How effective are heuristic solutions for electricity planning in developing countries

Acknowledgement The first author would like to acknowledge the University of Aberdeen and the Henderson Economics Research Fund for funding his PhD studies in the period 2011-2014 which formed the basis for the research presented in this paper. The first author would also like to acknowledge the Macaulay Development Trust which funds his postdoctoral fellowship with The James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen, Scotland. The authors thank two anonymous referees for valuable comments and suggestions on earlier versions of this paper. All usual caveats apply

Perceived barriers towards healthy eating and their association with fruit and vegetable consumption

Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewer, staff at the Health Economics Research Unit and the Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health for helpful comments on the manuscript. Funding This work was supported by the Scottish Government Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services (RESAS) division.

High school classes: boy using sewing machine

Inscription: Verso: boy using sewing machine, home economics class, Thompson Jr. High School, Syosset, New York.

High school classes: boys making pizza

Inscription: Verso: boys making pizza, 7th grade home economics class, Thompson Jr. High School, Syosset, New York.

Rape: A timeline of reform

The recent report by Dame Elish Angiolini report (2/6/15) into rape investigation in The Metropolitan Police highlights the issues in modern day rape investigation and makes a list of recommendations(See Table 1) .The report states that ”Rape is one of the most serious but misunderstood crimes and presents investigators and prosecutors with unique challenges. In its variety and complexity rape often presents difficulties far in excess of those encountered in investigating other crimes, including homicide”. This reflects the authors experience as a detective managing detective units and investigating rape in London. The Home Office Research Study in 2005 saw rape as, ‘a unique crime, representing both a physical and psychological violation’. In 2010 Baroness Stern went further, observing, ‘It is unique in the way it strikes at the bodily integrity and self-respect of the complainant, in the demands it makes on those public authorities required to respond to it and in the controversy it generates’. This article will look at these recommendations and place them in the context of 40 years of changing policy towards rape investigation, legal changes and the change in the social milieu.

IKT i huslig ekonomi : En kvantitativ enkätstudie om faktorer som inverkar på ämneslärarnas IKT-användning i huslig ekonomi

Det ställs allt högre krav på att kunna hantera den allt mer digitaliserade vardagen. Elevens möjligheter att få utveckla sådana kunskaper, färdigheter och attityder som behövs för att kunna fungera som aktiva medborgare i samhället och i vardagen betonas i både Lagen om grundläggande utbildning och i Grunderna för läroplanen för den grundläggande utbildningen 2014. För att eleven ska kunna uppnå dessa mål ställs krav på att alla elever får utveckla digital kompetens inom den grundläggande utbildningen. Digital kompetens är uppräknad som en av EU-kommissionens åtta nyckelkompetenser för livslångt lärande. Digital kompetens, som i sin tur är uppbyggd av grundläggande IKT-färdigheter finns representerad i Glgu 2014 som en del av den mångsidiga kompetensen. Att eleven ska ges möjlighet att utveckla digital kompetens inom alla läroämnen ställer också krav på att läraren tillämpar IKT i undervisningen. I tidigare forskning har det däremot framkommit att det finns flera faktorer som inverkar på lärarnas IKT-användning. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka de faktorer som inverkar på ämneslärarnas IKT-användning i huslig ekonomi. Ett av husliga ekonomins uppdrag är att stödja elevernas förmåga att hantera vardagen och utveckla grundläggande färdigheter för att genomföra uppgifter i anslutning till hushållet. Med tanke på husliga ekonomins starka relation till samhället och läroämnets uppdrag finns ett starkt behov av att kartlägga faktorer som inverkar på lärarnas IKT-användning. Studien är en kvantitativ undersökning som i huvudsak grundar sig på statistisk hypotesprövning. I studien har totalt sju hypoteser formulerats för att undersöka samband mellan följande faktorers inverkan på ämneslärarnas IKT-användning i huslig ekonomi: digital kompetens, upplevt stöd, tillgång till IKT-infrastruktur och upplevd nytta med IKT. Dessa faktorer har i tidigare studier visat sig inverka på lärarnas användning av IKT. I studien finns också en deskriptiv målsättning att beskriva de faktorer som ingår i hypotesprövningen. Deskriptiv statistik framtas också för en variabel som på grund av bristande teoriunderlag och avsaknad av tidigare forskning inte ingår som en faktor i hypotesprövningen. Denna variabel utgörs av lärarnas upplevda nytta med IKT för elevens utveckling av de färdigheter, kunskaper och attityder i anslutning till de centrala innehållen i huslig ekonomi. Datamaterialet har samlats in via webbenkäter. Målpopulationen består av alla som undervisar huslig ekonomi i årskurserna 7–9 inom den grundläggande utbildningen i Finland. För att göra ett urval av målpopulationen tillämpades en kombination av slumpmässigt och icke-slumpmässiga urval. Själva enkätutskicket genomfördes i ett samarbete mellan Åbo Akademi och Helsingfors universitet. Det insamlade materialet har bearbetats och analyserats med statistikprogrammet SPSS. De uppställda hypoteserna testas med regressionsanalys. Den deskriptiva aspekten i studien syns i den beskrivande statistiken som presenteras med hjälp av frekvenser, procentandelar, lägesmått och centralmått. Resultaten från regressionsanalysen visar på positivt samband mellan lärarnas digitala kompetens och upplevd nytta samt mellan upplevd nytta och lärarnas IKT-användning. Regressionsanalysen visar också på ett signifikant samband mellan lärarnas digitala kompetens, IKT-infrastruktur och IKT-användning. Resultaten i den senare regressionsmodellen kan tolkas som att ju högre lärarna uppskattar sin digitala kompetens och ju bättre tillgång till IKT-infrastruktur desto oftare använder lärarna olika IKT-verktyg i undervisningen i huslig ekonomi. Inga signifikanta samband hittades mellan lärarnas upplevda stöd och IKT-användning. Enligt den deskriptiva statistiken upplever lärarna en stor brist på ämnesfortbildningar inom IKT. Lärarna upplever dessutom att det finns bristande tillgång till digitala verktyg. De övergripande resultaten pekar på att ämneslärarna i huslig ekonomi inte har tillräckligt goda förutsättningar för att tillämpa IKT på ett pedagogiskt ändamålsenligt sätt i undervisningen. Tyngdpunkten borde sättas på att trygga tillgången till IKT-infrastruktur, ge lärarna möjligheten att utveckla den digitala kompetensen och erbjuda ett större utbud av ämnesfortbildning inom IKT. Ett förslag på fortsatt forskning kunde vara att genomföra en större jämförelse mellan hur ämneslärare i olika läroämnen tillämpar IKT i undervisningen. En dylik jämförelse kunde ge en inblick i hur de olika läroämnena skulle kunna jobba för att IKT ska få en naturlig plats i undervisningen. Resultaten kunde eventuellt också gynna en helhetsskapande undervisning. En helhetsskapande undervisning kunde vidare lyfta upp husliga ekonomins roll för elevens utveckling av de färdigheter, kunskaper och attityder som behövs för ett livslångt lärande.

An Analysis of the Implementation and Perceived Effectiveness of the SchoolMAX Family Portal

ABSTRACT Title of Document: AN ANALYSIS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION AND PERCEIVED EFFECTIVENESS OF THE SCHOOLMAX FAMILY PORTAL Warren Wesley Watts, Doctor of Education, 2015 Directed By: Margaret J. McLaughlin, Ph.D. Department of Counseling, Higher Education and Special Education School districts have spent millions of dollars implementing student information systems that offer family portals with web-based access to parents and students. One of the main purposes of these systems is to improve school-to-home communication. Research has shown that when school-to-home communication is implemented effectively, parent involvement improves and student achievement increases (Epstein, 2001). The purpose of the study was to (a) understand why parents used or refrained from using the family portal and (b) determine what barriers to use might exist. To this end, this descriptive study identified the information parent users accessed in the SchoolMAX family portal, determined how frequently parents accessed the portal, and ascertained whether parents perceived an increase in communication with their children about academic matters after they began accessing the portal. Finally, the study sought to identify whether barriers existed that prevented parents from using the family portal. The inquiry employed three data sources to answer the aforementioned queries. These sources included (a) a survey sent electronically to 19,108 parents who registered online for the SchoolMAX family portal; (b) SchoolMAX portal usage data from the student information system for system usage between January 1, 2015 and June 30, 2015; and (c) a paper survey sent to 691 parents of students that had never used the SchoolMAX family portal in one elementary school, one middle school and one high school that were representative of other schools in the district. Survey results indicated that parents at all grade levels used the family portal. Usage data also confirmed that approximately 19% of the students had parents who monitored their progress through the family portal. Usage data also showed that parents were monitoring approximately 25% of students in secondary schools (6th – 12th grade) and 16% of students in elementary schools. Of the wide menu of resources available through the SchoolMAX family portal, parents used three areas most frequently: attendance, daily grades, and report cards. Approximately 70% of parents responded that their communication had improved with their children about academic matters since they started using the SchoolMAX family portal, and 90% of parents responded that the SchoolMAX family portal was an effective or somewhat effective tool. Parents also expressed interest in the addition of additional information to the SchoolMAX family portal. Specifically, the top three additions parents wanted to see included homework assignments, high stakes test scores, and graduation requirements. Parents also reported that 92% of them spoke to their children at least 2 to 3 times per week about academics. Due to the low response rate of the parent non-user survey, potential barriers to using the SchoolMAX family portal could not be addressed in this study. However, this issue may be a useful research topic in a future study. Keywords: school to home communication, student information systems, family portal, parent portal

Determinants Of Firm Terminal Value: The Perspective Of North American And European Financial Analysts

Company valuation models attempt to estimate the value of a company in two stages: (1) comprising of a period of explicit analysis and (2) based on unlimited production period of cash flows obtained through a mathematical approach of perpetuity, which is the terminal value. In general, these models, whether they belong to the Dividend Discount Model (DDM), the Discount Cash Flow (DCF), or RIM (Residual Income Models) group, discount one attribute (dividends, free cash flow, or results) to a given discount rate. This discount rate, obtained in most cases by the CAPM (Capital asset pricing model) or APT (Arbitrage pricing theory) allows including in the analysis the cost of invested capital based on the risk taking of the attributes. However, one cannot ignore that the second stage of valuation that is usually 53-80% of the company value (Berkman et al., 1998) and is loaded with uncertainties. In this context, particular attention is needed to estimate the value of this portion of the company, under penalty of the assessment producing a high level of error. Mindful of this concern, this study sought to collect the perception of European and North American financial analysts on the key features of the company that they believe contribute most to its value. For this feat, we used a survey with closed answers. From the analysis of 123 valid responses using factor analysis, the authors conclude that there is great importance attached (1) to the life expectancy of the company, (2) to liquidity and operating performance, (3) to innovation and ability to allocate resources to R&D, and (4) to management capacity and capital structure, in determining the value of a company or business in long term. These results contribute to our belief that we can formulate a model for valuating companies and businesses where the results to be obtained in the evaluations are as close as possible to those found in the stock market

Análisis de la relación entre la gestión del riesgo y la vulnerabilidad. Caso de estudio: Brisas del Volador, Ciudad Bolívar

Este estudio analiza la relación entre la gestión del riesgo y la vulnerabilidad en el barrio Brisas del Volador, ubicado en Ciudad Bolívar, Bogotá. Se explicó el cambio en el enfoque de estudio y manejo de los desastres a partir de la consolidación de términos relacionados a procesos sociales, como lo son la vulnerabilidad y el riesgo. Así mismo, se describieron los cambios que se han establecido en la forma de abordar el riesgo en Colombia, tanto a nivel nacional como distrital. La investigación reveló la forma como se ha generado la vulnerabilidad a partir de la intersección de distintos procesos en un asentamiento informal y como se materializan diferentes elementos para conformar la vulnerabilidad global. A partir de esto, se recopilaron las acciones implementadas en la zona de estudio desde la gestión del riesgo, se clasificaron en cada uno de los tres procesos: conocimiento, reducción o manejo del desastre y posteriormente se estudiaron. Con base en esto, se analizaron las medidas que tuvieron una incidencia en la reducción de la vulnerabilidad y los resultados que generaron.

Submission to House of Representatives Standing Committee on Economics Inquiry into Home Ownership

This paper empirically examines the effect of current tax policy on home ownership, specifically looking at how developer contributions impact house prices. Developer contributions are a commonly used mechanism for local governments to pay for new urban infrastructure. This research applies a hedonic house price model to 4,699 new and 25,053 existing house sales in Brisbane from 2005 to 2011. The findings of is research are consistent with international studies that support the proposition that developer contributions are over passed. This study has provided evidence that suggest developer contributions are over passed to both new and existing homes in the order of around 400%. These findings suggest that developer contributions are thus a significant contributor to increasing house prices, reduced housing supply and are thus an inefficient and inequitable tax. By testing this effect on both new and existing homes, this research provides evidence in support of the proposition that not only are developer contributions over passed to new home buyers but also to buyers of existing homes. Thus the price inflationary effect of these developer contributions are being felt by all home buyers across the community, resulting in increased mortgage repayments of close to $1,000 per month in Australia. This is the first study to empirically examine the impact of developer contributions on house prices in Australia. These results are important as they inform governments on the outcomes of current tax policy on home ownership, providing the first evidence of its kind in Australia. This is an important contribution to the tax reform agenda in Australia.

The conceptualisation, sensitivity and measurement of holding costs and other selected elements impacting housing affordability (Literature review and research methodology for confirmation of PhD candidature)

It is widely held that strong relationships exist between housing, economic status, and well being. This is exemplified by widespread housing stock surpluses in many countries which threaten to destabilise numerous aspects related to individuals and community. However, the position of housing demand and supply is not consistent. The Australian position provides a distinct contrast whereby seemingly inexorable housing demand generally remains a critical issue affecting the socio-economic landscape. Underpinned by high levels of immigration, and further buoyed by sustained historically low interest rates, increasing income levels, and increased government assistance for first home buyers, this strong housing demand ensures elements related to housing affordability continue to gain prominence. A significant, but less visible factor impacting housing affordability – particularly new housing development – relates to holding costs. These costs are in many ways “hidden” and cannot always be easily identified. Although it is only one contributor, the nature and extent of its impact requires elucidation. In its simplest form, it commences with a calculation of the interest or opportunity cost of land holding. However, there is significantly more complexity for major new developments - particularly greenfield property development. Preliminary analysis conducted by the author suggests that even small shifts in primary factors impacting holding costs can appreciably affect housing affordability – and notably, to a greater extent than commonly held. Even so, their importance and perceived high level impact can be gauged from the unprecedented level of attention policy makers have given them over recent years. This may be evidenced by the embedding of specific strategies to address burgeoning holding costs (and particularly those cost savings associated with streamlining regulatory assessment) within statutory instruments such as the Queensland Housing Affordability Strategy, and the South East Queensland Regional Plan. However, several key issues require investigation. Firstly, the computation and methodology behind the calculation of holding costs varies widely. In fact, it is not only variable, but in some instances completely ignored. Secondly, some ambiguity exists in terms of the inclusion of various elements of holding costs, thereby affecting the assessment of their relative contribution. Perhaps this may in part be explained by their nature: such costs are not always immediately apparent. Some forms of holding costs are not as visible as the more tangible cost items associated with greenfield development such as regulatory fees, government taxes, acquisition costs, selling fees, commissions and others. Holding costs are also more difficult to evaluate since for the most part they must be ultimately assessed over time in an ever-changing environment, based on their strong relationship with opportunity cost which is in turn dependant, inter alia, upon prevailing inflation and / or interest rates. By extending research in the general area of housing affordability, this thesis seeks to provide a more detailed investigation of those elements related to holding costs, and in so doing determine the size of their impact specifically on the end user. This will involve the development of soundly based economic and econometric models which seek to clarify the componentry impacts of holding costs. Ultimately, there are significant policy implications in relation to the framework used in Australian jurisdictions that promote, retain, or otherwise maximise, the opportunities for affordable housing.

Formal home health care, informal care, and family decision making

We use the 1993 wave of the Assets and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD) data set to estimate a game-theoretic model of families' decisions concerning the provision of informal and formal care for elderly individuals. The outcome is the Nash equilibrium where each family member jointly determines her consumption, transfers for formal care, and allocation of time to informal care, market work, and leisure. We use the estimates to decompose the effects of adult children's opportunity costs, quality of care, and caregiving burden on their propensities to provide informal care. We also simulate the effects of a broad range of policies of current interest. © (2009) by the Economics Department of the University of Pennsylvania and the Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association.