Análise ao comportamento mecânico de estruturas de suporte produzidas por fdm

A produção aditiva tem vindo a ganhar cada vez mais importância no contexto atual pois, através destes processos, é possível criar protótipos de forma rápida que permitem de forma eficaz a visualização do modelo mas também, nalguns casos, a verificação da funcionalidade do mesmo. Este tipo de fabrico está em ascensão e estão constantemente a serem exploradas novas aplicações. Na produção aditiva, o material de suporte gerado para suportar a construção tem elevada importância no tempo e custo do processo. Neste contexto, torna-se cada vez mais evidente que é necessário entender o comportamento mecânico desta estrutura de modo a tornar o processo mais rápido e com menores custos sem comprometer a resistência das peças produzidas por este. O processo de FDM é um dos processos de produção aditiva que constrói modelos camada a camada a partir de ficheiros CAD que são tratados no software da máquina por forma a dividir o modelo em várias camadas finas que geram várias secções com as geometrias correspondentes. A construção do modelo físico é feita através da extrusão e deposição de polímeros consoante a secção pretendida. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é a caracterização mecânica do material de suporte gerado aquando a construção da peça final pretendida. Foi com este objetivo que foram criados modelos de teste através do processo de FDM para serem submetidos a ensaios de compressão de modo a entender de que forma o material de suporte influencia na resistência final do modelo. Da análise dos dados obtidos é possível concluir que o material de suporte não aumenta a resistência das peças produzidas.

Incremento da aptidão física em jovens adolescentes no contexto escolar pela implementação de um programa de treino da força

Introdução O treino da força, numa perspetiva de melhoria da aptidão física, deve ser uma abordagem essencial dos programas de educação física (EF). Isto porque sem o seu desenvolvimento, assim como o incremento do desempenho das habilidades motoras, muito dificilmente se pode assegurar uma participação gratificante na atividade física e desportiva futura, com o prejuízo que daí advém para a saúde, bem-estar, confiança e vigor, da nossa juventude. Parece-nos, por outro lado, que a escola é o espaço ideal de desenvolvimento deste objetivo, pelas duas principais razões: (i) é o local universal por onde passam todas as nossas crianças e jovens; (ii) reúne condições excecionais, porque possui instalações razoáveis e materiais para a sua prática e porque dispõe de especialistas que podem assegurar a elevada qualidade de conceção e supervisão dos programas de treino (PT). Metodologia Participaram neste estudo 123 alunos do 12º ano, divididos em grupo controlo (n=31) e experimental (n= 92). Foram realizados os seguintes testes: push-up 60”, curl-up 30”, lançamento da bola medicinal (BM) com 2kg, sêxtuplo, impulsão e 30 m sprint. Os PT eram constituído por elevação gémeos, afundos, semi-agachamento, supino, butterfly, remo vertical, burpees, kettlebell, abdominais e lombares (2x15 repetições ca.60% 1 RM, durante 30” e 60” descanso). Os PT tiveram a duração de 9 semanas com 2 unidades de treino. Resultados Ambos os grupos melhoraram os seus valores médios em relação ao segundo momento da avaliação, no entanto, somente o grupo experimental apresentou ganhos estatisticamente significativos em 4 dos 6 testes aplicados, concretamente: push-up, lançamento BM, impulsão vertical e sêxtuplo. Conclusões Este estudo evidencia que as aulas de EF com um enfoque na organização e aplicação de PT de força, induzem a ganhos superiores, daí se dever realçar a importância da implementação do treino da força no contexto escolar.

Valor pronóstico del incremento de la tensión arterial sistólica con el ejercicio en pacientes hipertensos con enfermedad coronaria conocida o sospechada.

La asociación entre un incremento exagerado de la presión arterial sistólica con el ejercicio (IEPASE) y la probabilidad de eventos cardiovasculares es controvertida. Nuestro propósito fue determinar la posible asociación de un IEPASE con la supervivencia y con el riesgo de eventos cardíacos graves en pacientes hipertensos con enfermedad coronaria conocida o sospechada. Se trata de un estudio retrospectivo y observacional sobre una muestra de 5.226 pacientes con historia de hipertensión arterial y enfermedad coronaria conocida o sospechada referidos a ecocardiografía de ejercicio. El IEPASE se definió como un incremento de la presión arterial sistólica con el ejercicio igual o superior al percentil 95 de esta población (80 mmHg). Los objetivos fueron mortalidad total, mortalidad de origen cardíaco e infarto de miocardio (IM). En un seguimiento medio de 4,7 años, se registraron 978 muertes (371 de origen cardíaco) y 798 IM. Las tasas anuales de mortalidad, mortalidad de origen cardíaco e IM fueron del 2,73; 0,83 y 2,63% en pacientes con IEPASE y de 4,4; 1,58 y 3,98%, respectivamente en aquellos sin IEPASE (p < 0,001; p = 0,012 y p = 0,014, respectivamente). Tras un ajuste multivariado, el IEPASE resultó predictor de mortalidad por cualquier causa (HR: 0,70; IC 95%: 0,52-0,95; p = 0,023) e IM (HR: 0,69; IC 95%: 0,50-0,95; p = 0,022), pero la asociación con mortalidad cardiaca no alcanzó significación estadística (HR: 0,72; IC 95%: 0,43-1,20; p = 0,2). El IEPASE se asoció con mayor probabilidad de supervivencia y menor riesgo de IM en pacientes hipertensos con enfermedad coronaria conocida o sospechada.

Incremento do paricá em diferentes idades sob influência do sistema de cultivo.

O paricá apresenta bom desenvolvimento e é capaz de vicejar na maioria das atividades silviculturais, no entanto, pode apresentar significativas modificações na produção volumétrica de acordo com o sistema utilizado. Objetivou-se avaliar o desenvolvimento do paricá em diferentes idades e sistemas de cultivo. O estudo foi conduzido na fazenda Vitória, Paragominas - PA. O experimento foi constituído por dois cultivos de paricá: sistema de integração Lavoura-Pecuária-Floresta (iLPF) e monocultivo (MF). Os sistemas foram mensurados anualmente do segundo ao sexto ano de idade. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema de parcela subdividida com cinco repetições. As parcelas foram os sistemas (iLPF e MF) e as subparcelas o tempo (2, 3, 4, 5 e 6 anos de idade) de observação. Em cada árvore foi determinado altura (H) e diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) e calculado o Incremento Médio Anual em altura (IMAH), em diâmetro (IMADAP) e volume (V). O paricá apresentou crescimento semelhante em altura e IMAH não diferindo entre os sistemas, porém, na variável DAP, IMADAP e Volume o sistema iLPF diferiu e obteve valores superiores em todas as idades. O paricá em sistema de integração Lavoura-Pecuária-Floresta apresentou desenvolvimento superior ao paricá em monocultivo em todas as idades. O paricá nos dois sistemas apresentou redução no ritmo de crescimento com o passar dos anos.

Modellistica di accensione per candele ad arco elettrico in motori a combustione interna alternativi

Nel panorama mondiale di contenimento delle emissioni inquinanti in atmosfera é divenuto sempre più importante limitare la parte derivante dai motori a combustione interna: l'utilizzo di motori GDI a carica stratificata e di ricircolo dei gas di scarico (EGR) sono esempi di tecnologie pensate proprio in tale ottica. Sia la presenza di un ambiente magro che di EGR nel cilindro, come anche l'aumento della pressione nel cilindro per l'incremento della pressione di sovralimentazione o del rapporto di compressione, hanno lo svantaggio di limitare la velocità di combustione e rendere più sfavorevoli le condizioni di accensione della miscela; in questo scenario diviene di fondamentale importanza il miglioramento dei sistemi di accensione, la creazione di modelli volti a simularli e la comprensione dei fenomeni che ne stanno alla base. Il seguente lavoro di tesi si inserisce proprio in questo contesto, indagando le varie fasi di cui si compone il fenomeno dell'accensione e le relazioni che legano le variabili di interesse fisico, verificate sulla base di evidenze sperimentali. Successivamente vengono analizzati i principali modelli d'accensione che sono stati proposti e implementati in codici computazionali fluidodinamici; l'analisi mette in luce le differenze, i punti di forza e le semplificazioni introdotte in ognuno di essi, in modo da poterli valutare criticamente. La suddetta analisi é anche utile per introdurre il modello frutto del lavoro del gruppo di ricerca dell'Università di Bologna; ci si concentra particolarmente su quest'ultimo poiché un obiettivo di questo lavoro di tesi é stato proprio l'implementazione e l'utilizzo del modello in un codice fluidodinamico tridimensionale quale CONVERGE CFD. L'implementazione é stata poi validata attraverso simulazioni su una geometria reale di un motore a combustione interna ad elevate prestazioni, confrontando i risultati ottenuti con il nuovo modello rispetto ai dati sperimentali sulla combustione.

Dalla generazione di modelli 3D densi mediante TLS e fotogrammetria alla modellazione BIM

La tesi tratta la ricerca di procedure che permettano di rilevare oggetti utilizzando il maggior numero di informazioni geometriche ottenibili da una nuvola di punti densa generata da un rilievo fotogrammetrico o da TLS realizzando un modello 3D importabile in ambiente FEM. Il primo test si è eseguito su una piccola struttura, 1.2x0.5x0.2m, in modo da definire delle procedure di analisi ripetibili; la prima consente di passare dalla nuvola di punti “Cloud” all’oggetto solido “Solid” al modello agli elementi finiti “Fem” e per questo motivo è stata chiamata “metodo CSF”, mentre la seconda, che prevede di realizzare il modello della struttura con un software BIM è stata chiamata semplicemente “metodo BIM”. Una volta dimostrata la fattibilità della procedura la si è validata adottando come oggetto di studio un monumento storico di grandi dimensioni, l’Arco di Augusto di Rimini, confrontando i risultati ottenuti con quelli di altre tesi sulla medesima struttura, in particolare si è fatto riferimento a modelli FEM 2D e a modelli ottenuti da una nuvola di punti con i metodi CAD e con un software scientifico sviluppato al DICAM Cloud2FEM. Sull’arco sono state eseguite due tipi di analisi, una lineare sotto peso proprio e una modale ottenendo risultati compatibili tra i vari metodi sia dal punto di vista degli spostamenti, 0.1-0.2mm, che delle frequenze naturali ma si osserva che le frequenze naturali del modello BIM sono più simili a quelle dei modelli generati da cloud rispetto al modello CAD. Il quarto modo di vibrare invece presenta differenze maggiori. Il confronto con le frequenze naturali del modello FEM ha restituito differenze percentuali maggiori dovute alla natura 2D del modello e all’assenza della muratura limitrofa. Si sono confrontate le tensioni normali dei modelli CSF e BIM con quelle ottenute dal modello FEM ottenendo differenze inferiori a 1.28 kg/cm2 per le tensioni normali verticali e sull’ordine 10-2 kg/cm2 per quelle orizzontali.

Implicit difference approximation for the time fractional diffusion equation

In this paper, we consider a time fractional diffusion equation on a finite domain. The equation is obtained from the standard diffusion equation by replacing the first-order time derivative by a fractional derivative (of order $0<\alpha<1$ ). We propose a computationally effective implicit difference approximation to solve the time fractional diffusion equation. Stability and convergence of the method are discussed. We prove that the implicit difference approximation (IDA) is unconditionally stable, and the IDA is convergent with $O(\tau+h^2)$, where $\tau$ and $h$ are time and space steps, respectively. Some numerical examples are presented to show the application of the present technique.

On Ordinal VC-Dimension and Some Notions of Complexity

We generalize the classical notion of Vapnik–Chernovenkis (VC) dimension to ordinal VC-dimension, in the context of logical learning paradigms. Logical learning paradigms encompass the numerical learning paradigms commonly studied in Inductive Inference. A logical learning paradigm is defined as a set W of structures over some vocabulary, and a set D of first-order formulas that represent data. The sets of models of ϕ in W, where ϕ varies over D, generate a natural topology W over W. We show that if D is closed under boolean operators, then the notion of ordinal VC-dimension offers a perfect characterization for the problem of predicting the truth of the members of D in a member of W, with an ordinal bound on the number of mistakes. This shows that the notion of VC-dimension has a natural interpretation in Inductive Inference, when cast into a logical setting. We also study the relationships between predictive complexity, selective complexity—a variation on predictive complexity—and mind change complexity. The assumptions that D is closed under boolean operators and that W is compact often play a crucial role to establish connections between these concepts. We then consider a computable setting with effective versions of the complexity measures, and show that the equivalence between ordinal VC-dimension and predictive complexity fails. More precisely, we prove that the effective ordinal VC-dimension of a paradigm can be defined when all other effective notions of complexity are undefined. On a better note, when W is compact, all effective notions of complexity are defined, though they are not related as in the noncomputable version of the framework.

Feasibility studies on using microwave-heating techniques for recycling lead waste

Lead is present everywhere in the environment and has been defined as one of the greatest threats to the human health. In this paper, attempts have been made to study a way of recycling the lead produced from waste usage and disposed of in such a way as to avoid degrading the surrounding environment. In order to contain the waste, recycled asphalt material is mixed with the lead and then heated with microwave energy. This is an attempt to solidify and reduce the lead contaminants and use the final product as sub-base material in road pavement construction. The microwave heating of the specimens is carried out with 30%, 50%, 80% and 100% of power at 800W. The optimum power mode is used to compare with the conventional heating of asphalt with sulfur additive. The results are characterized by compact density, permeability, and subjected to toxicity test with regards to lead concentration. A mechanical test to evaluate the stability is also performed on the three methods of solidification and to prove that microwave zapping method allow to convert into an environmentally stable material for recycling without having to be deposited in a landfill site.

What are we waiting for?

The clinical education of Australia’s aged care nurses can no longer be treated as the Cinderella of nursing’s specialities. It is urgent that ways be agreed and measures taken to bring this branch of the profession, and residential aged care nursing in particular, into mainstream health care services. There should be no need to describe again the evolving shape of Australia’s demographic profile between now and the middle of this century; and no need to prove here that the ageing bulge is already placing a severe strain on staffing in the sector. A substantial percentage of the aged care nursing workforce is nearing retirement and the ratio of departures to recruits seems set to worsen at the same time as demand for high quality nursing care escalates. Important indicators – the number of the most highly dependent residents has doubled in the past seven years; compounding co-morbidities are increasingly common and an estimated 60-80% of residents in residential aged care facilities (RACFs) have a dementing illness – reveal the rapidly rising levels of frailty and dependency in the RACF population.

Developing a participatory impact assessment approach and action research culture within a communication for social change organisation in Nepal

Developing an effective impact evaluation framework, managing and conducting rigorous impact evaluations, and developing a strong research and evaluation culture within development communication organisations presents many challenges. This is especially so when both the community and organisational context is continually changing and the outcomes of programs are complex and difficult to clearly identify.----- This paper presents a case study from a research project being conducted from 2007-2010 that aims to address these challenges and issues, entitled Assessing Communication for Social Change: A New Agenda in Impact Assessment. Building on previous development communication projects which used ethnographic action research, this project is developing, trailing and rigorously evaluating a participatory impact assessment methodology for assessing the social change impacts of community radio programs in Nepal. This project is a collaboration between Equal Access – Nepal (EAN), Equal Access – International, local stakeholders and listeners, a network of trained community researchers, and a research team from two Australian universities. A key element of the project is the establishment of an organisational culture within EAN that values and supports the impact assessment process being developed, which is based on continuous action learning and improvement. The paper describes the situation related to monitoring and evaluation (M&E) and impact assessment before the project began, in which EAN was often reliant on time-bound studies and ‘success stories’ derived from listener letters and feedback. We then outline the various strategies used in an effort to develop stronger and more effective impact assessment and M&E systems, and the gradual changes that have occurred to date. These changes include a greater understanding of the value of adopting a participatory, holistic, evidence-based approach to impact assessment. We also critically review the many challenges experienced in this process, including:----- • Tension between the pressure from donors to ‘prove’ impacts and the adoption of a bottom-up, participatory approach based on ‘improving’ programs in ways that meet community needs and aspirations.----- • Resistance from the content teams to changing their existing M&E practices and to the perceived complexity of the approach.----- • Lack of meaningful connection between the M&E and content teams.----- • Human resource problems and lack of capacity in analysing qualitative data and reporting results.----- • The contextual challenges, including extreme poverty, wide cultural and linguistic diversity, poor transport and communications infrastructure, and political instability.----- • A general lack of acceptance of the importance of evaluation within Nepal due to accepting everything as fate or ‘natural’ rather than requiring investigation into a problem.

Working at the interface : the descriptive relevance of Grunig and Hunt’s theories to public relations practices in south east Queensland schools

This article examines the relevance of James Grunig and Todd Hunt’s (1984) theories to public relations practitioners’ roles in south east Queensland schools. It focuses in particular on the two-way symmetric model in this context. The geographical boundaries of the research mean that this article is intended primarily as an exploratory, descriptive analysis of a specific area rather than an exhaustive treatise on the general topic of public relations in Australian schools. However, it is hoped that it will prove useful in identifying bases for further study and discussion.

Flow of a micropolar fluid bounded by a stretching sheet

We consider boundary layer flow of a micropolar fluid driven by a porous stretching sheet. A similarity solution is defined, and numerical solutions using Runge-Kutta and quasilinearisation schemes are obtained. A perturbation analysis is also used to derive analytic solutions to first order in the perturbing parameter. The resulting closed form solutions involve relatively complex expressions, and the analysis is made more tractable by a combination of offline and online work using a computational algebra system (CAS). For this combined numerical and analytic approach, the perturbation analysis yields a number of benefits with regard to the numerical work. The existence of a closed form solution helps to discriminate between acceptable and spurious numerical solutions. Also, the expressions obtained from the perturbation work can provide an accurate description of the solution for ranges of parameters where the numerical approaches considered here prove computationally more difficult.

Electronic tendering: an industry perspective

The construction industry is categorised as being an information-intensive industry and described as one of the most important industries in any developed country, facing a period of rapid and unparalleled change (Industry Science Resources 1999) (Love P.E.D., Tucker S.N. et al. 1996). Project communications are becoming increasingly complex, with a growing need and fundamental drive to collaborate electronically at project level and beyond (Olesen K. and Myers M.D. 1999; Thorpe T. and Mead S. 2001; CITE 2003). Yet, the industry is also identified as having a considerable lack of knowledge and awareness about innovative information and communication technology (ICT) and web-based communication processes, systems and solutions which may prove beneficial in the procurement, delivery and life cycle of projects (NSW Government 1998; Kajewski S. and Weippert A. 2000). The Internet has debatably revolutionised the way in which information is stored, exchanged and viewed, opening new avenues for business, which only a decade ago were deemed almost inconceivable (DCITA 1998; IIB 2002). In an attempt to put these ‘new avenues of business’ into perspective, this report provides an overall ‘snapshot’ of current public and private construction industry sector opportunities and practices in the implementation and application of web-based ICT tools, systems and processes (e-Uptake). Research found that even with a reserved uptake, the construction industry and its participating organisations are making concerted efforts (fortunately with positive results) in taking up innovative forms of doing business via the internet, including e-Tendering (making it possible to manage the entire tender letting process electronically and online) (Anumba C.J. and Ruikar K. 2002; ITCBP 2003). Furthermore, Government (often a key client within the construction industry),and with its increased tendency to transact its business electronically, undoubtedly has an effect on how various private industry consultants, contractors, suppliers, etc. do business (Murray M. 2003) – by offering a wide range of (current and anticipated) e-facilities / services, including e-Tendering (Ecommerce 2002). Overall, doing business electronically is found to have a profound impact on the way today’s construction businesses operate - streamlining existing processes, with the growth in innovative tools, such as e-Tender, offering the construction industry new responsibilities and opportunities for all parties involved (ITCBP 2003). It is therefore important that these opportunities should be accessible to as many construction industry businesses as possible (The Construction Confederation 2001). Historically, there is a considerable exchange of information between various parties during a tendering process, where accuracy and efficiency of documentation is critical. Traditionally this process is either paper-based (involving large volumes of supporting tender documentation), or via a number of stand-alone, non-compatible computer systems, usually costly to both the client and contractor. As such, having a standard electronic exchange format that allows all parties involved in an electronic tender process to access one system only via the Internet, saves both time and money, eliminates transcription errors and increases speed of bid analysis (The Construction Confederation 2001). Supporting this research project’s aims and objectives, researchers set to determine today’s construction industry ‘current state-of-play’ in relation to e-Tendering opportunities. The report also provides brief introductions to several Australian and International e-Tender systems identified during this investigation. e-Tendering, in its simplest form, is described as the electronic publishing, communicating, accessing, receiving and submitting of all tender related information and documentation via the internet, thereby replacing the traditional paper-based tender processes, and achieving a more efficient and effective business process for all parties involved (NT Governement 2000; NT Government 2000; NSW Department of Commerce 2003; NSW Government 2003). Although most of the e-Tender websites investigated at the time, maintain their tendering processes and capabilities are ‘electronic’, research shows these ‘eTendering’ systems vary from being reasonably advanced to more ‘basic’ electronic tender notification and archiving services for various industry sectors. Research also indicates an e-Tender system should have a number of basic features and capabilities, including: • All tender documentation to be distributed via a secure web-based tender system – thereby avoiding the need for collating paperwork and couriers. • The client/purchaser should be able to upload a notice and/or invitation to tender onto the system. • Notification is sent out electronically (usually via email) for suppliers to download the information and return their responses electronically (online). • During the tender period, updates and queries are exchanged through the same e-Tender system. • The client/purchaser should only be able to access the tenders after the deadline has passed. • All tender related information is held in a central database, which should be easily searchable and fully audited, with all activities recorded. • It is essential that tender documents are not read or submitted by unauthorised parties. • Users of the e-Tender system are to be properly identified and registered via controlled access. In simple terms, security has to be as good as if not better than a manual tender process. Data is to be encrypted and users authenticated by means such as digital signatures, electronic certificates or smartcards. • All parties must be assured that no 'undetected' alterations can be made to any tender. • The tenderer should be able to amend the bid right up to the deadline – whilst the client/purchaser cannot obtain access until the submission deadline has passed. • The e-Tender system may also include features such as a database of service providers with spreadsheet-based pricing schedules, which can make it easier for a potential tenderer to electronically prepare and analyse a tender. Research indicates the efficiency of an e-Tender process is well supported internationally, with a significant number, yet similar, e-Tender benefits identified during this investigation. Both construction industry and Government participants generally agree that the implementation of an automated e-Tendering process or system enhances the overall quality, timeliness and cost-effectiveness of a tender process, and provides a more streamlined method of receiving, managing, and submitting tender documents than the traditional paper-based process. On the other hand, whilst there are undoubtedly many more barriers challenging the successful implementation and adoption of an e-Tendering system or process, researchers have also identified a range of challenges and perceptions that seem to hinder the uptake of this innovative approach to tendering electronically. A central concern seems to be that of security - when industry organisations have to use the Internet for electronic information transfer. As a result, when it comes to e-Tendering, industry participants insist these innovative tendering systems are developed to ensure the utmost security and integrity. Finally, if Australian organisations continue to explore the competitive ‘dynamics’ of the construction industry, without realising the current and future, trends and benefits of adopting innovative processes, such as e-Tendering, it will limit their globalising opportunities to expand into overseas markets and allow the continuation of international firms successfully entering local markets. As such, researchers believe increased knowledge, awareness and successful implementation of innovative systems and processes raises great expectations regarding their contribution towards ‘stimulating’ the globalisation of electronic procurement activities, and improving overall business and project performances throughout the construction industry sectors and overall marketplace (NSW Government 2002; Harty C. 2003; Murray M. 2003; Pietroforte R. 2003). Achieving the successful integration of an innovative e-Tender solution with an existing / traditional process can be a complex, and if not done correctly, could lead to failure (Bourn J. 2002).

Looking through the haze of discontent : smokers as a data source

In the case of industrial relations research, particularly that which sets out to examine practices within workplaces, the best way to study this real-life context is to work for the organisation. Studies conducted by researchers working within the organisation comprise some of the (broad) field’s classic research (cf. Roy, 1954; Burawoy, 1979). Participant and non-participant ethnographic research provides an opportunity to investigate workplace behaviour beyond the scope of questionnaires and interviews. However, we suggest that the data collected outside a workplace can be just as important as the data collected inside the organisation’s walls. In recent years the introduction of anti-smoking legislation in Australia has meant that people who smoke cigarettes are no longer allowed to do so inside buildings. Not only are smokers forced outside to engage in their habit, but they have to smoke prescribed distances from doorways, or in some workplaces outside the property line. This chapter considers the importance of cigarette-smoking employees in ethnographic research. Through data collected across three separate research projects, the chapter argues that smokers, as social outcasts in the workplace, can provide a wealth of important research data. We suggest that smokers also appear more likely to provide stories that contradict the ‘management’ or ‘organisational’ position. Thus, within the haze of smoke, researchers can uncover a level of discontent with the ‘corporate line’ presented inside the workplace. There are several aspects to the increased propensity of smokers to provide a contradictory or discontented story. It may be that the researcher is better able to establish a rapport with smokers, as there is a removal of the artificial wall a researcher presents as an outsider. It may also be that a research location physically outside the boundaries of the organisation provides workers with the freedom to express their discontent. The authors offer no definitive answers; rather, this chapter is intended to extend our knowledge of workplace research through highlighting the methodological value in using smokers as research subjects. We present the experience of three separate case studies where interactions with cigarette smokers have provided either important organisational data or alternatively a means of entering what Cunnison (1966) referred to as the ‘gossip circle’. The final section of the chapter draws on the evidence to demonstrate how the community of smokers, as social outcasts, are valuable in investigating workplace issues. For researchers and practitioners, these social outcasts may very well prove to be an important barometer of employee attitudes; attitudes that perhaps cannot be measured through traditional staff surveys.