Occult hepatitis B virus infection among injecting drug users in the Central-West Region of Brazil

The prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection was investigated in 149 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) negative injecting drug users (IDUs) in the Central-West Region of Brazil. Of these individuals, 19 were positive for HBV DNA, resulting in an occult HBV infection prevalence of 12.7% (19/149); six of these 19 individuals had anti-HBV core and/or anti-HBV surface antibodies and 13 were negative for HBV markers. All IDUs with occult hepatitis B reported sexual and/or parenteral risk behaviours. All HBV DNA-positive samples were successfully genotyped. Genotype D was the most common (17/19), followed by genotype A (2/19). These findings reveal a high prevalence of occult HBV infection and the predominance of genotype D among IDUs in Brazil's Central-West Region.

Nontuberculous mycobacteria in respiratory samples from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in the state of Rondonia, Brazil

The main cause of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). We aimed to evaluate the contribution of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) to pulmonary disease in patients from the state of Rondônia using respiratory samples and epidemiological data from TB cases. Mycobacterium isolates were identified using a combination of conventional tests, polymerase chain reaction-based restriction enzyme analysis of hsp65 gene and hsp65 gene sequencing. Among the 1,812 cases suspected of having pulmonary TB, 444 yielded bacterial cultures, including 369 cases positive for MTB and 75 cases positive for NTM. Within the latter group, 14 species were identified as Mycobacterium abscessus, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Mycobacterium gilvum, Mycobacterium gordonae, Mycobacterium asiaticum, Mycobacterium tusciae, Mycobacterium porcinum, Mycobacterium novocastrense, Mycobacterium simiae, Mycobacterium szulgai, Mycobacterium phlei and Mycobacterium holsaticum and 13 isolates could not be identified at the species level. The majority of NTM cases were observed in Porto Velho and the relative frequency of NTM compared with MTB was highest in Ji-Paraná. In approximately half of the TB subjects with NTM, a second sample containing NTM was obtained, confirming this as the disease-causing agent. The most frequently observed NTM species were M. abscessus and M. avium and because the former species is resistant to many antibiotics and displays unsatisfactory cure rates, the implementation of rapid identification of mycobacterium species is of considerable importance.

In house reverse membrane hybridisation assay versus GenoType MTBDRplus and their performance to detect mutations in the genes rpoB, katG and inhA

Drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) threatens global TB control and is a major public health concern in several countries. We therefore developed a multiplex assay (LINE-TB/MDR) that is able to identify the most frequent mutations related to rifampicin (RMP) and isoniazid (INH) resistance. The assay is based on multiplex polymerase chain reaction, membrane hybridisation and colorimetric detection targeting of rpoB and katG genes, as well as the inhA promoter, which are all known to carry specific mutations associated with multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). The assay was validated on a reference panel of 108 M. tuberculosis isolates that were characterised by the proportion method and by DNA sequencing of the targets. When comparing the performance of LINE-TB/MDR with DNA sequencing, the sensitivity, specificity and agreement were 100%, 100% and 100%, respectively, for RMP and 77.6%, 90.6% and 88.9%, respectively, for INH. Using drug sensibility testing as a reference standard, the performance of LINE-TB/MDR regarding sensitivity, specificity and agreement was 100%, 100% and 100% (95%), respectively, for RMP and 77%, 100% and 88.7% (82.2-95.1), respectively, for INH. LINE-TB/MDR was compared with GenoType MTBDRplus for 65 isolates, resulting in an agreement of 93.6% (86.7-97.5) for RIF and 87.4% (84.3-96.2) for INH. LINE-TB/MDR warrants further clinical validation and may be an affordable alternative for MDR-TB diagnosis.

Varicella zoster virus reactivation during or immediately following treatment of tegumentary leishmaniasis with antimony compounds

Antimony compounds are the cornerstone treatments for tegumentary leishmaniasis. The reactivation of herpes virus is a side effect described in few reports. We conducted an observational study to describe the incidence of herpes zoster reactivation during treatment with antimony compounds. The global incidence of herpes zoster is approximately 2.5 cases per 1,000 persons per month (or 30 cases per 1,000 persons per year). The estimated incidence of herpes zoster in patients undergoing antimony therapy is higher than previously reported.

Using immunoglobulin Y as an alternative antibody for the detection of hepatitis A virus in frozen liver sections

An increasing amount of research has been conducted on immunoglobulin Y (IgY) because the use of IgY offers several advantages with respect to diagnostic testing, including its easy accessibility, low cost and translatability to large-scale production, in addition to the fact that it can be ethically produced. In a previous work, immunoglobulin was produced and purified from egg yolks (IgY) reactive to hepatitis A virus (HAV) antigens. In the present work, this anti-HAV-specific IgY was used in an indirect immunofluorescence assay to detect viral antigens in liver biopsies that were obtained from experimentally infected cynomolgus monkeys. Fields that were positive for HAV antigen were detected in liver sections using confocal microscopy. In conclusion, egg yolks from immunised hens may be a reliable source for antibody production, which can be employed for immunological studies.

Mutational and acquired carbapenem resistance mechanisms in multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates from Recife, Brazil

An investigation was carried out into the genetic mechanisms responsible for multidrug resistance in nine carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosaisolates from different hospitals in Recife, Brazil. Susceptibility to antimicrobial agents was determined by broth microdilution. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed to detect the presence of genes encoding β-lactamases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AMEs), 16S rRNA methylases, integron-related genes and OprD. Expression of genes coding for efflux pumps and AmpC cephalosporinase were assessed by quantitative PCR. The outer membrane proteins were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The blaSPM-1, blaKPC-2 and blaGES-1 genes were detected in P. aeruginosaisolates in addition to different AME genes. The loss of OprD in nine isolates was mainly due to frameshift mutations, premature stop codons and point mutations. An association of loss of OprD with the overexpression of MexAB-OprM and MexXY-OprM was observed in most isolates. Hyper-production of AmpC was also observed in three isolates. Clonal relationship of the isolates was determined by repetitive element palindromic-PCR and multilocus sequence typing. Our results show that the loss of OprD along with overexpression of efflux pumps and β-lactamase production were responsible for the multidrug resistance in the isolates analysed.

Association of human papillomavirus and Chlamydia trachomatis with intraepithelial alterations in cervix samples

The influence of different infectious agents and their association with human papillomavirus (HPV) in cervical carcinogenesis have not been completely elucidated. This study describes the association between cytological changes in cervical epithelium and the detection of the most relevant aetiological agents of sexually transmitted diseases. Samples collected from 169 patients were evaluated by conventional cytology followed by molecular analysis to detect HPV DNA, Chlamydia trachomatis, herpes simplex virus 1 and 2,Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium, Trichomonas vaginalis, andTreponema pallidum, besides genotyping for most common high-risk HPV. An association between cytological lesions and different behavioural habits such as smoking and sedentariness was observed. Intraepithelial lesions were also associated with HPV and C. trachomatis detection. An association was also found between both simple and multiple genotype infection and cytological changes. The investigation of HPV and C. trachomatisproved its importance and may be considered in the future for including in screening programs, since these factors are linked to the early diagnosis of patients with precursor lesions of cervical cancer.

Swiss Interdisciplinary Management Programme for Heart Failure (SWIM-HF): a randomised controlled trial study of an outpatient inter-professional management programme for heart failure patients in Switzerland.

PRINCIPLES: International guidelines for heart failure (HF) care recommend the implementation of inter-professional disease management programmes. To date, no such programme has been tested in Switzerland. The aim of this randomised controlled trial (RCT) was to test the effect on hospitalisation, mortality and quality of life of an adult ambulatory disease management programme for patients with HF in Switzerland.METHODS: Consecutive patients admitted to internal medicine in a Swiss university hospital were screened for decompensated HF. A total of 42 eligible patients were randomised to an intervention (n = 22) or usual care group (n = 20). Medical treatment was optimised and lifestyle recommendations were given to all patients. Intervention patients additionally received a home visit by a HF-nurse, followed by 17 telephone calls of decreasing frequency over 12 months, focusing on self-care. Calls from the HF nurse to primary care physicians communicated health concerns and identified goals of care. Data were collected at baseline, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. Mixed regression analysis (quality of life) was used. Outcome assessment was conducted by researchers blinded to group assignment.RESULTS: After 12 months, 22 (52%) patients had an all-cause re-admission or died. Only 3 patients were hospitalised with HF decompensation. No significant effect of the intervention was found on HF related to quality of life.CONCLUSIONS: An inter-professional disease management programme is possible in the Swiss healthcare setting but effects on outcomes need to be confirmed in larger studies.

Contratos flexíveis de trabalho: diferentes perfis de trabalhadores qualificados brasileiros

RESUMOO objetivo neste artigo é discutir como profissionais que já passaram por vínculos tradicionais de trabalho se organizam na nova realidade laboral da experimentação de contratos flexíveis, considerados, na pesquisa aqui relatada, como contratos não CLT. Por meio de entrevistas realizadas com 43 trabalhadores bem qualificados, foi construída uma tipologia composta por nove perfis com caracterís ticas próprias, a saber: PJ, Paraquedista, Indiferente, Pragmático, Independente, Autônomo, Empresário, Ressentido e CLT. Mostra -se que a construção dos perfis ajudou a compor uma imagem de como essa realidade de trabalho é vivenciada por trabalhadores qualificados e conclui-se, nesse caso, que o trabalho flexível não é sinônimo de trabalho precário, pois não acarreta, necessariamente, prejuízos do ponto de vista profissional ou pessoal para o indivíduo que opta por realizá-lo.

O processo de diagnosticar e o seu ensino

Este trabalho trata do ensino da habilidade para diagnosticar estudantes de enfermagem. Tem como objetivo geral verificar a adequação da elaboração do processo de análise e síntese e sua relação com o estabelecimento do diagnóstico de enfermagem. Após serem desenvolvidos os conteúdos programáticos previstos na disciplina de Enfermagem Médica, em face a uma situação hipotética, os alunos elaboraram o processo diagnóstico (RISNER, 1986) individualmente, chegando a um total de 106 formulações de Diagnóstico (Taxonomia I da North American Nursing Diagnosis Association - NANDA). As maiores dificuldades se deram na área do estabelecimento de "relações" e de "agrupamento de dados". Sugere-se que o desenvolvimento do processo de pensamento inerente à análise e síntese seja estimulado desde o início do curso de graduação.

Dialética do processo de trabalho da liga de hipertensão arterial

Buscou-se compreender o fenômeno da assistência à saúde desenvolvida na Liga de Diagnóstico e Tratamento da Hipertensão Arterial do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP,evidenciando suas contradições através da articulação dos elementos constitutivos deste processo de trabalho,contidos nos depoimentos de seus agentes. As concepções dos agentes sobre este processo de trabalho expressaram uma práxis reiterativa, consagrando e consolidando um dado saber específico que,para além de ser Meio da ação interventiva sobre o Objeto,configura-se num saber ideológico dominante na área de saúde.

Recuperação das vítimas de traumatismo cranio-encefálico no período de 1 ano após o trauma

Estudo prospectivo longitudinal sobre a recuperação aos 12 meses, de vítimas de traumatismo crânio-encefálico (TCE) de diferentes gravidades, com idade entre 12 e 60 anos. As vítimas foram avaliadas 1 ano após o trauma considerando-se tanto suas limitações funcionais mensuradas pela Escala de Resultados de Glasgow (ERG) em sua versão de oito categorias, como também, o seu retorno à produtividade. Aos 12 meses, 77,2% das vitimas alcançaram a pontuação 0 e 1 na ERG ampliada. Destas, 38,6% obtiveram a pontuação 0, ou seja, recuperação total . Indivíduos incapazes (pontuação > 1) foram 22,8% sendo aqueles com incapacidade moderada (+), ERG2, e grave (+), ERG4, os mais freqüentes. Retorno à produtividade ocorreu em 83,3% das vítimas e destas, 19,4% tinham alterações na ocupação principal.

Assistência de enfermagem em unidade pediátrica: uma proposta de início de sistematização

O presente trabalho relata um processo inicial de sistematização da assistência de enfermagem desenvolvido em unidade pediátrica de um hospital de médio porte, no interior do estado de São Paulo, considerando os recursos humanos existentes e o tipo de abordagem adotada pela instituição na prestação da assistência à criança hospitalizada. Elaborou-se, com base na literatura e com a participação dos funcionários, um manual de rotinas e em seguida, realizou-se um treinamento desses funcionários, através de uma dinâmica grupal que procurou resgatar os conhecimentos que eles já possuíam sobre os ternas. O trabalho considerou a opinião dos funcionários sobre sua participação no processo de sistematização e treinamento.

Utilização da Escala de Coma de Glasgow e Escala de Coma de Jouvet para avaliação do nível de consciência

A Escala de Coma de Glasgow (ECGl) e a Escala de Coma de Jouvet (ECJ), são duas escalas usadas na avaliação da consciência em nosso meio. A análise e o uso dessas duas escalas têm indicado que elas se complementam, sendo a ECGl mais sensível à mudanças nos rebaixamentos mais intensos da consciência e a ECJ nos estados mais próximos do normal. O presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar os resultados obtidos na avaliação do nível de consciência no uso dessas duas escalas. A comparação foi realizada num estudo prospectivo com 48 pacientes maiores de 18 anos internados em três unidades gerais de terapia intensiva de diferentes hospitais privados do Município de São Paulo. As avaliações foram realizadas pelos pesquisadores diariamente, sendo as duas escalas aplicadas seqüencialmente uma à outra no tempo de aproximadamente 5 minutos. Cada uma das escalas foi aplicada em 106 avaliações realizadas e os resultados mostraram uma diferença estatisticamente significativa entre a ECGl e a ECJ na indicação de alteração de nível de consciência. Em 37,74% das avaliações realizadas com a ECJ houve indicação de alteração do nível de consciência, enquanto que na ECGl a alteração era apontada em apenas 23,58% das avaliações. Outra observação importante no uso de ambas escalas, foi que em indivíduos com escores na ECGl entre 9 e 11, a indicação de alteração de nível de consciência foi mais acentuada pela ECGl e naquelas com escores na ECGl entre 12 e 15 a ECJ indicou mais acentuada alteração de nível de consciência. No uso da ECGl houve aplicação do não testável (NT) em 20% das avaliações realizadas, não ocorrendo inviabilidade de aplicação de indicadores na ECJ. Entretanto, acredita-se que condições específicas do grupo estudado favoreceram esse resultado, assim como, características específicas de grupos de pacientes podem favorecer o uso de diferentes escalas para avaliação de nível de consciência. A escolha final entre escalas desse tipo deve considerar as características peculiares e condições da clientela a ser avaliada e não preferências individuais ou de departamentos de serviços de saúde.