Mikroaaltopahveihin käytettävien lainereiden kerroksellisuuden merkitys

Diplomityön tavoitteena oli selvittää millaisia mikroaaltopahveihin käytettävien lainerikartonkien tulisi olla ja mitä ominaisuuksia niiltä vaaditaan. Työ on jaettu kirjallisuusosaan ja kokeelliseen osaan. Kirjallisuusosassa esitellään nykyisin käytetyt aaltopahvin raaka-aineet, aaltoprofiilit ja aaltopahvin valmistusprosessi sekä raaka-aineiden ja valmiin aaltopahvin testausmenetelmät ja tärkeät ominaisuudet. Kokeellinen osa koostuu laboratoriokokeista, pilot-koeajoista ja aaltopahvin valmistuksesta. Kokeellisen osan laboratoriovaiheessa käytetty massa fraktioitiin lyhyeen ja pitkään fraktioon. Lyhyestä ja pitkästä fraktioista valmistettiin eri fraktio-osuuksilla yksi- ja kaksikerrosarkkeja. Laboratorioarkkien neliömassa-alue oli 70 - 125 g/m2. Lisäksi muuttujana oli tiheys. Laboratoriomittausten perusteella parhaimmat rakenteet valittiin ajettavaksi pilot-mittakaavan koekartonkikoneella. Koekoneella valmistetuista yksi- ja kaksikerroskartongeista valmistettiin tehdasmittakaavassa F-aaltopahvia ja saadut rakenneyhdistelmät testattiin. Koetulosten perusteella voidaan sanoa, että mikroaaltolainerille on olemassa optimaalinen rakenne, joka riippuu painotettavasta ominaisuudesta. Pintaominaisuuksien painottaminen johtaa erilaiseen rakenteeseen kuin lujuusominaisuuksien painottaminen. Myös lainerin käyttökohde (pinta- tai taustalaineri) johtaa erilaiseen optimaaliseen rakenteeseen.

Characterization of volatile organic gunshot residues in fired handgun cartridges by headspace sorptive extraction

In forensic investigation of firearm-related cases, determination of the residual amount of volatile compounds remaining inside a cartridge could be useful in estimating the time since its discharge. Published approaches are based on following the decrease of selected target compounds as a function of time by using solid phase micro-extraction (SPME). Naphthalene, as well as an unidentified decomposition product of nitrocellulose (referred to as "TEA2"), are usually employed for this purpose. However, reliability can be brought into question given their high volatility and the low reproducibility of their extracted quantities. In order to identify alternatives and therefore develop improved dating methods, an extensive study on the composition and variability of volatile residues in nine different types of cartridges was carried out. Analysis was performed using headspace sorptive extraction (HSSE), which is a more exhaustive technique compared to SPME. 166 compounds were identified (several of which for the first time), and it was observed that the final compositional characteristics of each residue were strongly dependent on its source. Variability of single identified compounds within and between different types of cartridge, as well as their evolution over time, was also studied. Many explosion products containing up to 4 aromatic rings were found to be globally present in high proportions amongst residues. 27 of them (excluding naphthalene) also presented detectable decreases during the first 24 h. Therefore, they could be used as complementary target analytes in future dating methods.

Yrityksen sisäisen kilpailun ja yhteistyön innovaatiovaikutus ja johtaminen t&k-toiminnassa

Tiedon luomiseen ja hyödyntämiseen perustuvassa liiketoiminnassa yrityksen kyky luoda tietoa ja käyttää hallussaan olevaa tietoa muodostaa perustan kilpailukyvylle ja kilpailueduille. Tutkielmassa rakennetaan konstruktiivista tutkimusotetta käyttäen innovaatioiden synnyn johtamiseen soveltuva toimintamalli Teecen tietoprosesseihin, Nonakan tiedonkonversioprosesseihin ja Ståhlen tietoympäristöihin perustuen. Tietoa syntyy esimerkiksi innovaatioissa. Innovaatioiden voidaan katsoa syntyvän vastakkaisten voimien jatkuvassa vuorovaikutuksessa. Tämä innovaatioita tuottava mekanismi rakentuu tietoa lisäävistä ja tietoa järjestävistä prosesseista, joita voidaan kuvata sekä seci-prosessin että kolmitasoisen tietoympäristön avulla. Sisäinen kilpailu ja yhteistyö vaikuttavat tämän mekanismin toimintaan. Yhteistyö lisää tiedon jakamista ja mahdollistaa radikaalien innovaatioiden ja tuoteinnovaatioiden synnyn. Kilpailun lisääminen vähentää keskinäistä tiedon jakamista ja siirtää innovaatioita fokuksen mukaisiin prosessi-innovaatioihin. Kilpailun ja yhteistyön määrään ja keskinäiseen suhteeseen voidaan vaikuttaa kolmitasoisesta tietoympäristömallista johdettujen kolmen erillisen, joskin toisiinsa vaikuttavan, johtamistavoitteen avulla. Mahdollistava johtaminen rakentaa luottamuksen ja yrityksen toiminnan perustaa. Valtuuttava johtaminen houkuttaa yhteistyöhön mahdollistaen tiedon lisääntymisen. Ohjaavan johtamisen prosessit vievät yritystä strategian mukaiseen suuntaan hyödyntäen sisäistä kilpailua.

Labor market experience and well-being after firm closure. Survey evidence on displaced manufacturing workers in Switzerland

This study examines how plant closure affected individuals' careers and lives about two years after they lost their job. We analyze the displaced workers' reemployment prospects and study for reemployed workers the characteristics of their new jobs in terms of reemployment sectors, wages, and job quality. Additionally, we inquire how workers' sociability and subjective well-being were affected by job loss. Our analysis is based on our own survey conducted in Switzerland in 2011. The survey included the workforce of five manufacturing companies that had closed down two years earlier. We addressed the risk of biases typically prevailing with observational data by complementing it with register data from the public unemployment insurance. Moreover, we use a control group based on matched data from the Swiss Household Panel. We find that workers experience strongly diverging outcomes after plant closure: on the one hand, high proportions of the workers experience a smooth transition after plant closure. More than two-thirds of the workers returned to employment, more than half of them within less than six months. With respect to their social lives, we find that positive changes in relationships with their spouse, family and friends are more frequent than negative changes. On the other hand, for a small group of workers plant closure had a detrimental effect. Close to twenty percent remained unemployed. About ten percent of the workers were long-term unemployed and subsequently often were reemployed in jobs of lower quality. Unemployed workers and workers who dropped out of the labor force were particularly prone to find their subjective well-being decreasing. The most vulnerable subgroup in our study were workers over 55. This result stands in striking contrast to a large body of literature that considers labor market institutions to be primarily biased against young workers. Our findings show that older workers not only take longer to find a job but are also less likely to return to employment. Moreover, if they manage to find a job, they experience the severest cuts in wages and job quality of all cohorts. From a life-course perspective this result is remarkable since it shows that workers are not protected from hardship in their late careers. In light of the current demographic changes this finding may have important policy implications. -- Cette étude analyse l'impact des fermetures d'entreprises sur les travailleurs licenciés. Plus précisément, nous examinons les chances de réinsertion des travailleurs dans le marché du travail et - pour ceux qui l'ont fait avec succès - dans quels secteurs, pour quels salaires et avec quelle qualité d'emploi ils sont réengagés. Nous nous intéressons également aux répercussions engendrées par la perte de l'emploi sur la sociabilité et le bien-être subjectif des travailleurs concernés. Notre analyse se base sur les données d'une enquête que nous avons menée en 2011. Cette enquête cible le personnel de cinq entreprises industrielles suisses qui avaient fermé leurs portes deux ans auparavant. Pour dépasser les biais typiques liés aux données d'observation, nous utilisons en complément des données administratives issues de l'assurance chômage publique. De plus, nous utilisons un groupe de contrôle basé sur des données appariées provenant du Panel Suisse de Ménage. Nos analyses montrent des résultats fortement contrastés. D'un côté, la majeure partie des travailleurs ont vécu une transition professionnelle plutôt facile : plus des deux tiers des personnes ont retrouvé un travail et parmi elles plus de la moitié en moins de six mois. Par rapport aux relations sociales, tant avec leur partenaire, qu'avec les membres de leur famille et leurs amis, les changements expérimentés étaient plus fréquemment positifs que négatifs. De l'autre côté, cependant, pour une petite partie de travailleurs la fermeture de leur entreprise a eu des conséquences très négatives sur leur carrière et leur bien-être. Au moment de notre enquête, presque vingt pourcents des travailleurs étaient au chômage. Les personnes au chômage et celles qui avaient quitté le marché du travail ont été particulièrement affectées par une diminution de leur bien-être subjectif. Les plus vulnérables parmi les travailleurs licenciés étaient ceux qui étaient âgés de plus de 55 ans. Notre analyse montre que les travailleurs âgés ont beaucoup moins fréquemment retrouvé un travail. Pour les personnes de plus de 55 ans qui ont tout de même retrouvé un emploi, la réinsertion a durée plus longtemps, les pertes de salaire étaient plus conséquentes et la diminution de la qualité de l'emploi plus grande que pour les autres cohortes. Au vu des changements démographiques actuels, ce résultat interpellant peut avoir des implications politiques importantes.

Estimating the Ontogenetic Status of an Enantiornithine Bird from the Lower Barremian of El Montsec, Central Pyrenees, Spain.

An Enantiornithes specimen from El Montsec was initially described as an immature individual based upon qualitative traits such as its relatively large orbit and overall proportions of the skull and the postcranium. In this study we re-evaluate the precise determination of the ontogenetic stage of this individual, establishing a cross-talk among taphonomic, anatomic, and morphometric data. The exceptional preservation of the specimen has allowed pondering ontogenetic influence versus preservational bias in features like the external patterns of bone surfaces, instead of being aprioristically considered due to taphonomic alterations only. The rough texture of the periosteal bone associated with pores in the distal, proximal and mid-shaft areas of the humeral shaft, indicates a subadult stage when compared with long bones of modern birds. Forelimb proportions of embryo and juvenile Enanthiornithes are equivalent to those of adult individuals of other taxa within this clade, though this is not a reliable criterion for establishing a precise ontogenetic stage. The El Montsec specimen may be attributed a close adulthood, yet only if growth regimes in Enantiornithes are considered equivalent to those in Neornithes birds.

Organisaation päätöksenteko ja tiedon rooli. Case: UPM-Kymmene Oyj, Kaukas

Tutkielman tavoitteena on selvittää, mihin päätöksenteko perustuu teollisuusyrityksessä. Tutkimuksessa kartoitettiin kohdeorganisaation päätöksentekijöiden näkemyksiä toimintaympäristöstään, itsestään päätöksentekijöinä ja päätöksenteosta sekä tiedosta ja sen käytöstä. Lisäksi sivutaan päätöksenteon sosiaalista luonnetta. Empiirisen tutkimuksen kohdeyksikkönä on UPM-Kymmene Oyj, Kaukas Lappeenrannassa. Tutkimus on toteutettu esimiestasolle suunnattuna lomakekyselynä lokakuussa 2003. Päätöksistä yleisimpiä olivat operatiivisen tason päätökset; taktisen ja strategisen tason päätöksiä tehtiin vähemmän. Päätöstilanteista useimmin kohdattuja olivat puolijäsentyneet ja jäsentyneet tilanteet, kun taas jäsentymättömät päätöstilanteet olivat harvinaisempia. Päätöksentekoprosesseista yleisimmin käytetty oli kirjallisuudessa taktiseen päätöstasoon ja puolijäsentyneisiin päätöstilanteisiin liitetty rajoitetun rationaalisuuden malliin perustuva vaiheittainen malli. Kirjallisuudessa strategiseen päätöksentekotasoon ja jäsentymättömiin päätöstilanteisiin liitetyn ns. iteratiivisesti vaiheittaisen mallin todettiin soveltuvan myös tämänkaltaiseen päätöksentekoon. Esimiehet pitivät toimintaympäristöään teollisuusyrityksessä pääasiallisesti orgaanisena. Tällaisessa ympäristössä vaikutussuhteet ja keinot ohjata ympäristöä perustuvat pitkälti vuorovaikutteisuuteen. Päätöksentekijöiden johtamistyylin todettiin olevan pikemminkin demokraattinen kuin autoritäärinen, mikä tukee edellä mainittuja tuloksia. Tiedon lähteistä päätöksenteon kannalta tärkeimpinä ja luotettavimpina koettiin henkilökohtaiset lähteet. Sisäiset lähteet nähtiin ulkoisia tärkeämpinä ja luotettavampina niin henkilökohtaisten, tekstimuotoisten kuin online-lähteidenkin osalta. Esimiesten todettiin hyödyntävän tosiasiatietoa, kokemusta ja intuitiota eri tavoin erilaisissa päätöstilanteissa, joten myös tehokkaat keinot tukea päätöksentekoa vaihtelevat päätöstyypeittäin. Tutkimuksen tulokset perustuvat kohderyhmän kyselylomakkeella kerättyihin mielipiteisiin. Käytetystä menetelmästä johtuen mielipiteiden taustatekijät ja todellinen toiminta organisaatiossa jäävät vielä avoimiksi. Tutkimustulosten syventäminen ja vahvistaminen sekä lisätiedon saaminen organisaation päätöksenteon todellisuudesta edellyttäisi empiiristä havainnointia tai vähintäänkin haastatteluja.

Postsurgical Prophylaxis in Crohn's Disease: Which Patients, Which Agents?

NlmCategory="UNASSIGNED">Crohn's disease (CD) evolution is characterized by increasing proportions of patients developing complications such as strictures, abscesses and fistulas that require surgical management. After resection of a diseased intestinal segment, CD recurrence concerns up to 60% of patients within a year post surgery. The mucosa just above the site of the intestinal anastomosis is at particularly high risk of relapse. Prophylactic medical therapy to prevent recurrence has been shown to be effective with a variety of medications, but the recurrence rate remains high, demanding that a better risk stratification of patients be achieved. Recognized risk factors for postsurgical CD recurrence include young age at diagnosis and at surgery, smoking, need for repeated surgeries and penetrating disease. These patients require full dose immunosuppressive or anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy, which should be initiated in the immediate postoperative period, to prevent the onset of an inflammatory activity in the bowel. Systematic follow-up by endoscopy to monitor treatment benefit should also be part of the management, as endoscopic recurrence heralds clinical relapse in these patients. The role of noninvasive markers of mucosal inflammation, such as stool calprotectin levels, show promise to complete this monitoring. Although the efficacy of mesalazine and imidazole antibiotics has been long recognized, more aggressive approaches, such as thiopurines and anti-TNF antibodies, have shown higher efficacies in direct comparison trials. The potential place of anti-homing agents is not yet defined, but these agents should in principle be of interest for this prophylactic indication due to their mode of action and interesting side-effect profile. The current recommendations are based on a step-up approach that includes immunosuppressors and/or imidazole antibiotics, followed by an anti-TNF agent, such as infliximab and adalimumab, both already tested in randomized trials in this indication. When endoscopic recurrence is identified during follow-up, upscaling to anti-TNF or dose escalation is advocated.

L'ordinaire en partage : le courrier des lecteurs à Georges Simenon

Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude du courrier que l'écrivain Georges Simenon (1903-1989) recevait de la part de ses lecteurs et de ses admirateurs inconnus. Ils sont près de 6000 à s'être adressés, par courrier postal, à l'auteur célèbre des Maigret, entre 1945 et jusqu'à sa mort. Ces lettres, auxquelles l'écrivain répondait quasi systématiquement sont archivées au Fonds Simenon de l'Université de Liège mais n'ont jusqu'alors pas fait l'objet d'étude, contrairement à la correspondance que l'auteur a échangée avec des auteurs comme André Gide ou Henry Miller. La thèse s'arrête sur une portion de cet échange inédit, soit un peu plus de 2000 missives reçues entre 1946 et 1973. Ce courrier est le point de départ d'une démarche inspirée par le cas singulier que Simenon représente dans l'histoire des lettres, de par son succès, sa large audience et son double positionnement en tant qu'auteur grand public et écrivain aux ambitions littéraires. Cette étude empirique du lectorat d'un auteur de bestsellers va au-delà de l'approche sociologique courante concernant Simenon, qui s'intéresse en priorité à la position et à la posture du créateur face à ses pairs, aux médias et aux institutions (Bourdieu) mais ignore, tout comme une bonne partie des études littéraires et par effet d'un ethnocentrisme lettré, le lecteur « ordinaire ». Une sociologie pragmatique plus compréhensive du vécu de l'ensemble des acteurs - lecteurs compris - (Boltanski, Heinich) a dès lors été privilégiée. Ce sont plus particulièrement les valeurs engagées dans le rapport à l'écrivain et les fonctions que les correspondants réservent à ce « grand singulier » qui sont examinées. Les lettres attribuent en effet à l'écrivain divers rôles (aide, confident ou consolateur). On apprend ainsi dans quelles proportions la lecture « ordinaire » mais aussi nos rapports les plus courants aux objets culturels, sont constitués d'une attention oscillant de l'oeuvre à la personne du créateur. Ces témoignages s'inscrivent en toile de fond d'un enjeu plus large qui concerne l'évolution de l'image et du rôle de l'écrivain dans notre société : en particulier dans le contexte culturel médiatique de la seconde moitié du XXe siècle, où cette image entre plus que jamais en concurrence avec les arts visuels et de divertissement dits de « masse », conduisant les valeurs littéraires à s'affronter aux valeurs de la visibilité et de la célébrité ainsi qu'aux valeurs commerciales.

Is the Front Line Prepared for the Changing Faces of Patients? Predictors of Cross-Cultural Preparedness Among Clinical Nurses and Resident Physicians in Lausanne, Switzerland.

UNLABELLED: Phenomenon: Assuring quality medical care for all persons requires that healthcare providers understand how sociocultural factors affect a patient's health beliefs/behaviors. Switzerland's changing demographics highlight the importance of provider cross-cultural preparedness for all patients-especially those at risk for social/health precarity. We evaluated healthcare provider cross-cultural preparedness for commonly encountered vulnerable patient profiles. APPROACH: A survey on cross-cultural care was mailed to Lausanne University hospital's "front-line healthcare providers": clinical nurses and resident physicians at our institution. Preparedness items asked "How prepared do you feel to care for ... ?" (referring to example patient profiles) on an ascending 5-point Likert scale. We examined proportions of "4 - well/5 - very well prepared" and the mean composite score for preparedness. We used linear regression to examine the adjusted effect of demographics, work context, cultural-competence training, and cross-cultural care problem awareness, on preparedness. FINDINGS: Of 885 questionnaires, 368 (41.2%) were returned: 124 (33.6%) physicians and 244 (66.4%) nurses. Mean preparedness composite was 3.30 (SD = 0.70), with the lowest proportion of healthcare providers feeling prepared for patients "whose religious beliefs affect treatment" (22%). After adjustment, working in a sensitized department (β = 0.21, p = .01), training on the history/culture of a specific group (β = 0.25, p = .03), and awareness regarding (a) a lack of practical experience caring for diverse populations (β = 0.25, p = .004) and (b) inadequate cross-cultural training (β = 0.18, p = .04) were associated with higher preparedness. Speaking French as a dominant language and physician role (vs. nurse) were negatively associated with preparedness (β = -0.26, p = .01; β = -0.22, p = .01). Insights: The state of cross-cultural care preparedness among Lausanne's front-line healthcare providers leaves room for improvement. Our study points toward institutional strategies to improve preparedness: notably, making sure departments are sensitized to cross-cultural care resources and increasing provider diversity to reflect the changing Swiss demographic.

A novel set of DIP-STR markers for improved analysis of challenging DNA mixtures.

Currently available molecular biology tools allow forensic scientists to characterize DNA evidence found at crime scenes for a large variety of samples, including those of limited quantity and quality, and achieve high levels of individualization. Yet, standard forensic markers provide limited or no results when applied to mixed DNA samples where the contributors are present in very different proportions (unbalanced DNA mixtures). This becomes an issue mostly for the analysis of trace samples collected on the victim or from touched objects. To this end, we recently proposed an innovative type of genetic marker, named DIP-STR that relies on pairing deletion/insertion polymorphisms (DIP) with standard short tandem repeats (STR). This novel compound marker allows detection of the minor DNA contributor in a DNA mixture of any gender and cellular origin with unprecedented resolution (beyond a DNA ratio of 1:1000). To provide a novel analytical tool useful in practice to common forensic laboratories, this article describes the first set of 10 DIP-STR markers selected according to forensic technical standards. The novel DIP-STR regions are short (between 146 and 271 bp), include only highly polymorphic tri-, tetra- and pentanucleotide tandem repeats and are located on different chromosomes or chromosomal arms to provide statistically independent results. This novel set of DIP-STR can target the amplification of 0.03-0.1 ng of DNA when mixed with a 1000-fold excess of major DNA. DIP-STR relative allele frequencies are estimated based on a survey of 103 Swiss individuals. Finally, this study provides an estimate of the occurrence of informative alleles and a calculation of the corresponding random match probability of the detected minor DIP-STR genotype assessed across 10,506 pairwise conceptual mixtures.

RNA enrichment method for quantitative transcriptional analysis of pathogens in vivo applied to the fungus Candida albicans.

UNLABELLED: In vivo transcriptional analyses of microbial pathogens are often hampered by low proportions of pathogen biomass in host organs, hindering the coverage of full pathogen transcriptome. We aimed to address the transcriptome profiles of Candida albicans, the most prevalent fungal pathogen in systemically infected immunocompromised patients, during systemic infection in different hosts. We developed a strategy for high-resolution quantitative analysis of the C. albicans transcriptome directly from early and late stages of systemic infection in two different host models, mouse and the insect Galleria mellonella. Our results show that transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) libraries were enriched for fungal transcripts up to 1,600-fold using biotinylated bait probes to capture C. albicans sequences. This enrichment biased the read counts of only ~3% of the genes, which can be identified and removed based on a priori criteria. This allowed an unprecedented resolution of C. albicans transcriptome in vivo, with detection of over 86% of its genes. The transcriptional response of the fungus was surprisingly similar during infection of the two hosts and at the two time points, although some host- and time point-specific genes could be identified. Genes that were highly induced during infection were involved, for instance, in stress response, adhesion, iron acquisition, and biofilm formation. Of the in vivo-regulated genes, 10% are still of unknown function, and their future study will be of great interest. The fungal RNA enrichment procedure used here will help a better characterization of the C. albicans response in infected hosts and may be applied to other microbial pathogens. IMPORTANCE: Understanding the mechanisms utilized by pathogens to infect and cause disease in their hosts is crucial for rational drug development. Transcriptomic studies may help investigations of these mechanisms by determining which genes are expressed specifically during infection. This task has been difficult so far, since the proportion of microbial biomass in infected tissues is often extremely low, thus limiting the depth of sequencing and comprehensive transcriptome analysis. Here, we adapted a technology to capture and enrich C. albicans RNA, which was next used for deep RNA sequencing directly from infected tissues from two different host organisms. The high-resolution transcriptome revealed a large number of genes that were so far unknown to participate in infection, which will likely constitute a focus of study in the future. More importantly, this method may be adapted to perform transcript profiling of any other microbes during host infection or colonization.

Los procesos constructivos de la arquitectura clásica. De la proyección a la ejecución. El caso del Concilium Provinciae Hispaniae Citeriosi de Tarraco

Toda obra arquitectónica necesita de una proyección previa que implique la definición y justificación de sus formas y proporciones, proyección que, a menudo, viene modificada por la realidad ya existente o, en casos de periodos constructivos largos por cambios de opinión, de finalidad o, incluso de promotor. Es el caso del Concilium Provinciae Hispaniae Citerioris de Tarraco, un gran complejo monumental de más de 12 hectáreas de extensión, que necesitó un periodo de tiempo de construcción de entre 70 a 75 años. Los restos arqueológicos conservados permiten la identificación de dos proyectos arquitectónicos sobrepuestos que implican un profundo cambio de proyecto durante el proceso constructivo.

Screening of mental health and substance users in frequent users of a general Swiss emergency department.

BACKGROUND: The objectives of this study were to determine the proportions of psychiatric and substance use disorders suffered by emergency departments' (EDs') frequent users compared to the mainstream ED population, to evaluate how effectively these disorders were diagnosed in both groups of patients by ED physicians, and to determine if these disorders were predictive of a frequent use of ED services. METHODS: This study is a cross-sectional study with concurrent and retrospective data collection. Between November 2009 and June 2010, patients' mental health and substance use disorders were identified prospectively in face-to-face research interviews using a screening questionnaire (i.e. researcher screening). These data were compared to the data obtained from a retrospective medical chart review performed in August 2011, searching for mental health and substance use disorders diagnosed by ED physicians and recorded in the patients' ED medical files (i.e. ED physician diagnosis). The sample consisted of 399 eligible adult patients (≥18 years old) admitted to the urban, general ED of a University Hospital. Among them, 389 patients completed the researcher screening. Two hundred and twenty frequent users defined by >4 ED visits in the previous twelve months were included and compared to 169 patients with ≤4 ED visits in the same period (control group). RESULTS: Researcher screening showed that ED frequent users were more likely than members of the control group to have an anxiety, depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or suffer from alcohol, illicit drug abuse/addiction. Reviewing the ED physician diagnosis, we found that the proportions of mental health and substance use disorders diagnosed by ED physicians were low both among ED frequent users and in the control group. Using multiple logistic regression analyses to predict frequent ED use, we found that ED patients who screened positive for psychiatric disorders only and those who screened positive for both psychiatric and substance use disorders were more likely to be ED frequent users compared to ED patients with no disorder. CONCLUSIONS: This study found high proportions of screened mental health and/or substance use disorders in ED frequent users, but it showed low rates of detection of such disorders in day-to-day ED activities which can be a cause for concern. Active screening for these disorders in this population, followed by an intervention and/or a referral for treatment by a case-management team may constitute a relevant intervention for integration into a general ED setting.

Microglial cells in astroglial cultures: a cautionary note

Primary rodent astroglial-enriched cultures are the most popular model to study astroglial biology in vitro. From the original methods described in the 1970's a great number of minor modifications have been incorporated into these protocols by different laboratories. These protocols result in cultures in which the astrocyte is the predominant cell type, but astrocytes are never 100% of cells in these preparations. The aim of this review is to bring attention to the presence of microglia in astroglial cultures because, in my opinion, the proportion of and the role that microglial cells play in astroglial cultures are often underestimated. The main problem with ignoring microglia in these cultures is that relatively minor amounts of microglia can be responsible for effects observed on cultures in which the astrocyte is the most abundant cell type. If the relative contributions of astrocytes and microglia are not properly assessed an observed effect can be erroneously attributed to the astrocytes. In order to illustrate this point the case of NO production in activated astroglial-enriched cultures is examined. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces nitric oxide (NO) production in astroglial-enriched cultures and this effect is very often attributed to astrocytes. However, a careful review of the published data suggests that LPS-induced NO production in rodent astroglial-enriched cultures is likely to be mainly microglial in origin. This review considers cell culture protocol factors that can affect the proportion of microglial cells in astroglial cultures, strategies to minimize the proportion of microglia in these cultures, and specific markers that allow the determination of such microglial proportions.

Temporal Patterns of Alcohol Consumption and Alcohol-Related Road Accidents in Young Swiss Men: Seasonal, Weekday and Public Holiday Effects.

AIMS: To assess seasonal, weekday, and public holiday effects on alcohol-related road accidents and drinking diaries among young Swiss men. METHODS: Federal road accident data (35,485 accidents) from Switzerland and drinking diary data from a large cohort of young Swiss men (11,930 subjects) were analysed for temporal effects by calendar week, weekday and public holiday (Christmas, New Years, National Day). Alcohol-related accidents were analysed using rate ratios for observed versus expected numbers of accidents and proportions of alcohol-related accidents relative to the total number. Drinking diaries were analysed for the proportion of drinkers, median number of drinks consumed, and the 90th percentile's number of drinks consumed. RESULTS: Several parallel peaks were identified in alcohol-related accidents and drinking diaries. These included increases on Fridays and Saturdays, with Saturday drinking extending until early Sunday morning, an increase during the summer on workdays but not weekends, an increase at the end of the year, and increases on public holidays and the evening before. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest specific time-windows that are associated with increases in drinking and alcohol-related harm. Established prevention measures should be enforced during these time-windows to reduce associated peaks.