Using economic instruments to address emissions from air transport in the European Union

Air transport has become a vital component of the global economy. However, greenhouse-gas emissions from this sector have a significant impact on global climate, being responsible for over 3.5% of all anthropogenic radiative forcing. Also, the accrued visibility of aircraft emissions greatly affects the public image of the industry. In this context, incentive-based regulations, in the form of price or quantity controls, can be envisaged as alternatives to mitigate these emissions. The use of environmental charges in air transport, and the inclusion of the sector in the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS), are considered under a range of scenarios. The impacts of these measures on demand are estimated, and results suggest that they are likely to be minimal-mainly due to the high willingness to pay for air transport. In particular, in the EU ETS scenario currently favoured by the EU, demand reductions are less than 2%. This may not be true in the longer run, for short trips, or if future caps become more stringent. Furthermore, given current estimates of the social Cost Of CO2 as well as typical EU ETS prices, supply-side abatement would be too costly to be encouraged by these policies in the short term. The magnitude of aviation CO2 emissions in the EU is estimated, both in physical and monetary terms; the results are consistent with Eurocontrol estimates and, for the EU-25, the total social cost of these emissions represents only 0.03% of the region`s GDP. It is concluded that the use of multisector policies, such as the EU ETS, is unsuitable for curbing emissions from air transport, and that stringent emission charges or an isolated ETS would be better instruments. However, the inclusion of aviation in the EU ETS has advantages under target-oriented post-2012 scenarios, such as policy-costs dilution, certainty in reductions, and flexibility in abatement allocation. This solution is also attractive to airlines, as it would improve their public image but require virtually no reduction of their own emissions, as they would be fully capable of passing on policy costs to their customers.

A Specialized Processor for Emulating Peripherals of the PIC Microcontroller

This paper proposes and describes an architecture that allows the both engineer and programmer for defining and quantifying which peripheral of a microcontroller will be important to the particular project. For each application, it is necessary to use different types of peripherals. In this study, we have verified the possibility for emulating the behavior of peripheral in specifically CPUs. These CPUs hold a RAM memory, where code spaces specifically written for them could represent the behavior of some target peripheral, which are loaded and executed on it. We believed that the proposed architecture will provide larger flexibility in the use of the microcontrolles since this ""dedicated hardware components"" don`t execute to a special function, but it is a hardware capable to self adapt to the needs of each project. This research had as fundament a comparative study of four current microcontrollers. Preliminary tests using VHDL and FPGAs were done.

The beta modified Weibull distribution

A five-parameter distribution so-called the beta modified Weibull distribution is defined and studied. The new distribution contains, as special submodels, several important distributions discussed in the literature, such as the generalized modified Weibull, beta Weibull, exponentiated Weibull, beta exponential, modified Weibull and Weibull distributions, among others. The new distribution can be used effectively in the analysis of survival data since it accommodates monotone, unimodal and bathtub-shaped hazard functions. We derive the moments and examine the order statistics and their moments. We propose the method of maximum likelihood for estimating the model parameters and obtain the observed information matrix. A real data set is used to illustrate the importance and flexibility of the new distribution.

General results for the beta-modified Weibull distribution

We study in detail the so-called beta-modified Weibull distribution, motivated by the wide use of the Weibull distribution in practice, and also for the fact that the generalization provides a continuous crossover towards cases with different shapes. The new distribution is important since it contains as special sub-models some widely-known distributions, such as the generalized modified Weibull, beta Weibull, exponentiated Weibull, beta exponential, modified Weibull and Weibull distributions, among several others. It also provides more flexibility to analyse complex real data. Various mathematical properties of this distribution are derived, including its moments and moment generating function. We examine the asymptotic distributions of the extreme values. Explicit expressions are also derived for the chf, mean deviations, Bonferroni and Lorenz curves, reliability and entropies. The estimation of parameters is approached by two methods: moments and maximum likelihood. We compare by simulation the performances of the estimates from these methods. We obtain the expected information matrix. Two applications are presented to illustrate the proposed distribution.

Alternative Analytical Expressions for the General van Genuchten-Mualem and van Genuchten-Burdine Hydraulic Conductivity Models

The van Genuchten expressions for the unsaturated soil hydraulic properties, first published in 1980, are used frequently in various vadose zone flow and transport applications assuming a specific relationship between the m and n soil hydraulic parameters. By comparison, probably because of the complexity of the hydraulic conductivity equations, the more general solutions with independent m and n values are rarely used. We expressed the general van Genuchten-Mualem and van Genuchten-Burdine hydraulic conductivity equations in terms of hypergeometric functions, which can be approximated by infinite series that converge rapidly for relatively large values of the van Genuchten-Mualem parameter n but only very slowly when n is close to one. Alternative equations were derived that provide very close approximations of the analytical results. The newly proposed equations allow the use of independent values of the parameters m and n in the soil water retention model of van Genuchten for subsequent prediction of the van Genuchten-Mualem and van Genuchten-Burdine hydraulic conductivity models, thus providing more flexibility in fitting experimental pressure-head-dependent water content, theta(h), and hydraulic conductivity, K(h), or K(theta) data.

Molecular and morphological diversity in Japanese rice germplasm

Germplasm molecular and phenotypic characterization is instrumental to its utilization and to genetic variability incorporation into rice breeding programmes. The diversity within 192 Japanese rice accessions was analysed for 22 agro-morphological traits and 24 single sequence repeat markers. A total of 181 alleles were detected, 38 of which were exclusive. The number of alleles/marker ranged from 2 to 16, with an average of 7.54 alleles/locus and the H(e) value ranged from 0.01 to 0.82, with an average of 0.46. The accessions showed diversity at molecular and phenotypic level and few showed also good agronomic performance. Tocher`s method applied on a total-dissimilarity matrix was used to determine cluster formation of 13 diversity groups. Most of the accessions (81%) were clustered within a group, whereas eight accessions (Kyuushuu, Eika Ine, Ishiwari Mochi, Col/Fukui/1965, Ookuma Nishiki, Suzume Shirazu, Iwate Ryoon and Toga) did not cluster with other accessions.

QTL mapping for reaction to Phaeosphaeria leaf spot in a tropical maize population

Phaeosphaeria leaf spot (PLS) is an important disease in tropical and subtropical maize (Zea mays, L.) growing areas, but there is limited information on its inheritance. Thus, this research was conducted to study the inheritance of the PLS disease in tropical maize by using QTL mapping and to assess the feasibility of using marker-assisted selection aimed to develop genotypes resistance to this disease. Highly susceptible L14-04B and highly resistant L08-05F inbred lines were crossed to develop an F(2) population. Two-hundred and fifty six F(2) plants were genotyped with 143 microsatellite markers and their F(2:3) progenies were evaluated at seven environments. Ten plants per plot were evaluated 30 days after silk emergence following a rating scale, and the plot means were used for analyses. The heritability coefficient on a progeny mean basis was high (91.37%), and six QTL were mapped, with one QTL on chromosomes 1, 3, 4, and 6, and two QTL on chromosome 8. The gene action of the QTL ranged from additive to partial dominance, and the average level of dominance was partial dominance; also a dominance x dominance epistatic effect was detected between the QTL mapped on chromosome 8. The phenotypic variance explained by each QTL ranged from 2.91 to 11.86%, and the joint QTL effects explained 41.62% of the phenotypic variance. The alleles conditioning resistance to PLS disease of all mapped QTL were in the resistant parental inbred L08-05F. Thus, these alleles could be transferred to other elite maize inbreds by marker-assisted backcross selection to develop hybrids resistant to PLS disease.

Genetic variability in S(1) families from different maize populations.

Genetic variability in S(1) families from different maize populations. The objectives of the present work were directed towards the study of genetic: variablilty In seven maize populations with a broad genetic base, as a guide for population improvement. The field evaluation was conducted in completely randomized blocks, at one location (Anhembi, Sao Paulo state) with different groups, of S(1) families Obtained from seven populations (GO-D: dent type, GO-F: flint type, GO-L: long car, GO-G: thick Car; and composites G3, G4 and GO-S). Estimates were obtained for genetic variance (progeny mean basis), phenotypic variance of families means, and coefficient of heritability (broad sense) for progeny means. Estimates of heritability were high for Car weight (0,89 to 0.94), car length (0.77 to 0.88) and car diameter (0.77 to 0.92); and lower for plant height (0.58 to 0.80) and Car height (0.54 to 0.84), thus showing the high Potential of the populations for recurrent selection based oil S, families. Ear yield in the base populations used as controls varied front 11,200 kg ha(-1) (GO-D) to 12,800 kg ha(-1) (G3). The means of S(1) families varied from 6,070 kg ha(-1) (GO-F) to 7,380 kg ha(-1) (G4); the Inbreeding depression in S(1) Families varied front 37.5% (G4) to 48.0% (G3) relative to the non-inbred population.

Inheritance of growth habit detected by genetic linkage analysis using microsatellites in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

The genetic linkage map for the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a valuable tool for breeding programs. Breeders provide new cultivars that meet the requirements of farmers and consumers, such as seed color, seed size, maturity, and growth habit. A genetic study was conducted to examine the genetics behind certain qualitative traits. Growth habit is usually described as a recessive trait inherited by a single gene, and there is no consensus about the position of the locus. The aim of this study was to develop a new genetic linkage map using genic and genomic microsatellite markers and three morphological traits: growth habit, flower color, and pod tip shape. A mapping population consisting of 380 recombinant F10 lines was generated from IAC-UNA x CAL143. A total of 871 microsatellites were screened for polymorphisms among the parents, and a linkage map was obtained with 198 mapped microsatellites. The total map length was 1865.9 cM, and the average distance between markers was 9.4 cM. Flower color and pod tip shape were mapped and segregated at Mendelian ratios, as expected. The segregation ratio and linkage data analyses indicated that the determinacy growth habit was inherited as two independent and dominant genes, and a genetic model is proposed for this trait.

Intestinal morphology and histology of the striped catfish Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (Linnaeus, 1766) fed dry diets

This study unveils histological features of the intestinal tract of juvenile striped catfish Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (Linnaeus, 1776) in three size classes (weight, standard length): I - 36.84 +/- 10.19 g, 14.52 +/- 1.54 cm; II - 59.03 +/- 11.47 g, 17.17 +/- 1.06 cm; III - 89.72 +/- 18.70 g, 20.79 +/- 1.55 cm, respectively. Histological organization of the juvenile speckled catfish intestine bears features common to the carnivorous fish, but the organ presents some convolutions that indicate a certain degree of dietary flexibility, a surprising trend, common only to omnivorous Siluriforms. The architecture of the mucosa of the speckled catfish intestine indicates that the species concentrates digestion and absorption of nutrients in the medium intestine, a common feature among carnivorous Teleosts.

ADAPTABILITY AND STABILITY OF SOYBEAN GENOTYPES UNDER DIFFERENT TIMES OF SOWING

This study aimed to evaluate the average behavior, the genotype x environment (GxE), adaptability and stability of seven soybean cultivars at three sowing dates in Uberlandia-MG. The tests were conducted at Capim Branco Farm, belonging to the Federal University of Uberlandia. Sowing was held on october 29 (1st season), november 24 (2nd season) and december 17 (3rd season) 2007. The experimental design was a randomized, seven genotypes (UFUS Xavante, UFUS Riqueza, UFUS Guarani, UFUS Milionaria, Msoy 8001, Msoy 8411 and Msoy 8914) with three replications in each of three sowing dates. Means were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. Analysis of adaptability and phenotypic stability of genotypes was performed using the Eberhart and Russell (1966), Lin and Binns (1988) modified by Carneiro (1998) and centroid (NASCIMENTO et al., 2009). For grain yield, the cultivar UFUS Xavante was classified as specific adaptability to environment and high stability. The other cultivars were classified as being of general adaptability. For oil content, the cultivars Msoy 8914 and UFUS Xavante behaved as high stability and was classified as having high adaptability. For the character content of protein, all cultivars behaved as wide adaptability and low stability.

Genetic variation for anatomic traits and volume shrinkage and their correlation with wood basic density in an Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn base population

Eucalyptus camaldulensis has great importance in Brazil because of their phenotypic plasticity for different environmental conditions, as soils, altitudes and rainfall. This study is an investigation of a base population of E. camaldulensis from Australia through a progeny test implanted in Selviria, MS. The trial was established in a randomized block design, with 25 families and 60 replications of single tree plots. Genetic parameters for anatomic traits and volume shrinkage were estimated, as well as their correlations with wood basic density. No significant differences among progenies were observed for the traits studied. The additive genetic variation coefficient at individual and among progeny levels ranged from low (0.26%) to high (16.98%). The narrow sense heritability at individual and family means levels also ranged from low (0.01) to high (0.87). This indicates that some traits are under strong genetic control and can be improved by selection. In the present situation, in order to attain the highest genetic gains, the sequential selection among and within progeny would be recommended.

Evaluation of aluminium tolerance in grapevine rootstocks

Aluminum (Al) toxicity is a major worldwide agricultural problem. At low pH, Al speciates into the soluble and phyto-toxic form Al(3+), inhibiting the root growth and affecting plant development. In Brazil, agriculture in acidic soils with elevated concentration of Al has significantly increased in the last decades. Therefore, in order to achieve efficient agriculture practices, the selection of plant cultivars with improved Al resistance has become crucial in this type of soils. In this work we have evaluated the Al resistance of six genotypes of grapevine rootstocks. The grapevine hardwood cuttings were grown in nutrient solution in the absence and presence of 250 and 500 mu M Al at pH 4.2. The phenotypic indexes of relative root growth, fresh and dry root weight, root area, hematoxylin staining profile, and Al content were evaluated for all six genotypes. These phenotypic indexes allowed us to identify the `Kober 5BB`, `Gravesac`, `Paulsen 1103`, and `IAC 766` grapevine rootstocks genotypes as the ones with the highest resistance to Al. Likewise, `IAC 572` and `R110` genotypes were the most Al-sensitive cultivars. We evaluated the root organic acid exudation profile in the most Al-resistant (`Kober 5BB`) and most Al-sensitive (`R110`) in plantlets cultivated in vitro in the absence and presence of 100, 200, and 400 mu M of Al. Among several compounds detected, citrate was the only organic acid related to the Al resistance phenotype observed in the `Kober 5BB` genotype. The high constitutive citrate exudation observed in `Kober 5BB` strongly suggests that exudation of this particular organic acid may impart Al-resistance/a melioration in grapevine.

Cannabinoid contents in cannabis products seized in Sao Paulo, Brazil, 2006-2007

A rapid and simple method was optimized for determination of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(9)-THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol (CBN) contents in cannabis products by gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection (GC-FID), using diazepam as internal standard. All parameters of validation of the method such as linearity, intraassay precision, and limits of detection and quantification of the analytes were satisfactory. Using the described method, cannabinoid contents of 55 cannabis product samples seized in Sao Paulo City, Brazil, in 2006 and 2007 were measured. Delta(9)-THC content in marijuana and hashish samples varied between 0.08% and 5.5%, with an average of 2.5%. The phenotypic ratio showed that the products were able to be designated as ""drug type.""

Hemojuvelin and Hepcidin Genes Sequencing in Brazilian Patients with Primary Iron Overload

Background: Most hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) patients are homozygous for the p. C282Y mutation in the HFE gene. Some studies reported that HH phenotypic expression could be modulated by genetic factors such as HJV and HAMP gene mutations. Aims: The aims of this study were to identify HJV and HAMP mutations and to analyze their impact on HH phenotype in non-p. C282Y homozygous individuals. Methods: Twenty-four Brazilian patients with primary iron overload and non-p. C282Y homozygous genotype (transferrin saturation >50% in women and >60% in men and absence of secondary causes) were selected. Subsequent bidirectional sequencing of the HJV and HAMP exons was performed. Results: Sequencing revealed a substitution in heterozygosis, c. 929C>G, which corresponds to p.A310G polymorphism in HJV exon 4 (rs7540883). In the same gene, in another individual, an IVS1-36C>G intronic variant was detected in heterozygosis. In the HAMP gene, an IVS3 + 42G>A intronic variant was identified. There were six (25.0%) patients carrying a heterozygous genotype for the HFE p. C282Y and nine (37.5%) patients carrying a heterozygous genotype for the HFE p. H63D. Conclusion: HJV p.A310G polymorphism and two intronic variants were found, but none of these alterations were associated with digenic inheritance with the HFE gene. Our data indicate that HJV and HAMP functional mutations are not frequent in these patients.