Redes sociales y dispositivos m??viles en la comunicaci??n de los estudiantes de educaci??n secundaria

Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

El Secuenciador de audio-midi: la "navaja suiza" de la didáctica de la música

El uso de la tecnología musical en el aula es fruto de múltiples investigaciones alrededor del mundo. El objetivo de este taller es mostrar las inmensas posibilidades didácticas de un tipo de software que no está inicialmente diseñado para la educación musical: el Secuenciador de Audio-MIDI. Un Secuenciador2 de Audio-MIDI es un tipo de software musical que puede grabar y gestionar información musical en, generalmente, dos soportes: el MIDI y el audio digital. El uso combinado de estas dos posibilidades más un interface gráfico altamente moldeable, hacen del Secuenciador una potente herramienta musical

Francisco Niebro : un poeta mirandés

Neste trabalho apresenta-se o estudo da obra Cula Torna Ampuosta Quienquiera Ara/Em cama feita qualquer um se ajeita, de Fracisco Niebro,bem como a sua contextualização e análise.

Movilización social de las mujeres para la construcción de la paz: la experiencia de la Ruta Pacífica de las Mujeres en Colombia

La violencia contra las mujeres en Colombia se presenta como un contínuum en sus vidas y no como hechos aislados que tienen por escenario los denominados espacios públicos y los espacios privados, la cual se exacerba en el marco de la violencia sociopolítica y el conflicto armado que vive Colombia desde hace más de seis décadas, la cual ha tenido como escenario sus cuerpos-territorios. Ciertamente los cuerpos de las mujeres en Colombia han sido leídos como premios para los guerreros de los distintos bandos, y se han utilizado como arma de guerra para agredir, debilitar al enemigo, y provocar terror dentro de las comunidades de tal manera que se generen desplazamientos masivos y así lograr el control de los distintos territorios. Si bien las últimas cifras dadas por el Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses indican que durante los años 2007 y 2008 se realizaron 41.475 informes periciales sexológicos, en los que el 84% de los casos las víctimas fueron mujeres, aún resulta imposible cuantificar el número de mujeres que han sido y son víctimas de alguna modalidad de violencia sexual en los casi sesenta años de conflicto armado, en especial por el altísimo subregistro que se presenta ante el miedo a las represalias, estigmatización y revictimización que deben enfrentar las mujeres al denunciar.

Restitución ¿realidad o ficción?. Balance de los derechos de las víctimas del despojo y del abandono forzado de tierras en Colombia

El trabajo “Restitución ¿realidad o ficción?, balance de los derechos de las víctimas del despojo y del abandono forzado de tierras en Colombia”, analiza el comportamiento del campo jurídico en donde tuvo lugar la aprobación de la ley 1448 de 2011, concentrándose en el componente de restitución de tierras de quienes han sido despojados y desplazados forzadamente, adicionalmente analiza el nivel de adecuación de las normas al contenido material de la constitución, y el peso específico de los distintos agentes en su aprobación, haciendo especial énfasis en el desempeño de las organizaciones de víctimas. Para el cumplimiento de este propósito en el primer capítulo se hace una descripción del campo jurídico de los derechos de las víctimas y en especial de restitución de tierras, antecedente necesario para comprender la configuración del campo durante la discusión y aprobación de la ley 1448 de 2011, evidenciando el capital jurídico existente con anterioridad a la discusión de la ley, así como las relaciones de fuerza y de poder presentes en el campo a través del análisis del capital, la illusio y en ocasiones el habitus de sus principales agentes. En el segundo capítulo se presentan los elementos estructurales de los discursos de los distintos agentes que actuaron en el campo jurídico durante la discusión de la ley 1448 de 2011, identificando sus enfoques, propuestas, así como las principales tensiones que se presentaron en el campo durante su discusión. Por último, se presenta una síntesis de los principales aspectos que fueron aprobados en la ley 1448 de 2011 en materia de restitución, analizando cuál fue el discurso que se impuso en el campo jurídico, quien acumuló capital jurídico, y la adecuación de las normas aprobadas a los estándares constitucionales en materia de reparación.

Problemática jurídico tributaria de la importación de ciertos productos calificados como medicamentos por la autoridad de salud y que son considerados como suplementos alimenticios por la autoridad aduanera en el Ecuador

El propósito de esta tesis es analizar la problemática jurídico tributaria generada por la importación al Ecuador de ciertos productos calificados como medicamentos por la autoridad de salud y que son considerados como suplementos alimenticios por la autoridad aduanera, dado que hasta la presente fecha y pese a existir varios pronunciamientos de distintas autoridades administrativas e incluso de la misma Corte Nacional de Justicia, ninguno de estos entes ha dado solución a la problemática planteada, siendo entonces necesario realizar este estudio y así determinar cuál es la entidad competente para definir si un producto es medicamento o suplemento alimenticio, y en consecuencia, cuál es la posición que deben asumir las demás entidades públicas en relación al ejercicio de la referida competencia. En este sentido, a lo largo de este trabajo analizaré tanto los aspectos constitucionales como tributarios de la importación de medicamentos al Ecuador, así como las facultades y competencias de las entidades públicas inmersas en procesos de importación de medicamentos. También tomaré en cuenta cada uno de los pronunciamientos emitidos por las distintas autoridades públicas en relación a la controversia planteada y analizaré las consecuencias de la determinación de un producto como medicamento o suplemento alimenticio. Finalmente, insistiré en ciertas consideraciones que permitan garantizar el ejercicio del derecho a la salud,acceso a medicamentos de calidad, seguros y eficaces y el derecho a la seguridad jurídica desde la perspectiva impositiva.

4-Hydroxynonenal, an endogenous aldehyde, causes pain and neurogenic inflammation through activation of the irritant receptor TRPA1

TRPA1 is an excitatory ion channel expressed by a subpopulation of primary afferent somatosensory neurons that contain substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide. Environmental irritants such as mustard oil, allicin, and acrolein activate TRPA1, causing acute pain, neuropeptide release, and neurogenic inflammation. Genetic studies indicate that TRPA1 is also activated downstream of one or more proalgesic agents that stimulate phospholipase C signaling pathways, thereby implicating this channel in peripheral mechanisms controlling pain hypersensitivity. However, it is not known whether tissue injury also produces endogenous proalgesic factors that activate TRPA1 directly to augment inflammatory pain. Here, we report that recombinant or native TRPA1 channels are activated by 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), an endogenous alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde that is produced when reactive oxygen species peroxidate membrane phospholipids in response to tissue injury, inflammation, and oxidative stress. HNE provokes release of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide from central (spinal cord) and peripheral (esophagus) nerve endings, resulting in neurogenic plasma protein extravasation in peripheral tissues. Moreover, injection of HNE into the rodent hind paw elicits pain-related behaviors that are inhibited by TRPA1 antagonists and absent in animals lacking functional TRPA1 channels. These findings demonstrate that HNE activates TRPA1 on nociceptive neurons to promote acute pain, neuropeptide release, and neurogenic inflammation. Our results also provide a mechanism-based rationale for developing novel analgesic or anti-inflammatory agents that target HNE production or TRPA1 activation.

Protease-activated receptor 2 sensitizes the transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 ion channel to cause mechanical hyperalgesia in mice

Exacerbated sensitivity to mechanical stimuli that are normally innocuous or mildly painful (mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia) occurs during inflammation and underlies painful diseases. Proteases that are generated during inflammation and disease cleave protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) on afferent nerves to cause mechanical hyperalgesia in the skin and intestine by unknown mechanisms. We hypothesized that PAR2-mediated mechanical hyperalgesia requires sensitization of the ion channel transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4). Immunoreactive TRPV4 was coexpressed by rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons with PAR2, substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), mediators of pain transmission. In PAR2-expressing cell lines that either naturally expressed TRPV4 (bronchial epithelial cells) or that were transfected to express TRPV4 (HEK cells), pretreatment with a PAR2 agonist enhanced Ca2+ and current responses to the TRPV4 agonists phorbol ester 4alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (4alphaPDD) and hypotonic solutions. PAR2-agonist similarly sensitized TRPV4 Ca2+ signals and currents in DRG neurons. Antagonists of phospholipase Cbeta and protein kinases A, C and D inhibited PAR2-induced sensitization of TRPV4 Ca2+ signals and currents. 4alphaPDD and hypotonic solutions stimulated SP and CGRP release from dorsal horn of rat spinal cord, and pretreatment with PAR2 agonist sensitized TRPV4-dependent peptide release. Intraplantar injection of PAR2 agonist caused mechanical hyperalgesia in mice and sensitized pain responses to the TRPV4 agonists 4alphaPDD and hypotonic solutions. Deletion of TRPV4 prevented PAR2 agonist-induced mechanical hyperalgesia and sensitization. This novel mechanism, by which PAR2 activates a second messenger to sensitize TRPV4-dependent release of nociceptive peptides and induce mechanical hyperalgesia, may underlie inflammatory hyperalgesia in diseases where proteases are activated and released.

Protease-activated receptor 2 sensitizes TRPV1 by protein kinase Cepsilon- and A-dependent mechanisms in rats and mice

Proteases that are released during inflammation and injury cleave protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) on primary afferent neurons to cause neurogenic inflammation and hyperalgesia. PAR2-induced thermal hyperalgesia depends on sensitization of transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1), which is gated by capsaicin, protons and noxious heat. However, the signalling mechanisms by which PAR2 sensitizes TRPV1 are not fully characterized. Using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy, we observed that PAR2 was colocalized with protein kinase (PK) Cepsilon and PKA in a subset of dorsal root ganglia neurons in rats, and that PAR2 agonists promoted translocation of PKCepsilon and PKA catalytic subunits from the cytosol to the plasma membrane of cultured neurons and HEK 293 cells. Subcellular fractionation and Western blotting confirmed this redistribution of kinases, which is indicative of activation. Although PAR2 couples to phospholipase Cbeta, leading to stimulation of PKC, we also observed that PAR2 agonists increased cAMP generation in neurons and HEK 293 cells, which would activate PKA. PAR2 agonists enhanced capsaicin-stimulated increases in [Ca2+]i and whole-cell currents in HEK 293 cells, indicating TRPV1 sensitization. The combined intraplantar injection of non-algesic doses of PAR2 agonist and capsaicin decreased the latency of paw withdrawal to radiant heat in mice, indicative of thermal hyperalgesia. Antagonists of PKCepsilon and PKA prevented sensitization of TRPV1 Ca2+ signals and currents in HEK 293 cells, and suppressed thermal hyperalgesia in mice. Thus, PAR2 activates PKCepsilon and PKA in sensory neurons, and thereby sensitizes TRPV1 to cause thermal hyperalgesia. These mechanisms may underlie inflammatory pain, where multiple proteases are generated and released.

Mechanisms of protease-activated receptor 2-evoked hyperexcitability of nociceptive neurons innervating the mouse colon

Agonists of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR(2)) evoke hyperexcitability of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons by unknown mechanisms. We examined the cellular mechanisms underlying PAR(2)-evoked hyperexcitability of mouse colonic DRG neurons to determine their potential role in pain syndromes such as visceral hyperalgesia. Colonic DRG neurons were identified by injecting Fast Blue and DiI retrograde tracers into the mouse colon. Using immunofluorescence, we found that DiI-labelled neurons contained PAR(2) immunoreactivity, confirming the presence of receptors on colonic neurons. Whole-cell current-clamp recordings of acutely dissociated neurons demonstrated that PAR(2) activation with a brief application (3 min) of PAR(2) agonists, SLIGRL-NH(2) and trypsin, evoked sustained depolarizations (up to 60 min) which were associated with increased input resistance and a marked reduction in rheobase (50% at 30 min). In voltage clamp, SLIGRL-NH(2) markedly suppressed delayed rectifier I(K) currents (55% at 10 min), but had no effect on the transient I(A) current or TTX-resistant Na(+) currents. In whole-cell current-clamp recordings, the sustained excitability evoked by PAR(2) activation was blocked by the PKC inhibitor, calphostin, and the ERK(1/2) inhibitor PD98059. Studies of ERK(1/2) phosphorylation using confocal microscopy demonstrated that SLIGRL-NH(2) increased levels of immunoreactive pERK(1/2) in DRG neurons, particularly in proximity to the plasma membrane. Thus, activation of PAR(2) receptors on colonic nociceptive neurons causes sustained hyperexcitability that is related, at least in part, to suppression of delayed rectifier I(K) currents. Both PKC and ERK(1/2) mediate the PAR(2)-induced hyperexcitability. These studies describe a novel mechanism of sensitization of colonic nociceptive neurons that may be implicated in conditions of visceral hyperalgesia such as irritable bowel syndrome.

Comunicação, Saúde e Pluralidade: novos olhares e abordagens em pauta

Propomos um passeio acadêmico por 11 textos de pesquisadores afinados com a temática Health Communication na versão brasileira, mostrando a riqueza de assuntos, metodologias e enfoques que os estudos dessa área permitem na academia. Trata-se de uma visão multidisciplinar, às vezes com a Comunicação no foco principal, por outras a Saúde no estetoscópio dos pesquisadores.

Avaliação de empresas da Internet : uma comparação entre uma empresa virtual e uma empresa nos moldes tradicionais

Trata das dificuldades de se avaliar uma empresa virtual com as tradicionais ferramentas de avaliação de empresas devido às suas características únicas . Compara o valor da Amazon books, a maior livraria atualmente na internet, com a Barnes and Nobles, maior revendedor de livros mundial, usando o método de fluxo de caixa descontado. Aborda algumas técnicas utilizadas para se avaliar uma empresa virtual

Análise paramétrica da simulação composicional do processo de Drenagem Gravitacional Assistida por Gás (GAGD)

In Brazil and around the world, oil companies are looking for, and expected development of new technologies and processes that can increase the oil recovery factor in mature reservoirs, in a simple and inexpensive way. So, the latest research has developed a new process called Gas Assisted Gravity Drainage (GAGD) which was classified as a gas injection IOR. The process, which is undergoing pilot testing in the field, is being extensively studied through physical scale models and core-floods laboratory, due to high oil recoveries in relation to other gas injection IOR. This process consists of injecting gas at the top of a reservoir through horizontal or vertical injector wells and displacing the oil, taking advantage of natural gravity segregation of fluids, to a horizontal producer well placed at the bottom of the reservoir. To study this process it was modeled a homogeneous reservoir and a model of multi-component fluid with characteristics similar to light oil Brazilian fields through a compositional simulator, to optimize the operational parameters. The model of the process was simulated in GEM (CMG, 2009.10). The operational parameters studied were the gas injection rate, the type of gas injection, the location of the injector and production well. We also studied the presence of water drive in the process. The results showed that the maximum vertical spacing between the two wells, caused the maximum recovery of oil in GAGD. Also, it was found that the largest flow injection, it obtained the largest recovery factors. This parameter controls the speed of the front of the gas injected and determined if the gravitational force dominates or not the process in the recovery of oil. Natural gas had better performance than CO2 and that the presence of aquifer in the reservoir was less influential in the process. In economic analysis found that by injecting natural gas is obtained more economically beneficial than CO2