Nano-Power Integrated Circuits for Energy Harvesting

The energy harvesting research field has grown considerably in the last decade due to increasing interests in energy autonomous sensing systems, which require smart and efficient interfaces for extracting power from energy source and power management (PM) circuits. This thesis investigates the design trade-offs for minimizing the intrinsic power of PM circuits, in order to allow operation with very weak energy sources. For validation purposes, three different integrated power converter and PM circuits for energy harvesting applications are presented. They have been designed for nano-power operations and single-source converters can operate with input power lower than 1 μW. The first IC is a buck-boost converter for piezoelectric transducers (PZ) implementing Synchronous Electrical Charge Extraction (SECE), a non-linear energy extraction technique. Moreover, Residual Charge Inversion technique is exploited for extracting energy from PZ with weak and irregular excitations (i.e. lower voltage), and the implemented PM policy, named Two-Way Energy Storage, considerably reduces the start-up time of the converter, improving the overall conversion efficiency. The second proposed IC is a general-purpose buck-boost converter for low-voltage DC energy sources, up to 2.5 V. An ultra-low-power MPPT circuit has been designed in order to track variations of source power. Furthermore, a capacitive boost circuit has been included, allowing the converter start-up from a source voltage VDC0 = 223 mV. A nano-power programmable linear regulator is also included in order to provide a stable voltage to the load. The third IC implements an heterogeneous multisource buck-boost converter. It provides up to 9 independent input channels, of which 5 are specific for PZ (with SECE) and 4 for DC energy sources with MPPT. The inductor is shared among channels and an arbiter, designed with asynchronous logic to reduce the energy consumption, avoids simultaneous access to the buck-boost core, with a dynamic schedule based on source priority.

Methodologies for Synthesizable Programmable Devices based on Multi-Stage Switching Networks

Nowadays the rise of non-recurring engineering (NRE) costs associated with complexity is becoming a major factor in SoC design, limiting both scaling opportunities and the flexibility advantages offered by the integration of complex computational units. The introduction of embedded programmable elements can represent an appealing solution, able both to guarantee the desired flexibility and upgradabilty and to widen the SoC market. In particular embedded FPGA (eFPGA) cores can provide bit-level optimization for those applications which benefits from synthesis, paying on the other side in terms of performance penalties and area overhead with respect to standard cell ASIC implementations. In this scenario this thesis proposes a design methodology for a synthesizable programmable device designed to be embedded in a SoC. A soft-core embedded FPGA (eFPGA) is hence presented and analyzed in terms of the opportunities given by a fully synthesizable approach, following an implementation flow based on Standard-Cell methodology. A key point of the proposed eFPGA template is that it adopts a Multi-Stage Switching Network (MSSN) as the foundation of the programmable interconnects, since it can be efficiently synthesized and optimized through a standard cell based implementation flow, ensuring at the same time an intrinsic congestion-free network topology. The evaluation of the flexibility potentialities of the eFPGA has been performed using different technology libraries (STMicroelectronics CMOS 65nm and BCD9s 0.11μm) through a design space exploration in terms of area-speed-leakage tradeoffs, enabled by the full synthesizability of the template. Since the most relevant disadvantage of the adopted soft approach, compared to a hardcore, is represented by a performance overhead increase, the eFPGA analysis has been made targeting small area budgets. The generation of the configuration bitstream has been obtained thanks to the implementation of a custom CAD flow environment, and has allowed functional verification and performance evaluation through an application-aware analysis.

Non-thermal emission in High Frequency Peaked blazars towards the Square Kilometer Array era

In this thesis work we will explore and discuss the properties of the gamma-ray sources included in the first Fermi-LAT catalog of sources above 10 GeV (1FHL), by considering both blazars and the non negligible fraction of still unassociated gamma-ray sources (UGS, 13%). We perform a statistical analysis of a complete sample of hard gamma-ray sources, included in the 1FHL catalog, mostly composed of HSP blazars, and we present new VLBI observations of the faintest members of the sample. The new VLBI data, complemented by an extensive search of the archives for brighter sources, are essential to gather a sample as large as possible for the assessment of the significance of the correlation between radio and very high energy (E>100 GeV) emission bands. After the characterization of the statistical properties of HSP blazars and UGS, we use a complementary approach, by focusing on an intensive multi-frequency observing VLBI and gamma-ray campaign carried out for one of the most remarkable and closest HSP blazar Markarian 421.

Progetto e sviluppo di un banco prova per articolazioni protesiche attive ad un grado di libertà basato su programmable automation controller e motion capture

L'elaborato descrive il lavoro svolto in cinque mesi presso il Centro Protesi INAIL di Budrio (BO), che ha portato allo sviluppo di un banco prova per testare articolazioni elettromeccaniche. I dispositivi target, in particolare, sono stati due gomiti mioelettrici: il primo di produzione interna INAIL e il secondo prodotto da Selex ES in collaborazione con il Centro Protesi stesso. Per il controllo del movimento e l'acquisizione dei segnali elettrici si è scelto il PAC CompactRIO (National Instruments), mentre per le acquisizioni cinematiche di angolo e velocità angolare si è sfruttata la stereofotogrammetria.

Ottimizzazione di un'unita di controllo per protesi mioelettrica di arto superiore e confronto prestazionale tramite programmable automation controller e motion capture

Con il passare degli anni le tecnologie nel campo delle protesi mioelettriche di arto superiore stanno compiendo sempre più passi in avanti. In questo elaborato di tesi si darà un iniziale introduzione sulla protesica di arto superiore cercando di coprire tutte le possibili tipologie di protesi, prestando particolare attenzione agli arti artificiali mioelettrici. Gli scopi di questo studio sono in prima analisi una miglioria dell'unità di controllo di una protesi comandata da segnali elettromiografici di superficie, tramite l'utilizzo del nuovo IDE della Microchip (MPLAB X). In seconda analisi, invece, si attuerà un confronto prestazionale a livello di consumo in corrente di un prototipo di protesi mioelettrica nata dalla sinergia tra l'azienda "Selex ES" e il "Centro Protesi INAIL di Vigorso di Budrio". Per questo studio ci si è serviti di stereofotogrammetrica per la determinazione delle grandezze meccaniche, mentre tramite un sistema PAC si è riusciti ad ottenere specifiche grandezze elettriche. Lo studio ha portato, a livello di Firmware, l'inserimento del giusto comando di attuazione di un servofreno comandato in corrente e l'introduzione di una particolare modalità a basso consumo che consente un risparmio energetico di circa il 60% rispetto alla vecchia modalità. Discorso diverso per i risultati del confronto prestazionale che non ha portato ai risultati sperati in fase di progetto.

Programmable electronic platform for the remote control of the cell-migration galvanotaxis

Il presente lavoro di tesi nasce come collaborazione tra il Laboratorio di Progettazione Elettronica e il Laboratorio di Microscopia a Fluorescenza del Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell' Università di Bologna. In particolare nasce dalla volontà di dotare il dipartimento di un apparato sperimentale in grado di svolgere studi sulla Galvanotassia, un fenomeno biologico consistente nella migrazione di cellule sottoposte a stimolazione elettrica. La Galvanotassia è nota da fine '800 ma non sono ancora chiari i meccanismi cellulari che la provocano. Una migliore comprensione di tale fenomeno potrebbe portare importanti sviluppi in ambito medico, sia diagnostici che terapeutici. Dalla letteratura a riguardo non è emersa l'esistenza di apparecchi elettronici di controllo che permettano lo studio della Galvanotassia e che possano essere duttili a seconda del tipo di esperimento che si voglia svolgere. Da qui l'idea di iniziare lo sviluppo di un dispositivo elettronico, che fosse riprogrammabile, a basso costo e facilmente trasportabile. La progettazione di questo dispositivo ha portato ad una prima fase di test e verifiche sperimentali che hanno permesso di migliorare e affinare la costruzione di uno strumento di misura e controllo dei parametri relativi alla Galvanotassia. Sono già stati programmati test futuri che porteranno ad una versione definitiva dell' apparecchiatura alla quale succederanno più approfondite ricerche sul fenomeno della Galvanotassia.

Multiplex suspension array for human anti-carbohydrate antibody profiling

Glycan-binding antibodies form a significant subpopulation of both natural and acquired antibodies and play an important role in various immune processes. They are for example involved in innate immune responses, cancer, autoimmune diseases, and neurological disorders. In the present study, a microsphere-based flow-cytometric immunoassay (suspension array) was applied for multiplexed detection of glycan-binding antibodies in human serum. Several approaches for immobilization of glycoconjugates onto commercially available fluorescent microspheres were compared, and as the result, the design based on coupling of end-biotinylated glycopolymers has been selected. This method requires only minute amounts of glycans, similar to a printed glycan microarray. The resulting glyco-microspheres were used for detection of IgM and IgG antibodies directed against ABO blood group antigens. The possibility of multiplexing this assay was demonstrated with mixtures of microspheres modified with six different ABO related glycans. Multiplexed detection of anti-glycan IgM and IgG correlated well with singleplex assays (Pearson's correlation coefficient r = 0.95-0.99 for sera of different blood groups). The suspension array in singleplex format for A/B trisaccharide, H(di) and Le(x) microspheres corresponded well to the standard ELISA (r > 0.94). Therefore, the described method is promising for rapid, sensitive, and reproducible detection of anti-glycan antibodies in a multiplexed format.

Thin-Film Sparse Boundary Array Design for Passive Acoustic Mapping During Ultrasound Therapy

A new 2-D hydrophone array for ultrasound therapy monitoring is presented, along with a novel algorithm for passive acoustic mapping using a sparse weighted aperture. The array is constructed using existing polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) ultrasound sensor technology, and is utilized for its broadband characteristics and its high receive sensitivity. For most 2-D arrays, high-resolution imagery is desired, which requires a large aperture at the cost of a large number of elements. The proposed array's geometry is sparse, with elements only on the boundary of the rectangular aperture. The missing information from the interior is filled in using linear imaging techniques. After receiving acoustic emissions during ultrasound therapy, this algorithm applies an apodization to the sparse aperture to limit side lobes and then reconstructs acoustic activity with high spatiotemporal resolution. Experiments show verification of the theoretical point spread function, and cavitation maps in agar phantoms correspond closely to predicted areas, showing the validity of the array and methodology.

Magnetic Flip Flops for Space Applications

The radiation environment of space presents a significant threat to the reliability of nonvolatile memory technologies. Ionizing radiation disturbs the charge stored on floating gates, and cosmic rays can permanently damage thin oxides. A new memory technology based on the magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ) appears to offer superior resistance to radiation effects and virtually unlimited write endurance. A magnetic flip flop has a number of potential applications, such as the configuration memory in field-programmable logic devices. However, using MTJs in a flip flop requires radically different circuitry for storing and retrieving data. New techniques are needed to insure that magnetic flip flops are reliable in the radiation environment of space. We propose a new radiation-tolerant magnetic flip flop that uses the inherent resistance of the MTJ to increase its immunity to single event upset and employs a robust “Pac-man” magnetic element.

A 20-channel receive-only mouse array coil for a 3 T clinical MRI system

A 20-channel phased-array coil for MRI of mice has been designed, constructed, and validated with bench measurements and high-resolution accelerated imaging. The technical challenges of designing a small, high density array have been overcome using individual small-diameter coil elements arranged on a cylinder in a hexagonal overlapping design with adjacent low impedance preamplifiers to further decouple the array elements. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and noise amplification in accelerated imaging were simulated and quantitatively evaluated in phantoms and in vivo mouse images. Comparison between the 20-channel mouse array and a length-matched quadrature driven small animal birdcage coil showed an SNR increase at the periphery and in the center of the phantom of 3- and 1.3-fold, respectively. Comparison with a shorter but SNR-optimized birdcage coil (aspect ratio 1:1 and only half mouse coverage) showed an SNR gain of twofold at the edge of the phantom and similar SNR in the center. G-factor measurements indicate that the coil is well suited to acquire highly accelerated images.