Influence of process parameters on part quality and mechanical properties for DMLS and SLM with iron-based materials

Rapid manufacturing is an advanced manufacturing technology based on layer-by-layer manufacturing to produce a part. This paper presents experimental work carried out to investigate the effects of scan speed, layer thickness, and building direction on the following part features: dimensional error, surface roughness, and mechanical properties for DMLS with DS H20 powder and SLM with CL 20 powder (1.4404/AISI 316L). Findings were evaluated using ANOVA analysis. According to the experimental results, build direction has a significant effect on part quality, in terms of dimensional error and surface roughness. For the SLM process, the build direction has no influence on mechanical properties. Results of this research support industry estimating part quality and mechanical properties before the production of parts with additive manufacturing, using iron-based powders

Markers of iron metabolism and metabolic syndrome in Swiss adults

Plusieurs études populationnelles ont montré l'existence d'une association entre des taux sanguins élevés de transferrine et le syndrome métabolique (SM). Bien que cette association soit bien établie, restent encore à être décrites les associations entre le SM et les autres marqueurs sanguins du métabolisme du fer, tels que le fer, la transferrine (Tsf), la capacité totale de fixation de la transferrine (CTF) ou la saturation de la transferrine (SaTsf) sanguins. Le but de notre étude a été d'identifier les associations entre les différents marqueurs du métabolisme du fer (fer, ferritine, Tsf, CTF et SaTsf) et le SM. Les données de l'étude CoLaus, récoltées entre 2003 et 2006, ont été utilisées. Le SM était défini selon les critères du National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Panel III. L'analyse statistique a été faite en stratifiant selon le genre ainsi que le status ménopausal chez les femmes. Des 6733 participants, 1235 (18%) ont été exclus de fait d'absence de données concernant les variables qui nous intéressaient, ou chez qui nous avons soupçonné une possible hémochromatose non diagnostiquée (SaTsf> 50%). Des 5498 participants restant (âge moyen ± écart-type: 53 ± 11 ans), 2596 étaient des hommes, 1285 des femmes pré- et 1617 des femmes postménopausées. La prévalence du SM était de 29,4% chez les hommes, 8,3% et 25,5% chez les femmes pré- et postménopausées, respectivement. Dans les trois groupes, la prévalence du SM était la plus haute dans les quartiles les plus élevés de ferritine, Tsf et CTF, ainsi que dans le quartile le plus bas de SaTsf. Après ajustement sur l'âge, l'indice de masse corporelle, la protéine C réactive, la consommation de tabac et/ou d'alcool, la prise de suppléments en fer et les marqueurs hépatiques, l'appartenance au quartile le plus élevé de ferritine, Tsf ou CTF était associée à un risque plus important de SM chez les hommes et les femmes postménopausées : Odds ratio (OR) et [intervalle de confiance à 95%] pour la ferritine 1.44 [1.07-1.94] et 1.47 [0.99-2.17]; pour la Tsf et la CTF, OR=1.43 [1.06-1.91] et 2.13 [1.44-3.15] pour les hommes et les femmes postménopausées, respectivement. Au contraire, l'appartenance au quartile le plus élevé de la SaTsf était associé à un risque moins important de SM: OR=0.77 [0.57-1.05] et 0.59 [0.39-0.90] pour les hommes et les femmes postménopausées, respectivement. Il n'y avait aucune association entre les marqueurs sanguins du métabolisme du fer et le SM chez les femmes préménopausées, ni entre le fer sanguin et le SM chez les trois groupes. En conclusion, la majorité des marqueurs sanguins du métabolisme du fer, mais pas le fer lui-même, sont associés de manière indépendante au SM chez les hommes et les femmes postménopausées. -- Context: Excessive iron storage has been associated with metabolic syndrome (MS). Objective: To assess the association between markers of iron metabolism and MS in a healthy population. Design: Cross-sectional study conducted between 2003 and 2006. Setting: Population-based study in Lausanne, Switzerland. Patients: 5,498 participants aged 35-75 years, stratified by sex and menopausal status. Participants with transferrin saturation (TSAT) >50% were excluded. Intervention: None. Main Outcome Measures: serum iron, ferritin, transferrin, total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and TSAT. MS was defined according to ATP-III criteria. Results: Prevalence of MS was 29.4% in men, 8.3% in premenopausal and 25.5% in postmenopausal women. On bivariate analysis, the highest prevalence of MS occurred in the highest quartiles of serum ferritin, transferrin and TIBC, and in the lowest quartile of TSAT. After multivariate adjustment for age, body mass index, C-reactive protein, smoking, alcohol, liver markers and iron supplementation, men and postmenopausal women in the highest quartile of serum ferritin, transferrin and TIBC had a higher risk of presenting with MS: for ferritin, Odds ratio and [95% CI]=1.44 [1.07-1.94] for men and 1.47 [0.99-2.17] for postmenopausal women; for transferrin and TIBC, OR=1.43 [1.06-1.91] and 2.13 [1.44-3.15], Participants in the highest quartile of TSAT had a lower risk of MS: OR=0.77 [0.57-1.05] for men and 0.59 [0.39-0.90] for postmenopausal women. No association was found between iron and MS and between markers of iron metabolism and MS in premenopausal women. Conclusion: Ferritin, transferrin, TIBC are positively and TSAT is negatively associated with MS in men and postmenopausal women.

Effects of oral supplementation of iron on hepcidin blood concentrations among non-anaemic female blood donors: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Hepcidin is the main hormone that regulates iron balance. Its lowering favours digestive iron absorption in cases of iron deficiency or enhanced erythropoiesis. The careful dosage of this small peptide promises new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Its measurement is progressively being validated and now its clinical value must be explored in different physiological situations. Here, we evaluate hepcidin levels among premenopausal female donors with iron deficiency without anaemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a preceding study, a 4-week oral iron treatment (80 mg/day) was administered in a randomized controlled trial (n = 145), in cases of iron deficiency without anaemia after a blood donation. We subsequently measured hepcidin at baseline and after 4 weeks of treatment, using mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Iron supplementation had a significant effect on plasma hepcidin compared to the placebo arm at 4 weeks [+0·29 nm [95% CI: 0·18 to 0·40]). There was a significant correlation between hepcidin and ferritin at baseline (R(2) = 0·121, P < 0·001) and after treatment (R(2) = 0·436, P < 0·001). Hepcidin levels at baseline were not predictive of concentration changes for ferritin or haemoglobin. However, hepcidin levels at 4 weeks were significantly higher (0·79 nm [95% CI: 0·53 to 1·05]) among ferritin responders. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that a 4-week oral treatment of iron increased hepcidin blood concentrations in female blood donors with an initial ferritin concentration of less than 30 ng/ml. Apparently, hepcidin cannot serve as a predictor of response to iron treatment but might serve as a marker of the iron repletion needed for erythropoiesis.

Drug loading of mesoporous silicon particles

Porous silicon (PSi) is a promising material to be utilized in drug delivery formulations. The release rate of the drug compound can be controlled by changing the pore properties and surface chemistry of PSi. The loading of a poorly soluble drug into mesoporous silicon particles enhances its dissolution in the body. The drug loading is based on adsorption. The attainable maximum loaded amount depends on the properties of the drug compound and the PSi material, and on the process conditions. The loading solvent also essentially affects the adsorption process. The loading of indomethacin into PSi particles with varying surface modification was studied. Solvent mixtures were applied in the loading, and the loaded samples were analyzed with thermal analysis methods. The best degree of loading was obtained using a mixture of dichloromethane and methanol. The drug loads varied from 7.7 w-% to 26.8 w-%. A disturbing factor in the loading experiments was the tendency of indomethacin to form solvates with the solvents applied. In addition, the physical form and stability of indomethacin loaded in PSi and silica particles were studied using Raman spectroscopy. In the case of silica, the presence of crystalline drug as well as the polymorph form can be detected, but the method proved to be not applicable for PSi particles.

Characterisation of pigment particles by scanning electron microscope and image analysis programs

Coating and filler pigments have strong influence to the properties of the paper. Filler content can be even over 30 % and pigment content in coating is about 85-95 weight percent. The physical and chemical properties of the pigments are different and the knowledge of these properties is important for optimising of optical and printing properties of the paper. The size and shape of pigment particles can be measured by different analysers which can be based on sedimentation, laser diffraction, changes in electric field etc. In this master's thesis was researched particle properties especially by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and image analysis programs. Research included nine pigments with different particle size and shape. Pigments were analysed by two image analysis programs (INCA Feature and Poikki), Coulter LS230 (laser diffraction) and SediGraph 5100 (sedimentation). The results were compared to perceive the effect of particle shape to the performance of the analysers. Only image analysis programs gave parameters of the particle shape. One part of research was also the sample preparation for SEM. Individual particles should be separated and distinct in ideal sample. Analysing methods gave different results but results from image analysis programs corresponded even to sedimentation or to laser diffraction depending on the particle shape. Detailed analysis of the particle shape required high magnification in SEM, but measured parameters described very well the shape of the particles. Large particles (ecd~1 µm) could be used also in 3D-modelling which enabled the measurement of the thickness of the particles. Scanning electron microscope and image analysis programs were effective and multifunctional tools for particle analyses. Development and experience will devise the usability of analysing method in routine use.

Partículas nanométricas de ferritas de ítrio

Nanoparticles of yttrium iron garnet (YIG) were obtained by coprecipitation. The particles were prepared by hydrolysis in acid medium with addition of ammonia or urea, for homogeneous nucleation, at 90ºC. Different compositions and spherical morphologies were achieved by changing reactants concentrations and precipitation agent. X-ray diffractometry, transmission electron microscopy, differential thermal analysis and electrophoretic mobility were carried out on these particles to investigate the obtained phase, phase transition temperature, morphology, particle size and zeta potential, respectively.

Effect of adsorbed polyaniline on the thermal stability of iron and arsenic oxides

Iron and arsenic oxide grains are coated with the conducting organic polymer polyaniline. The obtained samples were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, SEM, conducting measurements and thermogravimetry. The thermal stability of both oxides are increased. For As2O3 the sublimation temperature is increased from 165ºC in the pure oxide to 206ºC in the polymer modified sample. The pure Fe3O4 sample exhibits sublimation at 780ºC whereas the polyaniline coated oxide is stable until at least 1000ºC.

Novel neutral iron(II) isocyanide maleonitrile dithiolate [Fe(S2C2(CN)2)(t-BuNC) 4] compound

FeBr2 reacts with the S2C2(CN)2(2-) ion (1:1 ratio) in the presence of an excess of t-BuNC in THF to give the mixed ligand [Fe(S2C2(CN)2)(t-BuNC) 4] compound. This neutral product with a formal oxidation state of two for the iron atom was characterized by conductivity measurements, and, i.r., Mössbauer, 13C and ¹H n.m.r. spectroscopy. There is a Fe-C pi back-donation strengthened towards isocyanide ligands, according to the data of 13C, ¹H n.m.r. and Mössbauer spectroscopy.

Morphological study of Sr2CeO4 blue phosphor with fine particles

Morphological and spectroscopic studies of Sr2CeO4 blue phosphor in the form of fine particles prepared from a powdered multi-component precursor, via a combustion method, are reported. Samples were also prepared through a solid-state reaction and from a polymeric precursor for comparison. Citric acid or glycine as fuels in the combustion method lead to a mixture which is heated at 950 ºC for 4 h, resulting in spheroidal particles with a diameter between 250-550 nm. Samples from the polymeric precursor result in spheroidal particles (350-550 nm) and from the solid-state reaction in irregular particles (~ 5 mum). Therefore, the combustion method is adequate for preparation of Sr2CeO4 in the form of spherical fine particles.

Coagulação/floculação de suspensões ricas em óxidos de ferro por sulfato de alumínio

The destabilization mechanism of suspensions of positively charged iron oxide particles by aluminum sulphate was investigated, aiming to evaluate the efficiency of the latter as a coagulant for natural surface waters from iron ore mining plants. Synthetic waters that simulate natural suspensions were used. The best coagulant dosage was found to be 100 mg/L at pH 4. The specific adsorption of hydrolysis products of aluminum salts on iron oxide particles and heterocoagulation processes involving differently charged substrates are proposed to explain the turbidity reduction of the suspensions.

Solid phase extraction of iron and lead in environmental matrices on amberlite xad-1180/pv

A solid phase extraction procedure using Amberlite XAD-1180/Pyrocatechol violet (PV) chelating resin for the determination of iron and lead ions in various environmental samples was established. The procedure is based on the sorption of lead(II) and iron(III) ions onto the resin at pH 9, followed by elution with 1 mol/L HNO3 and determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The influence of alkaline, earth alkaline and some transition metals, as interferents, are discussed. The recoveries for the spiked analytes were greater than 95%. The detection limits for lead and iron by FAAS were 0.37 µg/L and 0.20 µg/L, respectively. Validation of the method described here was performed by using three certified reference materials (SRM 1515 Apple Leaves, SRM 2711 Montana Soil and NRCC-SLRS-4 Riverine Water). The procedure was successfully applied to natural waters and human hair.

Triggering the generation of an iron(IV)-oxo compound and its reactivity toward sulfides by RuII photocatalysis

The preparation of [FeIV(O)(MePy2tacn)]2+ (2, MePy2tacn = N-methyl-N,N-bis(2-picolyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane) by reaction of [FeII(MePy2tacn)(solvent)]2+ (1) and PhIO in CH3CN and its full characterization are described. This compound can also be prepared photochemically from its iron(II) precursor by irradiation at 447 nm in the presence of catalytic amounts of [Ru II(bpy)3]2+ as photosensitizer and a sacrificial electron acceptor (Na2S2O8). Remarkably, the rate of the reaction of the photochemically prepared compound 2 toward sulfides increases 150-fold under irradiation, and 2 is partially regenerated after the sulfide has been consumed; hence, the process can be repeated several times. The origin of this rate enhancement has been established by studying the reaction of chemically generated compound 2 with sulfides under different conditions, which demonstrated that both light and [Ru II(bpy)3]2+ are necessary for the observed increase in the reaction rate. A combination of nanosecond time-resolved absorption spectroscopy with laser pulse excitation and other mechanistic studies has led to the conclusion that an electron transfer mechanism is the most plausible explanation for the observed rate enhancement. According to this mechanism, the in-situ-generated [RuIII(bpy)3] 3+ oxidizes the sulfide to form the corresponding radical cation, which is eventually oxidized by 2 to the corresponding sulfoxide

Iron oxide and pyrocatechol: a spectroscopy study of the reaction products

The reaction of 1,2-dihydroxy-benzene (pyrocatechol) (C6H6O2) with iron oxide (Fe2O3) and sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) in aqueous medium (pH 7) was investigated. Pyrocatechol suffers autoxidation and coordinates with Fe3+ in solution. The presence of S2O3(2-) in solution was fundamental to generate and stabilize the pyrocatechol oxidation products as o-semiquinones. This compound was isolated and its structure characterized using FT-IR, EPR and UV-Vis Spectroscopy as [CTA][Fe(SQ)2(Cat)]. A thermal mass loss mechanism was proposed based on Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG) to support the structural characterization.

Vivianite and siderite in lateritic iron crust: an example of bioreduction

Lateritic iron crust (LIC) samples from Padauari (AM) were analysed by XRD, optical microscopy and SEM-EDS. The equilibrium of iron minerals (IM) was studied using Eh-pH diagram. It was shown that the minerals of the LIC are goethite (alpha-FeOOH), vivianite [Fe3(PO4)2.8H2O] and siderite (FeCO3). Carbonate grains are a solid solution of FeCO3-MnCO3. The LIC presents textures and structures of dissolution of IM. The siderite and vivianite are stable from Eh =-0.3 to 0.0 V and pH=5.0-7.5. These results indicate that vivianite and siderite are products of bioreduction through biogenic dissolution of IM, the new conditions of ecosystems of the Amazon region.

Composição elementar do material particulado presente no aerossol atmosférico do município de Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais

The main objective of this study was the identification of sources generating particulate matter in the atmospheric aerosols of Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais. The measurement of the mineral composition was accomplished by X-ray diffractometry and the elemental concentration by neutron activation analysis. The results showed that Al, Cl, Cu, Fe, K, Mg and Na are the predominant chemical elements in the total suspended particles (TPS). The presence of Na, Ba, Cl, Cu, Eu, Fe and Sm in those particles with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 10 µm (PM10), indicates that soil dust and ceramic and pig iron industries are the main sources of air quality degradation in the region.