About DNA databasing and investigative genetic analysis of externally visible characteristics: A public survey.

During the last decade, DNA profiling and the use of DNA databases have become two of the most employed instruments of police investigations. This very rapid establishment of forensic genetics is yet far from being complete. In the last few years novel types of analyses have been presented to describe phenotypically a possible perpetrator. We conducted the present study among German speaking Swiss residents for two main reasons: firstly, we aimed at getting an impression of the public awareness and acceptance of the Swiss DNA database and the perception of a hypothetical DNA database containing all Swiss residents. Secondly, we wanted to get a broader picture of how people that are not working in the field of forensic genetics think about legal permission to establish phenotypic descriptions of alleged criminals by genetic means. Even though a significant number of study participants did not even know about the existence of the Swiss DNA database, its acceptance appears to be very high. Generally our results suggest that the current forensic use of DNA profiling is considered highly trustworthy. However, the acceptance of a hypothetical universal database would be only as low as about 30% among the 284 respondents to our study, mostly because people are concerned about the security of their genetic data, their privacy or a possible risk of abuse of such a database. Concerning the genetic analysis of externally visible characteristics and biogeographical ancestry, we discover a high degree of acceptance. The acceptance decreases slightly when precise characteristics are presented to the participants in detail. About half of the respondents would be in favor of the moderate use of physical traits analyses only for serious crimes threatening life, health or sexual integrity. The possible risk of discrimination and reinforcement of racism, as discussed by scholars from anthropology, bioethics, law, philosophy and sociology, is mentioned less frequently by the study participants than we would have expected. A national DNA database and the widespread use of DNA analyses for police and justice have an impact on the entire society. Therefore the concerns of lay persons from the respective population should be heard and considered. The aims of this study were to draw a broader picture of the public opinion on DNA databasing and to contribute to the debate about the possible future use of genetics to reveal phenotypic characteristics. Our data might provide an additional perspective for experts involved in regulatory or legislative processes.

Law and science: risk assessment and risk management in the WTO agreement on the application of sanitary and phytosanitary measures

Assessing and managing risks relating to the consumption of food stuffs for humans and to the environment has been one of the most complex legal issues in WTO law, ever since the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures was adopted at the end of the Uruguay Round and entered into force in 1995. The problem was expounded in a number of cases. Panels and the Appellate Body adopted different philosophies in interpreting the agreement and the basic concept of risk assessment as defined in Annex A para. 4 of the Agreement. Risk assessment entails fundamental question on law and science. Different interpretations reflect different underlying perceptions of science and its relationship to the law. The present thesis supported by the Swiss National Research Foundation undertakes an in-depth analysis of these underlying perceptions. The author expounds the essence and differences of positivism and relativism in philosophy and natural sciences. He clarifies the relationship of fundamental concepts such as risk, hazards and probability. This investigation is a remarkable effort on the part of lawyer keen to learn more about the fundamentals based upon which the law – often unconsciously – is operated by the legal profession and the trade community. Based upon these insights, he turns to a critical assessment of jurisprudence both of panels and the Appellate Body. Extensively referring and discussing the literature, he deconstructs findings and decisions in light of implied and assumed underlying philosophies and perceptions as to the relationship of law and science, in particular in the field of food standards. Finding that both positivism and relativism does not provide adequate answers, the author turns critical rationalism and applies the methodologies of falsification developed by Karl R. Popper. Critical rationalism allows combining discourse in science and law and helps preparing the ground for a new approach to risk assessment and risk management. Linking the problem to the doctrine of multilevel governance the author develops a theory allocating risk assessment to international for a while leaving the matter of risk management to national and democratically accountable government. While the author throughout the thesis questions the possibility of separating risk assessment and risk management, the thesis offers new avenues which may assist in structuring a complex and difficult problem

To research living beings one has to participate in life.' Viktor von Weizsäcker's legacy

Viktor von Weizsäcker has been a German medical doctor and philosopher, well known throughout Europe, but hardly received in the Anglo-American culture. He focusses on the crucial epistemological question how one can conduct research on living beings. The article’s title represents a key quote of his opus magnum “Der Gestaltkreis”, which works out a theory of the unity of perception and motion. According to Viktor von Weizsäcker, one cannot separate the two, meaning that we locate ourselves in a fundamental union with the living world, which has lasting influence on our capacity of perception. This idea does not seem too different from Ian Barbour’s idea about critical realism, exploring a “consciousness of ourselves as arising out of rapport, interconnection and participation in processes reaching beyond ourselves.” Both authors, Viktor von Weizsäcker and Ian Barbour, still have lasting influence on the dialog between religion and science, each in their respective cultures – a further reason to compare their core ideas, after presenting Viktor von Weizsäcker’s life and thought. Finally, the theological impact of von Weizsäcker’s thought will be assessed. Following his philosophy, it becomes clear that the miracle of creation is the condition of the possibility of any perception.

Wissenschaft und Glauben bei Michael Polanyi

For Michael Polanyi, religion and science fight abreast to protect the occidental culture from totalitarian threat. Both are belief-based endeavors, Polanyi is convinced. While this is not surprising at all regarding religion, it is surely a provocation regarding science. The article tries to explore this original thought of Polanyi and to examine how it is rooted in his personal convictions and beliefs. Special emphasis is given to Polanyi’s critique of contemporary biology, as expressed in his article on “Science and Religion”, in some ways a response to Paul Tillich’s theology. Contemporary biology’s findings undermine exactly what Polanyi is fighting for, hence he is convinced that its findings are somewhat flawed. This should however not lead to the false conclusion that Polanyi had anything to do with creationism or would have favored Intelligent Design in our days.

Dramas of Recognition: Philosophy as Literary History

Offers a critique of the concept of recognition (Honneth, Fraser), arguing that, from a literary-historical perspective, it connstitutes a step back behing modernism toward the agenda of Realism.

Beyond belief : Strategic taboos and organizational identity in strategic agenda setting

A comprehensive strategic agenda matters for fundamental strategic change. Our study seeks to explore and theorize how organizational identity beliefs influence the judgment of strategic actors when setting an organization's strategic agenda. We offer the notion of "strategic taboo" as those strategic options initially disqualified and deemed inconsistent with the organizational identity beliefs of strategic actors. Our study is concerned with how strategic actors confront strategic taboos in the process of setting an organization's strategic agenda. Based on a revelatory inductive case study, we find that strategic actors engage in assessing the concordance of the strategic taboos with organizational identity beliefs and, more specifically, that they focus on key identity elements (philosophy; priorities; practices) when doing so. We develop a typology of three reinterpretation practices that are each concerned with a key identity element. While contextualizing assesses the potential concordance of a strategic taboo with an organization's overall philosophy and purpose, instrumentalizing assesses such concordance with respect to what actors deem an organization's priorities to be. Finally, normalizing explores concordance with respect to compatibility and fit with the organization's practices. We suggest that assessing concordance of a strategic taboo with identity elements consists in reinterpreting collective identity beliefs in ways that make them consistent with what organizational actors deem the right course of action. This article discusses the implications for theory and research on strategic agenda setting, strategic change, a practice-based perspective on strategy, and on organizational identity.

Cultural Legacies and Political Preferences: The Failure of Separatism in the Swiss Jura

The study of secession generally stresses the causal influence of cultural identities, political preferences, or ecological factors. Whereas these different views are often considered to be mutually exclusive, this paper proposes a two-stage model in which they are complementary. We posit that cultural identities matter for explaining secessionism, but not because of primordial attachments. Rather, religious and linguistic groups matter because their members are imbued with cultural legacies that lead to distinct political preferences – in this case preferences over welfare statism. Further, ecological constraints such as geography and topography affect social interaction with like-minded individuals. On the basis of both these political preferences and ecological constraints, individuals then make rational choices about the desirability of secession. Instrumental considerations are therefore crucial in explaining the decision to secede, but not in a conventional pocketbook manner. To examine this theory, we analyze the 2013 referendum on the secession of the Jura Bernois region from the Canton of Berne in Switzerland, using municipal level census and referendum data. The results lend support to the theory and suggest one way in which the politics of identity, based on factors like language and religion, can be fused with the politics of interest (preferences for more or less state intervention into the polity and economy) to better understand group behavior.

The Reference Interview: Theories and Practice

The reference librarian's task is to translate the patron's question into one that can be answered with the library's resources. The first element of that task is to know what the patron wants; the second is to know what resources the library has and how to use them. Reference librarians must learn continuously throughout their careers, both because new resources become available, but also because patrons present questions requiring new resources. This article will focus on how to determine what kind of information the patron needs through the reference interview.

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 635 - "The Social Function of Philosophy" (p. IX 11)

"The Social Function of Philosophy" (GS 4, S. 332-351), veröffentlicht in: Studies in Philosophy and Social Science VIII, 1939, S.322-337, a) englischer Vortragstext, Typoskript 16 Blatt, b) dass., Typoskript, 28 Blatt, c) dass., Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 42 Blatt, d) deutsche Fassung des Vortragstextes, Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 26 Blatt, e) dass., Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 26 Blatt, f) deutsche Übersetzung von Kurt Jürgen Huch und Alfred Schmidt des in der Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung veröffentlichten Textes mit dem Titel: "Die gesellschaftliche Funktion der Philosophie", veröffentlicht in Max Horkheimer, "Kritische Theorie", Bd. II, 1968, S. 292-312, Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 33 Blatt;

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 695 - "The Collapse of German Democracy and the Expansion of National Socialism", "Cultural Aspects of National Socialism" u.a. (p. IX 169.1a - IX 170.1-4)

"The Collapse of German Democracy and the Expansion of National Socialism" (1940):; 1. Darstellung des Forschungsprojekts (15.9.1940), b. Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 78 Blatt; 2. "Research work on recent trends in the history of ideas (parts of the Research project on the Collapse of German Democracy would be included)". Als Memorandum zur Eröffnung zur Eröffnung einer Zweigstelle des Instituts in Los Angeles (12.12.1940): a) Typoskript, 2 Blatt, b) Teilstück, Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 1 Blatt, c) Teilstück, Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 1 Blatt, d) Teilstück, Typoskript, 1 Blatt, e) Teilstück, Typoskript, 1 Blatt, f) Entwurf, Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen und Manuskript, 3 Blatt; 3. University of California, Los Angeles: 2 Briefe (Abschrift) von Max Horkheimer, o.O., 1940, 2 Briefe (Abschrift) an Max Horkheimer, 1940, 2 Blatt; A.R.L. Gurland: "Survey of Structural Changes in the German Economy, 1933 to 1939. Technological Bases and Organizational Forms of the National Socialist Economic System". Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen unter anderem von Theodor W. Adorno, 48 Blatt (formal nicht identisch mit "Technological Trends and Economic Structure under National Socialism", Studies in Philosophy and Social Science, Bd. IX, 1941, S. 226ff.); "Cultural Aspects of National Socialism. A Research Project" (1941):; 1. Institute of Social Research: Mitteilung über das Forschungsprojekt und das 'Supplementary Statement', Typoskript, englisch, 4 Blatt; 2. Supplementary Statement to the Research Project, a) Typoskript, 14.4.1941, 63 Blatt, b) Typoskript, 12.4.1941, mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 35 Blatt; 3. "Cultural Aspects of National Socialism. A Research Project" (24.2.1941), a) als Typoskript vervielfältigt, 54 Blatt, b) Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 34 Blatt, c) Fassung Januar 1941, Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 40 Blatt; 4. Inhaltsverzeichnisse, mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 3 Blatt;

Family Preservation in Child Welfare: Its Base and Its Future

This is the eleventh issue of the Family Preservation Journal, and we have chosen to focus this special issue on the use of family preservation services in child welfare. While family preservation services, as a philosophy and as a service model, are provided to families in a variety of service settings and sectors, including juvenile justice and mental health arenas, they have their basis and origin in services to children and families. We think it is time, in this 11th issue of the Journal, to take stock of the state of family preservation services in child welfare and assess where they might be heading.

Detener el mar con un haz de juncos : La religión en la filosofía de David Hume

No resulta fácil desentrañar el pensamiento de un escéptico acerca de temas sobre los que prefiere abstenerse de formular juicios. Es el caso de David Hume y la religión.El filósofo escocés nacido en 1711 dejó varios escritos aludiendo al fenómeno, es decir, a la religión tal como existe de hecho, y manifestó su opinión crítica acerca de las distintas posturas intelectuales de su tiempo en torno a cuestiones religiosas. Pero siempre fue ambiguo e irónico cuando le tocó dejar asentado su propio juicio con respecto a este tema. La dificultad principal reside en que, para Hume, a quien podríamos considerar un ?escéptico mitigado?, los juicios correctos son aquellos que se ajustan a la estrecha capacidad del entendimiento humano, que no va más allá de los límites de la experiencia de la vida cotidiana. Muchos aspectos vinculados a la religión ?tales como la posibilidad de conocer de la esencia y los atributos divinos- exceden nuestras limitadas facultades y, si nos aventuramos a argumentar en ese ámbito, corremos el riesgo de caer en el error y la irracionalidad. Nuestra propuesta consiste en examinar cuál es la postura de Hume sobre los distintos problemas que presentan el conocimiento y la práctica vinculados con la religión. Respecto del conocimiento, las dificultades se plantean a la hora de determinar qué estatuto otorgarle a las creencias religiosas, cuál es el origen en nuestra mente de la religiosidad y cómo justificar por medio de argumentos la existencia y atributos de la divinidad. En cuanto a la práctica, Hume formula una serie de críticas a las actitudes e instituciones religiosas tal como se han dado históricamente a partir del análisis de las consecuencias que observa en la sociedad, de las que surge una contradicción entre un conjunto de principios respetables y un sinnúmero de acciones deplorables. Para examinar estas cuestiones es necesario tener en cuenta el punto de vista desde el que efectúa su análisis, que se vincula, como acabamos de mencionar, con el escepticismo mitigado. Finalmente, evaluaremos si es posible proponer alguna forma de religión que tenga el visto bueno de Hume y, en ese caso, qué características debería revestir. Para lograrlo, deberemos abrirnos paso entre su inteligente ironía y su excesiva prudencia.

Detener el mar con un haz de juncos : La religión en la filosofía de David Hume

No resulta fácil desentrañar el pensamiento de un escéptico acerca de temas sobre los que prefiere abstenerse de formular juicios. Es el caso de David Hume y la religión.El filósofo escocés nacido en 1711 dejó varios escritos aludiendo al fenómeno, es decir, a la religión tal como existe de hecho, y manifestó su opinión crítica acerca de las distintas posturas intelectuales de su tiempo en torno a cuestiones religiosas. Pero siempre fue ambiguo e irónico cuando le tocó dejar asentado su propio juicio con respecto a este tema. La dificultad principal reside en que, para Hume, a quien podríamos considerar un ?escéptico mitigado?, los juicios correctos son aquellos que se ajustan a la estrecha capacidad del entendimiento humano, que no va más allá de los límites de la experiencia de la vida cotidiana. Muchos aspectos vinculados a la religión ?tales como la posibilidad de conocer de la esencia y los atributos divinos- exceden nuestras limitadas facultades y, si nos aventuramos a argumentar en ese ámbito, corremos el riesgo de caer en el error y la irracionalidad. Nuestra propuesta consiste en examinar cuál es la postura de Hume sobre los distintos problemas que presentan el conocimiento y la práctica vinculados con la religión. Respecto del conocimiento, las dificultades se plantean a la hora de determinar qué estatuto otorgarle a las creencias religiosas, cuál es el origen en nuestra mente de la religiosidad y cómo justificar por medio de argumentos la existencia y atributos de la divinidad. En cuanto a la práctica, Hume formula una serie de críticas a las actitudes e instituciones religiosas tal como se han dado históricamente a partir del análisis de las consecuencias que observa en la sociedad, de las que surge una contradicción entre un conjunto de principios respetables y un sinnúmero de acciones deplorables. Para examinar estas cuestiones es necesario tener en cuenta el punto de vista desde el que efectúa su análisis, que se vincula, como acabamos de mencionar, con el escepticismo mitigado. Finalmente, evaluaremos si es posible proponer alguna forma de religión que tenga el visto bueno de Hume y, en ese caso, qué características debería revestir. Para lograrlo, deberemos abrirnos paso entre su inteligente ironía y su excesiva prudencia.

Detener el mar con un haz de juncos : La religión en la filosofía de David Hume

No resulta fácil desentrañar el pensamiento de un escéptico acerca de temas sobre los que prefiere abstenerse de formular juicios. Es el caso de David Hume y la religión.El filósofo escocés nacido en 1711 dejó varios escritos aludiendo al fenómeno, es decir, a la religión tal como existe de hecho, y manifestó su opinión crítica acerca de las distintas posturas intelectuales de su tiempo en torno a cuestiones religiosas. Pero siempre fue ambiguo e irónico cuando le tocó dejar asentado su propio juicio con respecto a este tema. La dificultad principal reside en que, para Hume, a quien podríamos considerar un ?escéptico mitigado?, los juicios correctos son aquellos que se ajustan a la estrecha capacidad del entendimiento humano, que no va más allá de los límites de la experiencia de la vida cotidiana. Muchos aspectos vinculados a la religión ?tales como la posibilidad de conocer de la esencia y los atributos divinos- exceden nuestras limitadas facultades y, si nos aventuramos a argumentar en ese ámbito, corremos el riesgo de caer en el error y la irracionalidad. Nuestra propuesta consiste en examinar cuál es la postura de Hume sobre los distintos problemas que presentan el conocimiento y la práctica vinculados con la religión. Respecto del conocimiento, las dificultades se plantean a la hora de determinar qué estatuto otorgarle a las creencias religiosas, cuál es el origen en nuestra mente de la religiosidad y cómo justificar por medio de argumentos la existencia y atributos de la divinidad. En cuanto a la práctica, Hume formula una serie de críticas a las actitudes e instituciones religiosas tal como se han dado históricamente a partir del análisis de las consecuencias que observa en la sociedad, de las que surge una contradicción entre un conjunto de principios respetables y un sinnúmero de acciones deplorables. Para examinar estas cuestiones es necesario tener en cuenta el punto de vista desde el que efectúa su análisis, que se vincula, como acabamos de mencionar, con el escepticismo mitigado. Finalmente, evaluaremos si es posible proponer alguna forma de religión que tenga el visto bueno de Hume y, en ese caso, qué características debería revestir. Para lograrlo, deberemos abrirnos paso entre su inteligente ironía y su excesiva prudencia.

Pollen analysis, particle size analysis, end-member modelling and x-ray fluorescence measurements from sediment cores off Cape Ghir, Morocco

Understanding past human-climate-environment interactions is essential for assessing the vulnerability of landscapes and ecosystems to future climate change. This is particularly important in southern Morocco where the current vegetation is impacted by pastoralism, and the region is highly sensitive to climate variability. Here, we present a 2000-year record of vegetation, sedimentation rate, XRF chemical element intensities, and particle size from two decadal-resolved, marine sediment cores, raised from offshore Cape Ghir, southern Morocco. The results show that between 650 and 850 AD the sedimentation rate increased dramatically from 100 cm/1000 years to 300 cm/1000 years, and the Fe/Ca and pollen flux doubled, together indicating higher inputs of terrestrial sediment. Particle size measurements and end-member modelling suggest increased fluvial transport of the sediment. Beginning at 650 AD pollen levels from Cichorioideae species show a sharp rise from 10% to 20%. Pollen from Atemisia and Plantago, also increase from this time. Deciduous oak pollen percentages show a decline, whereas those of evergreen oak barely change. The abrupt increase in terrestrial/fluvial input from 650 to 850 AD occurs, within the age uncertainty, of the arrival of Islam (Islamisation) in Morocco at around 700 AD. Historical evidence suggests Islamisation led to population increase and development of southern Morocco, including expanded pastoralism, deforestation and agriculture. Livestock pressure may have changed the vegetation structure, accounting for the increase in pollen from Cichorioideae, Plantago, and Artemisia, which include many weedy species. Goats in particular may have played a dominant role as agents of erosion, and intense browsing may have led to the decline in deciduous oak; evergreen oak is more likely to survive as it re-sprouts more vigorously after browsing. From 850 AD to present sedimentation rates, Fe/Ca ratios and fluvial discharge remain stable, whereas pollen results suggest continued degradation. Pollen results from the past 150 years suggest expanded cultivation of olives and the native argan tree, and the introduction of Australian eucalyptus trees. The rapidly increasing population in southern Morocco is causing continued pressure to expand pastoralism and agriculture. The history of land degradation presented here suggests that the vegetation in southern Morocco may have been degraded for a longer period than previously thought and may be particularly sensitive to further land use changes. These results should be included in land management strategies for southern Morocco.