalanine in dynamic uptake studies in humans using magnetic resonance spectroscopy

In general, vascular contributions to the in vivo magnetic resonance (MR) brain spectrum are too small to be relevant. In cerebral uptake studies, however, vascular contributions may constitute a major confounder. MR visibility of vascular Phe was investigated by recording localized spectra from fully oxygenated and well-mixed whole blood. Blood Phe levels determined by MR spectroscopy (MRS) and ion-exchange chromatography showed excellent correlation. In addition, effects of blood flow were shown to have a small effect on signal amplitude with the MRS methodology used. Hence, blood Phe is almost completely MR visible at 1.5 T, even though it is severely broadened at higher fields. Without appropriate correction, cerebral Phe influx in studies of brain Phe uptake in phenylketonuria patients or healthy subjects would appear to be faster and lead to higher levels. Similar effects are envisaged for studies of ethanol or glucose uptake across the blood-brain barrier.

Expected and Unexpected Consequences of the Educational Expansion in Europe and the US. Theoretical approaches and empirical findings in comparative perspective

A main mechanism behind the change in European and North American societies in the second half of the 20th century is the educational expansion, i.e. the increase in educational opportunities and the higher demand for education. Whereas other abstract social processes like modernization have been widely theorized in social science literature, the educational expansion and its consequences in particular have not been well studied. Therefore the main aim of this compilation is to deal with the question of whether the demands of the educational reforms have been fulfilled and which other consequences the educational expansion has had. This book will focus on consequences of the educational expansion for individuals and their life courses as well as for the social structure and other societal areas such as culture and politics. Aspects that will be analysed in the light of educational expansion include participation in education, educational inequalities, labour market outcomes, educational returns, and gender differences as well as crime, life expectancy, and lifestyles. Countries analysed in the book include West European countries like Germany, France, Italy and Spain, East European countries (Hungary, Poland, and the Czech Republic) as well as the US.

Studienreform in Bochum: Design und Erfahrung nach elf Jahren

Der Beitrag referiert den Stand der Studienreform an der Universität in Bochum, die sich noch in der Erprobungsphase befindet. Akzeptanz seitens der Studierenden und eine allgemeine Straffung im Studierverhalten schlagen positiv zu Buche, problematisch bleiben nach wie vor die planerische Koordination des Lehrangebots sowohl für die Lehrenden als auch die Studierenden, die stete Gefahr der Überlastung der Studierenden und damit zusammenhängend die Schwierigkeit, Arbeitszeit für Arbeitspensen zuverlässig einschätzen zu können. Auch die Umorientierung von Lehrinhalten auf zu lernende Kompetenzen steht noch weitgehend aus. Die Betreuungsrelation bleibt schlecht, zumal Prüfungen und universitäre Selbstverwaltung Ressourcen binden. Wünschenswert sind daher größere Finanzspielräume, der Erhalt der universitären Lehr- und Lernfreiheit gegenüber weitergehender Regulierung. Studienordnungen sollten überregional standardisierte Lehrformate aufgreifen, wobei die gewünschte inhaltliche Flexibilität mit der Vergleichbarkeit der Studienleistung abzustimmen wäre.