Beziehungen zwischen Mineralbestand, Gefüge und technologischen Eigenschaften der Niedersächsischen "Wealden" - Sandsteine (Unterkreide)

Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden verschiedene Sandsteine des niedersächsischen "Wealden" (tiefe Unterkreide) auf ihre petrographische Zusammensetzung und ihre technologischen Eigenschaften untersucht und miteinander verglichen. Die Gesteinsproben entstammen den sog. "Werksteinbänken" (Hauptsandstein) aus Teilgebieten im mittleren Niedersachsen, und zwar: den Bückebergen den Rehburger Bergen, dem Süntel, dem Osterwald, dem Nesselberg (a + b) sowie dem Deister (a + b). Weitere Proben wurden zu Vergleichszwecken aus der Fassade des Hauptgebäudes der Universität Hannover entnommen. Die technologischen Untersuchungen umfaßten die Bestimmung allgemeiner physikalischer Parameter wie: Roh- und Reindichte, Gesamtporosität, Wasseraufnahme bei Atmosphärendruck sowie bei einem Druck von 150 bar und die Bestimmung des Sättigungswertes. Öle mechanische Festigkeit wurde mit Hilfe von Druck- und Spaltzugfestigkeitsversuchen ermittelt. Mögliche Einflüsse der physikalischen Verwitterung auf die verschiedenen Gesteinstypen wurden durch Frost-Tau-Wechsel- und Kristallisationsversuche simuliert. Die Bestimmung der petrographischen Zusammensetzung erfolgte makroskopisch im Aufschluß und an Handstücken, mikroskopisch an Dünnschliffen. Die Dünnschliffuntersuchungen lieferten Daten zum quantitativen Mineralbestand und zur Korngrößenverteilung sowie Angaben zum Gefüge der Sandsteine. Aus dem Vergleich zwischen Druck- bzw. Spaltzugfestigkeitswerten und lithologischer Ausbildung lassen- sich folgende Schlüsse ziehen: Die Druck- und Spaltzugfestigkeit der untersuchten Wealden-Sandsteine hängt wesentlich ab vom Festigkeitsverhalten der am Gesteinsaufbau beteiligten Minerale. Sandsteine, die einen größeren Anteil an Quarz aufweisen besitzen eine höhere Druckfestigkeit als Gesteine die weniger Quarz enthalten. Der Vergleich petrographischer mit technischen Daten zeigt dagegen, daß bei gleicher petrographischer Zusammensetzung die Festigkeit der Wealden-Sandsteine vor allem vom Gesteinsgefüge bestimmt wird: Intensive Kornverzahnungen, verursacht durch weitergewachsene Quarzkörner und unmittelbare Kornkontakte bewirken höhere Bindungskräfte zwischen den Mineralkomponenten. Die intensiven Kornverzahnungen erklären auch die günstigen Eigenschaften bei der Druck- und Spaltzugfestigkeit sowie die guten Ergebnisse bei den Frost-Tau-Wechsel- und Kristallisationsversuchen. Weiter werden bei zunehmender Kornverzahnung die physikalischen Parameter (z. B. Rohdichte, Wasseraufnahme, Gesamtporosität und Sättigungswert) positiv beeinflußt: Mittelbare Kornbindung und mäßig verzahnte Körner führen dagegen zu schlechteren Festigkeitseigenschaften und damit zu ungünstigeren Werten bei den physikalischen Parametern. Druck- und Spaltzugverhalten der Wealden-Sandsteine wird durch deren Korngröße nur andeutungsweise beeinflußt. Sandsteine mit geringeren Korngrößen zeigen gegenüber gröberkörnigen bei sonst gleicher Mineralzusammensetzung und identischer Anordnung der Komponenten oft geringfügig höhere Festigkeitswerte. Die petrographischen Eigenschaften (Gehalt an Mineralen höherer Festigkeit, Art des Bindemittels, Verwitterungsgrad der einzelnen Minerale, Gefüge und räumliche Anordnung - z.B. Verzahnung und Verfilzung der Minerale, Korngröße) gestatten somit gewisse Rückschlüsse auf die Verwendbarkeit der "Wealden"-Sandsteine als Werkstein. Innerhalb der Werksteinbänke lassen sich verschiedene Sandsteintypen unterscheiden, die unterschiedliche technologische Eigenschaften aufweisen. Die ermittelten Werte der Druck- und Spaltzugfestigkait sowie die Ergebnisse der Frost-Tau-Wechsel- und Kristallisationsversuche sind in auffälliger Weise mit den physikalischen Parametern korellierbar. Gesteine mit hoher Roh-, und Reindichte und niedrigen Werten, der Gesamtporosität, Wasseraufnahme und des Sättigungsgrades lieferten bessere Werte bei den Frost-Tau-Wechsel- und Kristallisations-Versuchen als Gesteine mit niedriger Roh- und Reindichte, sowie hohen Werten der Gesamtporosität, Wasseraufnahme und dem Sättigungsgrad. Erstgenannte weisen außerdem gute Druck- und Spaltzugfestigkeit auf. Für die Frage nach der Verwendbarkeit bestimmter Wealden-Sandsteine für technische Zwecke könnten diese Befunde von großer Bedeutung sein. Die angeführten, einfach zu ermittelnden physikalischen Parameter, (Bestimmung von Rohdichte, Gesamtporosität, Wasseraufnahme, Sättigungsgrad usw.,) bieten Sich als geeignete Hilfsgrößen bei der Bewertung von mechanischen Eigenschaften der untersuchten Gesteine an. Sie sind gegenüber der Festigkeitsversuchen billiger und einfacher ermittelbar und sollten somit in Kombination mit gesteinsmikroskopischen Untersuchungen angewendet werden, wenn es um die Beurteilung der Verwendbarkeit von Wealden-Sandsteinen geht. Gemessen an den in der [DIN 52100 festgelegten Grenzwerten für Sandsteine erfüllen die untersuchten Wealden-Sandsteine, mit Ausnahme des Gesteinstyps 5, die Eignungsbedingungen für bautechnische Zwecke.

Dinâmica da regeneração natural de áreas em restauração pela transposição de solo superficial de cerrado e de floresta estacional

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Ecologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, 2015.

Prevalence and associations of Trypanosoma spp. and Sodalis glossinidius with intrinsic factors of tsetse flies

Trypanosomiasis has been identified as a neglected tropical disease in both humans and animals in many regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Whilst assessments of the biology of trypanosomes, vectors, vertebrate hosts and the environment have provided useful information about life cycles, transmission, and pathogenesis of the parasites that could be used for treatment and control, less information is available about the effects of interactions among multiple intrinsic factors on trypanosome presence in tsetse flies from different sites. It is known that multiple species of tsetse flies can transmit trypanosomes but differences in their vector competence has normally been studied in relation to individual factors in isolation, such as: intrinsic factors of the flies (e.g. age, sex); habitat characteristics; presence of endosymbionts (e.g. Wigglesworthia glossinidia, Sodalis glossinidius); feeding pattern; host communities that the flies feed on; and which species of trypanosomes are transmitted. The purpose of this study was to take a more integrated approach to investigate trypanosome prevalence in tsetse flies. In chapter 2, techniques were optimised for using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to identify species of trypanosomes (Trypanosoma vivax, T. congolense, T. brucei, T. simiae, and T. godfreyi) present in four species of tsetse flies (Glossina austeni, G. brevipalpis, G. longipennis and G. pallidipes) from two regions of eastern Kenya (the Shimba Hills and Nguruman). Based on universal primers targeting the internal transcribed spacer 1 region (ITS-1), T. vivax was the predominant pathogenic species detected in flies, both singly and in combination with other species of trypanosomes. Using Generalised Linear Models (GLMs) and likelihood ratio tests to choose the best-fitting models, presence of T. vivax was significantly associated with an interaction between subpopulation (a combination between collection sites and species of Glossina) and sex of the flies (X2 = 7.52, df = 21, P-value = 0.0061); prevalence in females overall was higher than in males but this was not consistent across subpopulations. Similarly, T. congolense was significantly associated only with subpopulation (X2 = 18.77, df = 1, P-value = 0.0046); prevalence was higher overall in the Shimba Hills than in Nguruman but this pattern varied by species of tsetse fly. When associations were analysed in individual species of tsetse flies, there were no consistent associations between trypanosome prevalence and any single factor (site, sex, age) and different combinations of interactions were found to be significant for each. The results thus demonstrated complex interactions between vectors and trypanosome prevalence related to both the distribution and intrinsic factors of tsetse flies. The potential influence of the presence of S. glossinidius on trypanosome presence in tsetse flies was studied in chapter 3. A high number of Sodalis positive flies was found in the Shimba Hills, while there were only two positive flies from Nguruman. Presence or absence of Sodalis was significantly associated with subpopulation while trypanosome presence showed a significant association with age (X2 = 4.65, df = 14, P-value = 0.0310) and an interaction between subpopulation and sex (X2 = 18.94, df = 10, P-value = 0.0043). However, the specific associations that were significant varied across species of trypanosomes, with T. congolense and T. brucei but not T. vivax showing significant interactions involving Sodalis. Although it has previously been concluded that presence of Sodalis increases susceptibility to trypanosomes, the results presented here suggest a more complicated relationship, which may be biased by differences in the distribution and intrinsic factors of tsetse flies, as well as which trypanosome species are considered. In chapter 4 trypanosome status was studied in relation to blood meal sources, feeding status and feeding patterns of G. pallidipes (which was the predominant fly species collected for this study) as determined by sequencing the mitochondrial cytochrome B gene using DNA extracted from abdomen samples. African buffalo and African elephants were the main sources of blood meals but antelopes, warthogs, humans, giraffes and hyenas were also identified. Feeding on multiple hosts was common in flies sampled from the Shimba Hills but most flies from Nguruman had fed on single host species. Based on Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA), host-feeding patterns showed a correlation with site of sample collection and Sodalis status, while trypanosome status was correlated with sex and age of the flies, suggesting that recent host-feeding patterns from blood meal analysis cannot predict trypanosome status. In conclusion, the complexity of interactions found suggests that strategies of tsetse fly control should be specific to particular epidemic areas. Future studies should include laboratory experiments that use local colonies of tsetse flies, local strains of trypanosomes and local S. glossinidius under controlled environmental conditions to tease out the factors that affect vector competence and the relative influence of external environmental factors on the dynamics of these interactions.

Seamount abundances and abyssal hill morphology on the eastern flank of the East Pacific Rise at 14 degrees S

Bathymetric data from a Hydrosweep multibeam sonar survey of a 720 km long tectonic corridor on the east flank of the southern EPR at 14 degrees 14'S covered about 25,000 km(2) of zero-age to 8.5 m.y. old crust (magnetic anomaly 4A). In this corridor we document a strong correlation of robust along flowline changes in abyssal hill morphology and seamount size distribution with spreading rate changes deduced from our magnetic data. Indeed, we find that both rms height of abyssal hills and abundance and height of seamounts increase significantly as spreading rate changes from similar to 75 mm/yr to over 85 mm/yr (half rate). Moreover, we identified 46 seamounts taller than 100 m. Previous studies on the southern EPR reported a larger density of seamounts, organized primarily in chains. Our investigation, however, revealed seamounts not associated with major chains, leading us to the conclusion that different forms of off-axis volcanism occur along the spreading center.

Governance and community capitals : understanding how governance has worked in three faith-based schools in the Western Highlands of Papua New Guinea

This thesis, titled Governance and Community Capitals, explores the kinds of practical processes that have made governance work in three faith-based schools in the Western Highlands of Papua New Guinea (PNG). To date, the nation of PNG has been unable to meet its stated educational goals; however, some faith-based primary schools have overcome educational challenges by changing their local governance systems. What constitutes good governance in developing countries and how it can be achieved in a PNG schooling context has received very little scholarly attention. In this study, the subject of governance is approached at the nexus between the administrative sciences and asset-based community development. In this space, the researcher provides an understanding of the contribution that community capitals have made to understandings of local forms of governance in the development context. However, by and large, conceptions of governance have a history of being positioned within a Euro-centric frame and very little, if anything is known about the naming of capitals by indigenous peoples. In this thesis, six indigenous community capitals are made visible, expanding the repertoire of extant capitals published to date. The capitals identified and named in this thesis are: Story, Wisdom, Action, Blessing, Name and Unity. In-depth insights into these capitals are provided and through the theoretical idea of performativity, the researcher advances an understanding of how the habitual enactment of the practical components of the capitals made governance work in this unique setting. The study draws from a grounded and appreciative methodology and is based on a case study design incorporating a three-stage cycle of investigation. The first stage tested the application of an assets-based method to documentary sources of data including most significant change stories, community mapping and visual diaries. In the second stage, a group process method relevant to a PNG context was developed and employed. The third stage involved building theory from case study evidence using content analysis, language and metaphorical speech acts as guides for complex analysis. The thesis demonstrates the contribution that indigenous community capitals can make to understanding local forms of governance and how PNG faith-based schools meet their local governance challenges.

Sammelrezension zum Thema „Partizipation von Schülerinnen und Schülern in Schule und Unterricht“ [Sammelrezension]

Sammelrezension von: 1. Christoph Leser: Demokratie-Lernen durch Partizipation? Fallrekonstruktive Analysen zur Partizipation als pädagogischer Praxis Pädagogische Fallanthologie, Band 11. Berlin/Farmington Hills, MI: Barbara Budrich 2011 (118 S.; ISBN 978-3-86649-455-8) 2. Elke Kurth-Buchholz: Schülermitbestimmung aus Sicht von Schülern und Lehrern. Eine vergleichende Untersuchung an Gymnasien in Brandenburg und Nordrhein-Westfalen Empirische Erziehungswissenschaft, Band 28. Münster: Waxmann 2011 (272 S.; ISBN 978-3-8309-2438-8)

O tempo de permanência como caracterizador do espaço habitacional

para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Arquitectura, apresentada na Universidade de Lisboa - Faculdade de Arquitectura.

A identidade e o efémero

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Arquitectura com Especialização em Interiores, apresentada na Universidade de Lisboa - Faculdade de Arquitectura.

A paisagem, as aldeias e os montes de Vila Ruiva e Vila Alva

Dissertação de Mestrado, Arquitetura Paisagista, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2016

Architectural gems from Ely Cathedral : and the monastic buildings.

Illustrations engraved by W. Woolnoth, S. Rawle, F.J. Havell, and E. Challis.

The Amplifier - v. 12, no. 11

In this issue...Class of 1967, Coach Lester, Football, VISTA Volunteers, Newman Club, Petroleum Engineering, Climbers, Black Hills of South Dakota

Mobility and satisfaction with lower-limb prostheses and orthoses among users in Sierra Leone: A cross-sectional study

Objectives: To investigate patients' mobility and satisfaction with their lower-limb prosthetic or orthotic device and related service delivery in Sierra Leone; to compare groups of patients regarding type and level of assistive device, gender, area of residence, income; and to identify factors associated with satisfaction with the assistive device and service. Methods: A total of 139 patients answered questionnaires, including the Quebec User Evaluation of Satisfaction with Assistive Technology questionnaire (QUEST 2.0). Results: Eighty-six percent of assistive devices were in use, but half needed repair. Thirty-three percent of patients reported pain when using their assistive device. Patients had difficulties or could not walk at all on: uneven ground (65%); hills (75%); and stairs (66%). Patients were quite satisfied with their assistive device and the service (mean 3.7 out of 5 in QUEST), but reported 886 problems. Approximately half of the patients could not access services. In relation to mobility and service delivery, women, orthotic patients and patients using above-knee assistive devices had the poorest results. The general condition of the assistive device and patients' ability to walk on uneven ground were associated with satisfaction with the assistive devices and service. Conclusion: Patients reported high levels of mobility while using their device although they experienced pain and difficulties walking on challenging surfaces. Limitations in the effectiveness of assistive devices and limited access to follow-up services and repairs were issues desired to be addressed.

Effects of bubbles, cracks, and volcanic tephra on the spectral albedo of bare ice near the Transantarctic Mountains: Implications for sea glaciers on Snowball Earth

Spectral albedo was measured along a 6 km transect near the Allan Hills in East Antarctica. The transect traversed the sequence from new snow through old snow, firn, and white ice, to blue ice, showing a systematic progression of decreasing albedo at all wavelengths, as well as decreasing specific surface area (SSA) and increasing density. Broadband albedos under clear-sky range from 0.80 for snow to 0.57 for blue ice, and from 0.87 to 0.65 under cloud. Both air bubbles and cracks scatter sunlight; their contributions to SSA were determined by microcomputed tomography on core samples of the ice. Although albedo is governed primarily by the SSA (and secondarily by the shape) of bubbles or snow grains, albedo also correlates highly with porosity, which, as a proxy variable, would be easier for ice sheet models to predict than bubble sizes. Albedo parameterizations are therefore developed as a function of density for three broad wavelength bands commonly used in general circulation models: visible, near-infrared, and total solar. Relevance to Snowball Earth events derives from the likelihood that sublimation of equatorward-flowing sea glaciers during those events progressively exposed the same sequence of surface materials that we measured at Allan Hills, with our short 6 km transect representing a transect across many degrees of latitude on the Snowball ocean. At the equator of Snowball Earth, climate models predict thick ice, or thin ice, or open water, depending largely on their albedo parameterizations; our measured albedos appear to be within the range that favors ice hundreds of meters thick. Citation:

Breaking old and new ground: a comparative study of coastal and inland naming in Berwickshire

This thesis investigates the place-names of four parishes in Berwickshire and compares coastal and inland naming patterns. Berwickshire is a large county that borders on northern England and historically formed part of Anglo-Saxon Northumbria. Partly due to the survival of extensive archives from the medieval priory of Coldingham, preserved in Durham Cathedral Archives, this county holds some of Scotland’s earliest recorded place- names. The parishes that form the research area are grouped together in the north-east of the county. Two of these parishes, Abbey St Bathans and Bunkle & Preston, are inland, and two, Cockburnspath and Coldingham, have extensive coastlines. The diversity of this group of parishes allows a comparative study of the place-names of coastal and inland areas to be undertaken. The topography of Berwickshire’s thirty-two parishes is very varied, and the four parishes have been chosen to reflect this range of landscapes. The place-names within the four parishes examined in this thesis derive almost exclusively from Old English, Older Scots, Modern Scots including Standard Scottish English, with a small minority derived from Old Norse, Gaelic, and Brittonic. The chronology of Old English, Older Scots, and Modern Scots is defined as given in the Concise Scots Dictionary: Old English is the period up to 1100, Older Scots is the period 1100-1700, and Modern Scots is the period 1700 onwards (CSD, 1985: xiii). Often with place-names it is not possible to give a precise dating for the coining of a toponym. For the purposes of this study, the language label given for a toponym is that of the date of the earliest record of the place-name with earlier linguistic evidence supplementing discussion. This thesis focuses on the names of topographic features, for example hills, rocks and woodland, and the role of perception in their naming. In order to compare the role of perception in inland and coastal naming, this thesis includes a diachronic study of the toponymy of the research area, along with two case studies. The first of these is a study of the toponymy of relief features, which focuses on generic elements in order to compare the perception of one type of referent in the two environments. The second is a study of the ‘colour’ category, which focuses on qualifying elements in order to compare the use of colour terms in the two environments. This thesis is the first comparative study of inland and coastal place-names, and it is one of the first to investigate new ways of using fieldwork as a central part of its methodology. In doing so it proposes innovative and nuanced ways to understand the toponymy of diverse landscapes within a community.

Entrepreneurship: a long way to go

Entrepreneurship education has emerged as one popular research domain in academic fields given its aim at enhancing and developing certain entrepreneurial qualities of undergraduates that change their state of behavior, even their entrepreneurial inclination and finally may result in the formation of new businesses as well as new job opportunities. This study attempts to investigate the Colombian student´s entrepreneurial qualities and the influence of entrepreneurial education during their studies.