974 resultados para Modèle de liaisons fortes
Resumo:
The primary purpose of spermatozoa is to deliver the paternal DNA to the oocyte at fertilization. During the complex events of fertilization, if the spermatozoon penetrating the oocyte contains compromised or damaged sperm chromatin, the subsequent progression of embryogenesis and foetal development may be affected. Variation in sperm DNA damage and protamine content in ejaculated spermatozoa was reported in the cattle, with potential consequences to bull fertility. Protamines are sperm-specific nuclear proteins that are essential to packaging of the condensed paternal genome in spermatozoa. Sperm DNA damage is thought to be repaired during the process of protamination. This study investigates the potential correlation between sperm protamine content, sperm DNA damage and the subsequent relationships between sperm chromatin and commonly measured reproductive phenotypes. Bos indicus sperm samples (n = 133) were assessed by two flow cytometric methods: the sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA) and an optimized sperm protamine deficiency assay (SPDA). To verify the SPDA assay for bovine sperm protamine content, samples collected from testis, caput and cauda epididymidis were analyzed. As expected, mature spermatozoa in the cauda epididymidis had higher protamine content when compared with sperm samples from testis and caput epididymidis (p < 0.01). The DNA fragmentation index (DFI), determined by SCSA, was positively correlated (r = 0.33 ± 0.08, p < 0.05) with the percentage of spermatozoa that showed low protamine content using SPDA. Also, DFI was negatively correlated (r = -0.21 ± 0.09, p < 0.05) with the percentage of spermatozoa with high protamine content. Larger scrotal circumference contributes to higher sperm protamine content and lower content of sperm DNA damage (p < 0.05). In conclusion, sperm protamine content and sperm DNA damage are closely associated. Protamine deficiency is likely to be one of the contributing factors to DNA instability and damage, which can affect bull fertility. © 2014 American Society of Andrology and European Academy of Andrology.
Resumo:
This is a study of crises caused by HIV/AIDS among the Akan of Ghana. It creates more awareness about the epidemic and has indicated other possible paths for campaign strategies. The pandemic has many devastating consequences; yet new infections are recorded daily despite campaigns against the disease. The search for therapy often sees the use of multiple outlets, which expresses Ghana's pluralistic medical system based on Kleinman's sector analytical model involving Western medicine, self-therapy, and folk healing. But it also leaves individuals and kin members in financial quandary. The fieldwork for this study is mainly through participant observation lasting 13 months (February 2003 to March 2004) among the Akan; in addition, some archival materials have been used. The Akan people live in the coastal south and forest zone of Ghana. Every Akan village or town is made up of corporate lineages, and social organisation is based on matrilineal descent. The society is holistic because the matrilineages seek the welfare of all their members. Meyer Fortes, R. S. Rattray and others on the Akan noticed this encompassing nature in the lineage organisation; but they did not make it salient (or failed to notice it) during illness, efforts for healing, and the care of the sick member. HIV/AIDS is an illness which shows the encompassing nature of the Akan matrilineage. It also reveals many contradictions in the group, viz. stigmatisation, abandonment, and attitudes that do not express altruism in a group expected to be closely-knit based on members' belief that they are of the 'same blood'. The crises have been analyzed in the total social system because the disease creates breaches at various levels of social interaction. An analysis of crises in a group is not far-fetched; Victor Turner has shown the way among the Ndembu and has revealed the contraditions in the seemingly uneventful life in the group. This study has identified that in dealing with HIV/AIDS patients and crises about the disease we are dealing with 'holistic' patients. Their cases produce many changes in the matrilineal structure--many orphans are being created and the care of patients is increasingly falling on the elderly. HIV/AIDS also challenges Akan cosmology because, for example, an AIDS death in local notions is a 'bad' demise which fails to produce ancestors who reproduce the society through reincarnation. Campaigns could emphasize this notion. The study begins with a description of the holistic nature of Akan matriliny, and the patients have been described as 'holistic' because their crises affect other people in the holistic society. Chapter 2 discusses the importance of ancestors as the starting points for social order who are constantly revered (in rites invoving the chief, Chapter 4). Chapter 3 focuses on funerals as an important social performance for the welfare of the dead and the living. Chapter 5 concentrates on HIV/AIDS as an illness threat marked by dominant discourses such as poverty, sexuality, migration, and condom use. Chapter 6 analyzes the attempts for therapy, and traditional healers' claims to have a cure. The efforts for therapy continues with spiritual church healing in Chapter 7, and chapter 8 is devoted to care of the patients and its inherent crises. Chapter 9 analyzes the effects of HIV/AIDS afflictions and AIDS deaths on the matrilineal group and in society. The study ends with a short part, devoted to Recommendations based on the findings in this investigation.
Resumo:
Gender perceptions, religious belief systems, and political thought have excluded women from politics, for ages, around the world. Combining feminist and modernisation theorists in my theoretical framework, I examine the trends in patriarchal Europe and I highlight the gender-sensitive model of the Nordic countries. Retracing local gender patterns from precolonial to postcolonial eras in sub-Saharan Africa, I explore the links between perceptions, needs, resources, education and women's political participation in Cameroon. Democratisation is supposed to open up political participation, to grant equal opportunities to all adults. One ironic feature of the liberalisation process in Cameroon has been the decrease of women in parliamentarian representation (14% in 1988, 6% in 1992, 5% in 1997 and 10% in 2002). What social, cultural and institutional mechanisms produced this paradoxical outcome, the exclusion of half the population? The gender complementarity of the indigenous context has been lost to male prevalence privileged by education, church, law, employment, economy and politics in the public sphere; most women are marginalised in the private sphere. Nation building and development have failed; ethnicism and individualism are growing. Some hope lies in the growing civil society. From two surveys and 21 focus groups across Cameroon, in 2000 and 2002, some significant results of the processed empirical data reveal low electoral registration (34.5% women and 65.9% men), contrasted by the willingness to run for municipal elections (33.3 % women and 45.2% men). The co-existence of customary and statutory laws, the corrupt political system and fraudulent practices, contribute to the marginalisation of women and men who are interested in politics. A large majority of female respondents consider female politicians more trustworthy and capable than their male counterparts; they even foresee the appointment of a female Prime Minister. The Nordic countries have institutionalised gender equality in their legislation, policies and practices. France has improved women's political inclusion with the parity laws; Rwanda is another model of women's representation, thanks to its post-conflict constitution. From my analysis, Cameroonian institutions, men and more so women, may learn and borrow from these experiences, in order to design and implement a sustainable and gender-balanced democracy. Keywords: democratisation, politics, gender equality, feminism, citizenship, Cameroon, Nordic countries, Finland, France, United Kingdom, quotas, societal social psychology.
Resumo:
The kinetics of the vapor phase oxidation of p-xylene over ferric molybdate catalyst were studied in an isothermal, differential, tubular flow reactor in the temperature range of 360 to 420° C. The major product obtained was p-tolualdehyde with small amounts of maleic anhydride and p-toluic acid. No terephthalic acid or CO2 were observed. The reaction rate data collected fit the redox model given by Equation 1. The values of activation energies Ex, Eo and frequency factors Ax, Ao obtained are 72, 63 kJ/mol and 0.64, 2.89 m3/kg catalyst s respectively. The reaction mechanism was established by studying the oxidation of p-tolualdehyde, toluic and terephthalic acids. It is concluded that the reaction follows a parallel-consecutive scheme. On a étudié la cinétique de l'oxydation, en phase gazeuse, du para-xylène sur un catalyseur consistant en molybdate ferrique; cette oxydation s'est faite dans un réacteur à écoulement tubulaire, isothermique et différentiel, dans une échelle de températures comprises entre 360°C et 420°C. Le produit principal obtenu a été le para-tolualdéhyde; on a aussi trouvé de faibles quantités d'anhydride maléique et d'acide para-toluique, mais on n'a pas noté la présence d'acide téréphtalique ni d'anhydride carbonique (CO2). Les résultats obtenus en ce qui a trait à la vitesse de réaction concordent bien avec les données du modèle redox indiquées par l'équation 1. Les valeurs des énergies d'activation Ex et Eo ainsi que des facteurs de fréquence Ax et Ao obtenus sont respectivement 72 et 63 kilojoules/mol. et 0.64 × 103 et 2.89 m3/kg de catalyseur. On a établi le mécanisme de la réaction en étudiant l'oxydation du para-tolualdéhyde et des acides toluique et téréphtalique. On conclut que la réaction se fait d'une manière parallèle et consécutive.
Resumo:
Fracture behaviour of notched and un-notched plain concrete slender beams subjected to three-point or four-point bending is analyzed through a one-dimensional model, also called Softening Beam Model. Fundamental equations of equilibrium are used to develop the model. The influence of structural size in altering the fracture mode from brittle fracture to plastic collapse is explained through the stress distribution across the uncracked ligament obtained by varying the strain softening modulus. It is found that at the onset of fracture instability, stress at the crack tip is equal to zero. The maximum load and fracture load are found to be different and a unique value for the fracture load is obtained. It is shown that the length of the fracture process zone depends on the value of the strain softening modulus. Theoretical limits for fracture process zone length are also calculated. Several nonlinear fracture parameters, such as, crack tip opening displacement, crack mouth opening displacement and fracture energy are computed for a wide variety of beam specimens reported in the literature and are found to compare very well with experimental and theoretical results. It is demonstrated that by following a simple procedure, both pre-peak and post-peak portions of load versus crack mouth opening displacement curve can be obtained quite accurately. Further, a simple procedure to calculate the maximum load is also developed. The predicted values of maximum load are found to agree well with the experimental values. The Softening Beam Model (SBM), proposed in this investigation is very simple and is based on rational considerations. It can completely describe the fracture process from the beginning of formation of the fracture process zone till the onset of fracture instability.A l'aide d'un modèle unidimensionnel dit ldquoSoftening Beam Modelrdquo (SBM), on analyse le comportement à rupture de poutres élancées pleines entaillées ou non, soumises en flexion en trois ou quatre points. Des équations fondamentales d'équilibre sont utilisées pour développer le modèle. On explique l'influence de la taille du composant sur l'altération du mode de rupture en rupture fragile et en effondrement plastique par la distribution par la distribution des contraintes sur le ligament non fissuré lorsque varie le module d'adoucissement. On trouve que la contrainte à l'extrémité de la fissure est nulle est nulle au début de l'instabilité de la rupture. La charge maximum et la charge à la rupture sont trouvées différentes, et on obtient une valeur unique de la charge à la rupture. On montre que la longueur de la zone concernée par le processus de rupture d'pend de la valeur du module d'adoucissement. On calcule également les limites théoriques de longueur de cette zone. Divers paramètres de rupture non linéaire sont calculés pour une large gamme d'éprouvettes en poutres reprises dans la littérature; on trouve qu'il existe une bonne concordance avec les résultats expérimentaux et théoriques. On démontre qu'en suivant une procédure simple on peut obtenir avec une bonne précision la courbe reliant les portions avant et après le pic de sollicitation en fonction du COD de la fissure. En outre, on développe une procédure simple pour calculer la charge maximum. Les valeurs prédites sont en bon accord avec les valeurs expérimentales. Le modèle SBM proposé est très simple et est basé sur des considérations rationnelles. Il est susceptible de décrire complètement le processus de rupture depuis le début de la formation de la zone intéressée jusqu'à l'amorçage de la rupture instable.
Resumo:
As with 1,2-diphenylethane (dpe), X-ray crystallographic methods measure the central bond in meso-3,4-diphenylhexane-2,5-done (dphd) as significantly shorter than normal for an sp(3)-sp(3) bond. The same methods measure the benzylic (ethane C-Ph) bonds in dphd as unusually long for sp(3)-sp(2) liaisons. Torsional motions of the phenyl rings about the C-Ph bonds have been proposed as the artifacts behind the result of a 'short' central bond in dpe. While a similar explanation can, presumably, hold for the even 'shorter' central bond in dphd, it cannot account for the 'long' C-Ph bonds. The phenyl groups, departing much from regular hexagonal shape, adopt highly skewed conformations with respect to the plane constituted by the four central atoms. It is thought that-the thermal motions of the phenyl rings, conditioned by the potential wells in which they are ensconced in the unit cell, are largely libratory around their normal axes. In what appears to be a straightforward explanation under the 'rigid-body' concept, it appears that these libratory motions of the phenyl rings, that account, at the same time, for the 'short' central bond, are the artifacts behind the 'long' measurement of the C-Ph bonds. These motions could be superimposed on torsional motions analogous to those proposed in the case of dpe. An inspection of the ORTEP diagram from the 298 K data on dphd clearly suggests these possibilities. Supportive evidence for these qualitative explanations from an analysis of the differences between the mean square displacements of C(1) and C(7)/C(1a) and C(7a) based on the 'rigid-body model' is discussed. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
This paper describes the use of liaison to better integrate product model and assembly process model so as to enable sharing of design and assembly process information in a common integrated form and reason about them. Liaison can be viewed as a set, usually a pair, of features in proximity with which process information can be associated. A liaison is defined as a set of geometric entities on the parts being assembled and relations between these geometric entities. Liaisons have been defined for riveting, welding, bolt fastening, screw fastening, adhesive bonding (gluing) and blind fastening processes. The liaison captures process specific information through attributes associated with it. The attributes are associated with process details at varying levels of abstraction. A data structure for liaison has been developed to cluster the attributes of the liaison based on the level of abstraction. As information about the liaisons is not explicitly available in either the part model or the assembly model, algorithms have been developed for extracting liaisons from the assembly model. The use of liaison is proposed to enable both the construction of process model as the product model is fleshed out, as well as maintaining integrity of both product and process models as the inevitable changes happen to both design and the manufacturing environment during the product lifecycle. Results from aerospace and automotive domains have been provided to illustrate and validate the use of liaisons. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
Analisa o modo com que os parlamentares se organizam frente à estrutura institucional no Congresso Nacional. Tem como referências para discussão, contribuições de Barry Ames (2003) e Figueiredo e Limongi (2001) que apresentam dois modelos de funcionamento do Parlamento, o distributivista e o partidário. Analisa a atuação da Frente Parlamentar Mista das Micro e Pequenas Empresas. Enfatiza a segunda fase de funcionamento da Frente, os anos de 2008 e 2009, quando trabalhou pela regulamentação da Lei Geral das Micro e Pequenas Empresas (Lei Complementar nº 123/06) nos Estados e Municípios e seus aperfeiçoamentos por meio da aprovação de Leis Complementares nºs 127/07, 128/08 e 133/09.
Resumo:
O atual projeto de Constituição propõe um sistema misto de governo, com a existência do presidente, como chefe de Estado, e do primeiro-ministro, chefe da administração federal. A proposta não agrada os presidencialistas. Deputado Wagner Lago (PMDB-MA) diz que o parlamentarismo pressupõe partidos políticos fortes e uma burocracia estatal eficiente, o que não é caso do Brasil. O Deputado Paes Andrade (PMDB-CE), representante dos parlamentaristas, afirma que o grupo quer o fortalecimento do Poder Legislativo, recolocando-o no centro das decisões nacionais. Na sessão O Povo Pergunta, cidadã quer saber se a nova Constituição está voltada para os pequenos interesses ou para o interesse da maioria. O Deputado Waldir Pugliese (PMDB-PR) responde que tem esperança de que a nova Constituição seja feita em favor da grande maioria do povo brasileiro. Crianças entregam emenda popular ao Presidente da Assembleia Nacional Constituinte, Deputado Ulysses Guimarães (PMDB-SP), pedindo proteção ao menor em situação de risco e o direito ao ensino gratuito a partir dos sete anos de idade. O Deputado Robson Marinho (PMDB-SP) declara que a nova Constituição deve começar pelas crianças. Deficientes físicos entregam emenda popular buscando um tratamento de igualdade e respeito pelos seus direitos. Sessão Extraordinária da Assembleia Nacional Constituinte (ANC) teve como tema a educação. O Deputado Sólon Borges dos Reis (PTB-SP) afirma que as escolas privadas devem ser autofinanciadas. O Deputado Eraldo Tinoco (PFL-BA) considera que algumas instituições sem fins lucrativos devem receber financiamento público.
Resumo:
O Vice-Presidente da Constituinte, Senador Mauro Benevides (PMDB-CE) estuda onze projetos de decisão que serão avaliados na reunião da Mesa da Assembléia Nacional Constituinte (ANC). O senador também prepara pareceres sobre projetos de resolução, que sugerem importantes modificações no Regimento Interno. A mudança do sistema eleitoral brasileiro somente deverá entrar em votação no título quarto do Substitutivo. O Deputado Osvaldo Coelho (PFL-PE) sugere que seja instituído o voto federativo ponderado. Na Comissão de Sistematização tem início a votação do terceiro título do projeto de Constituição, que trata da organização do Estado. Com o texto do capítulo cinco aprovado, os partidos políticos terão ampla autonomia para se organizarem. A Deputada Sandra Cavalcante (PFL-RJ) declara que é importante a lei ordinária estabelecer condições para que o partido possa ter representação parlamentar. A Comissão de Sistematização aprova por unanimidade o destaque do Deputado Antonio Mariz (PMDB-PB) que proíbe a extradição de estrangeiros por motivos políticos. No quadro "O povo pergunta" cidadão questiona o que pode ser feito para acabar com as cenas fortes nos programas de televisão. O Deputado Gidel Dantas (PMDB-CE) declara seu respeito aos artistas, defende total liberdade nos teatros e cinemas e apoia a censura nos programas de televisão.
Resumo:
Começa a votação do substitutivo. A Frente Municipalista pede aos constituintes maior participação no orçamento. O Deputado Irajá Rodrigues (PMDB - RS) relata a experiência da Alemanha no assunto e reforça que os municípios brasileiros deveriam receber trinta e três por cento das verbas federais. O Senador Orestes Quércia (PMDB-SP) informa que os municípios continuam insatisfeitos e que a federação só será possível com os municípios fortes, com mais recursos e mais responsabilidades. Na sessão O Povo Pergunta, cidadão gostaria de saber como ficará a reforma tributária e se ela assegurará a participação dos municípios. As lideranças do PMDB discutem como o rompimento da Aliança Democrática pode influenciar a votação do sistema de governo. O Senador Fernando Henrique Cardoso (PMDB-SP) esclarece que a preocupação é terminar bem a transição democrática e que espera que o PFL não rompa os compromissos com o povo. Líderes do PFL dizem que nada muda na Assembleia Nacional Constituinte (ANC), apesar do rompimento. O Senador Carlos Chiarelli (PFL-RS) informa que irá buscar uma fórmula para o entendimento sobre a questão da forma de governo. O Deputado José Lourenço (PFL-BA) informa que cada um votará de acordo com as suas ideias em busca do que seja melhor para o país. Votado e aprovado por unanimidade o preâmbulo do substitutivo do Relator Bernardo Cabral (PMDB-AM), com adição de uma emenda, de autoria do Deputado José Genoíno (PT-SP), que estabelece que a soberania é exercida pela participação popular direta. Início da discussão do Título I - Dos Princípios Fundamentais. O Deputado Nelson Jobim (PMDB-RS) esclarece pontos relativos à participação popular.
Resumo:
Segundo notícia do jornal "Correio Braziliense" estaria havendo um complô contra o parlamentarismo e o autor da denúncia seria o Relator Bernardo Cabral (PMDB-AM). O Presidente da Assembleia Nacional Constituinte (ANC), Deputado Ulysses Guimarães (PMDB-SP) e o Líder do Governo, Deputado Carlos Sant'anna (PMDB-BA) comentam sobre o suposto complô. O Deputado Bernardo Cabral (PMDB-AM) nega que tenha usado esta palavra e, tem dito apenas que é parlamentarista por convicção e que há pessoas, como o Presidente Sarney, os Deputados Ulysses Guimarães e Mário Covas que são fortes defensores do presidencialismo. O Deputado Carlos Sant'Anna considera que o trabalho constituinte leva para um parlamentarismo misto ou a um presidencialismo mitigado. Os Deputados Ulysses Guimarães (PMDB-SP) e Bernardo Cabral (PMDB-AM) declaram sobre suas posições em relação ao sistema de governo. Os progressistas reúnem-se com o Deputado Ulysses Guimarães. O Deputado José Genoino (PT-SP) declara que o consenso foi feito entre o centro e a direita e que o grupo reivindica a colocação de suas propostas no primeiro substitutivo. Sobre o problema da seca no Nordeste do Brasil, o Deputado Joacy Góes (PMDB-BA) constata que o Nordeste contribui com 30% para a população brasileira, mas ao longo dos últimos vinte anos apenas 10% dos recursos federais tem sido alocados na região. O Deputado Edivaldo Mota (PMDB-PB) informa que a bancada nordestina reivindica o direito de tratamento igualitário, ou seja, se o Nordeste representa 30% da população brasileira, então precisa receber 30% dos tributos da nação. A bancada nordestina, com mais de 150 constituintes, tem se reunido semanalmente para traçar uma linha de ação comum na Assembleia Nacional Constituinte. O Deputado José Luiz Maia (PDS-PI) declara que a bancada nordestina compreendeu que chegou a hora de tentar inserir dispositivos na Constituição que assegurem ao Nordeste os recursos de que a região precisa. As principais reivindicações são: política de preços mínimos para o produtor rural nordestino; facilidades de crédito para irrigação; apoio para as pequenas empresas; fortalecimento dos municípios através de uma reforma tributária. O Senador Lavoisier Maia (PDS-RN) afirma que esse espírito de luta deverá existir em todos aqueles que pertencem a uma região sofrida, para diminuir a grande desigualdade regional existente entre o Nordeste e as regiões ricas do país.
Resumo:
O Presidente da CONTAG José Francisco defende a emenda popular da Reforma Agrária no Plenário da Assembleia Nacional Constituinte (ANC). O Presidente da Sociedade Rural Brasileira Flávio Teles Menezes defende a emenda dessa entidade, que prevê a desapropriação apenas das terras não produtivas. José Mendonça (PFL-PE) relata que a imissão de posse é uma violação ao direito de cada cidadão de defender a sua propriedade. O Deputado Renato Johnson (PMDB-PR) explica que a imissão de posse pode concretizar uma arbitrariedade contra o proprietário rural, cuja propriedade é produtiva. O representante da CUT Valdir Ganzer informa que é contra o pagamento em dinheiro no caso de terras desapropriadas que não estão cumprindo sua função social. O Presidente da Associação Brasileira de Imprensa (ABI) Barbosa Lima Sobrinho defende o monopólio estatal do petróleo e deseja o fim dos contratos de risco. Um dos temas que mais tem recebido emendas é o do sistema de governo. O Deputado Expedito Machado (PMDB-CE) deseja o presidencialismo, com um Poder Legislativo forte. O Deputado Mário Assad (PFL-MG) acredita que o parlamentarismo tem dado bons resultados em países evoluídos e que o presidencialismo é gerador de crises. O Deputado Jorge Leite (PMDB-RJ) define-se como presidencialista, porque o parlamentarismo exigiria partidos fortes. O Deputado Brandão Monteiro (PDT-RJ) afirma que o mundo caminha para novas formas de governo que busquem uma realidade mais próxima do funcionamento harmônico e autônomo dos poderes. O Senador Fernando Henrique Cardoso (PSDB-SP) considera que chegou o momento de deixar de lado os preconceitos e experimentar o parlamentarismo.
Resumo:
[ES]Se analiza el ejercicio de la prostitución y el control de su ejercicio por parte de las autoridades municipales del País Vasco durante el periodo de reglamentación (siglos XIII-XVII). Además se explican las razones del por qué en el País Vasco no se consolidó un modelo de prostitución municipalizada.
Resumo:
[ES]A finales de la Edad Media la nobleza rural del País Vasco desarrolló actividades violentas y delictivas como medio para superar los efectos de la crisis. Dentro de este contexto las torres y casas fuertes desempeñaron un papel capital. Todo ello se analiza a través del ejemplo de la torre del señor de Berna, en la Vizcaya del siglo XV.