Morfologia do exoesqueleto de adultos de Memphis moruus stheno (Pritwittz) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Charaxinae)

O presente trabalho visa fornecer subsídios para estudos morfológicos comparativos de Charaxinae neotropicais. Memphis moruus stheno (Prittwitz, 1865) é a segunda espécie neotropical de Anaeini e a primeira do gênero Memphis a ter sua morfologia detalhada. A morfologia externa é apresentada com descrições, ilustrações e imagens de microscopia eletrônica de varredura de estruturas da cabeça e apêndices cefálicos, região cervical, tórax e apêndices torácicos, abdome e genitálias masculina e feminina. A morfologia de M. moruus stheno é comparada com uma espécie do gênero proximamente relacionado Zaretis Hübner, [1819].

Automatic classification of MR scans in Alzheimer's disease.

To be diagnostically useful, structural MRI must reliably distinguish Alzheimer's disease (AD) from normal aging in individual scans. Recent advances in statistical learning theory have led to the application of support vector machines to MRI for detection of a variety of disease states. The aims of this study were to assess how successfully support vector machines assigned individual diagnoses and to determine whether data-sets combined from multiple scanners and different centres could be used to obtain effective classification of scans. We used linear support vector machines to classify the grey matter segment of T1-weighted MR scans from pathologically proven AD patients and cognitively normal elderly individuals obtained from two centres with different scanning equipment. Because the clinical diagnosis of mild AD is difficult we also tested the ability of support vector machines to differentiate control scans from patients without post-mortem confirmation. Finally we sought to use these methods to differentiate scans between patients suffering from AD from those with frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Up to 96% of pathologically verified AD patients were correctly classified using whole brain images. Data from different centres were successfully combined achieving comparable results from the separate analyses. Importantly, data from one centre could be used to train a support vector machine to accurately differentiate AD and normal ageing scans obtained from another centre with different subjects and different scanner equipment. Patients with mild, clinically probable AD and age/sex matched controls were correctly separated in 89% of cases which is compatible with published diagnosis rates in the best clinical centres. This method correctly assigned 89% of patients with post-mortem confirmed diagnosis of either AD or frontotemporal lobar degeneration to their respective group. Our study leads to three conclusions: Firstly, support vector machines successfully separate patients with AD from healthy aging subjects. Secondly, they perform well in the differential diagnosis of two different forms of dementia. Thirdly, the method is robust and can be generalized across different centres. This suggests an important role for computer based diagnostic image analysis for clinical practice.

Abundancia masiva y crecimiento de pre-adultos de la concha de abanico peruana (Argopecten purpuratus) en la zona de Pisco bajo condiciones de El niño 1983

Una abundancia masiva de pre-adultos de la concha de abanico se observó en la zona de Pisco a fines de abril de 1983, dando lugar a un considerable aumento de su explotación en los meses siguientes. Para conocer el tiempo que esta especie necesita para reclutarse a la pesquería, el crecimiento de pre-adultos muy pequeños (promedio de 8,2 mm) fue observado en una bandeja de fondo durante las estaciones de otoño e invierno en 1983. Después de 110 días, las conchas alcanzaron el tamaño mínimo permitido (55 mm) indicando un crecimiento muy rápido en comparación a otros pectínidos.

Maladie d'Alzheimer: de la pathogénie aux perspectives cliniques [Alzheimer disease: from pathogenetic issues to clinical perspectives].

The aim of this article is a critical review of the main pathogenetic issues debated in Alzheimer disease, with a focus on the clinical perspectives that could derive from. The pertinence of the amyloid cascade hypothesis as a unique and causal explanation of cognitive deterioration is challenged in the light of recent therapeutic failures of clinical trials and increasing role of tau protein in clinical expression. The detection of very early and possibly preclinical stages of the disease emerges as a necessary condition for the efficacy of future amyloid or tau-oriented curative strategies. In this respect, the possibility of finding individual vulnerability markers--in the group of patients with "mild cognitive impairment" or even in cognitively intact subjects--represents a major challenge of the clinical research in this field.

Structural covariance of superficial white matter in mild Alzheimer's disease compared to normal aging.

INTRODUCTION: Interindividual variations in regional structural properties covary across the brain, thus forming networks that change as a result of aging and accompanying neurological conditions. The alterations of superficial white matter (SWM) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are of special interest, since they follow the AD-specific pattern characterized by the strongest neurodegeneration of the medial temporal lobe and association cortices. METHODS: Here, we present an SWM network analysis in comparison with SWM topography based on the myelin content quantified with magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) for 39 areas in each hemisphere in 15 AD patients and 15 controls. The networks are represented by graphs, in which nodes correspond to the areas, and edges denote statistical associations between them. RESULTS: In both groups, the networks were characterized by asymmetrically distributed edges (predominantly in the left hemisphere). The AD-related differences were also leftward. The edges lost due to AD tended to connect nodes in the temporal lobe to other lobes or nodes within or between the latter lobes. The newly gained edges were mostly confined to the temporal and paralimbic regions, which manifest demyelination of SWM already in mild AD. CONCLUSION: This pattern suggests that the AD pathological process coordinates SWM demyelination in the temporal and paralimbic regions, but not elsewhere. A comparison of the MTR maps with MTR-based networks shows that although, in general, the changes in network architecture in AD recapitulate the topography of (de)myelination, some aspects of structural covariance (including the interhemispheric asymmetry of networks) have no immediate reflection in the myelination pattern.

Perfil do Animador de Educação Básica de Adultos em Cabo Verde O Caso do Município da Praia

A educação é um processo de construção pessoal e social, objectivando o desenvolvimento integral do ser humano em todas as suas dimensões e ao longo de toda a vida. Hoje, é largamente aceite que o desenvolvimento da educação constitui a premissa fundamental para o sucesso de qualquer política de desenvolvimento. A partir do momento, em que Jacques Delors deu a conhecer a UNESCO o seu relatório denominado “A educação um tesouro a descobrir” (1996), poucas dúvidas ficaram sobre a relação entre o desenvolvimento socio-económico e a educação. No momento, em que a sociedade cabo-verdiana está empenhada num esforço conjunto para reduzir a pobreza, pode-se reiterar que a educação é o tesouro pelo qual devemos apoiar para trilhar o caminho certo para o desenvolvimento. Com efeito, o desenvolvimento do seu capital humano constitui a principal via no sentido de impulsionar as mudanças sociais e individuais necessárias para responder aos níveis de produtividade e competitividade exigidos para enfrentar os mercados externos. Tendo em conta estes pressupostos a aposta na educação básica de adultos (EBA) representa mais uma oportunidade de se poder descobrir este tesouro oculto da educação e colocá-la ao serviço da melhoria da condição de vida para todos. Para tal, defende Paulo Freire (1979: 72) que “a alfabetização não pode se fazer de cima para baixo, nem de fora para dentro, como uma doação ou uma exposição, mas de dentro para fora pelo próprio analfabeto, somente ajustado pelo educador.” Com efeito, a EBA em Cabo Verde tem sido uma preocupação desde a independência. Com a reforma de ensino, uma nova estratégia foi traçada para este sector. As mudanças de índole político verificadas no país, bem como a nova conjuntura internacional apontavam para uma política de educação permanente e contínua de adultos, visando uma maior funcionalidade e uma maior integração dos mesmos na sociedade e que evitasse a exclusão. Assim mudanças quer a nível programático quer a nível didáctico-pedagógico foram introduzidas legitimando e fundamentando o ensino formal e de educação de adultos, como um dos sustentáculos do desenvolvimento educativo, social, e cultural das populações. Ora isso, por sua vez trouxe novas filosofias, novas abordagens, para a EBA, visto que, o seu público-alvo são os jovens e adultos (na faixa etária dos 15 aos 35 anos) que não tenham ainda feito a escolaridade básica obrigatória.

Parámetros reproductivos de adultos de anchoveta peruana a finales del invierno 2005

Se presentan los resultados del estudio sobre valores de la frecuencia de desove (0,088), fecundidad parcial (7,699), proporción sexual (0,51) y peso promedio de hembras (15,2 g) de la anchoveta Engraulis ringens.

Los profesionales de la salud ante la comunicación de final de vida en pacientes con enfermedad avanzada e incurable . La conspiración de silencio

La conspiración de silencio (CdS) es un fenómeno universal que hace referencia a un acuerdo tácito entre profesionales y familiares/cuidadores para ocultar información al paciente, relacionada con su situación clínica, sin considerar las necesidades de información del mismo. En circunstancias de enfermedad terminal, la ocultación del diagnóstico, pronóstico u objetivo de tratamiento no sólo tiene implicaciones éticas, sino que influye en la práctica asistencial. Las consecuencias de la CdS se producen tanto en el paciente, como en la familia, en los profesionales y en el propio sistema sanitario, siendo la barrera comunicativa que se establece, una de las mayores repercusiones negativas que afecta a todos los individuos implicados. La CdS impide al paciente la preparación para su próxima muerte. Los profesionales ante estas circunstancias, no pueden ofrecer cuidados óptimos debido a la imposibilidad de explorar aspectos emocionales en el paciente relacionados con la cercanía de la muerte. Estos aspectos adquieren una importancia esencial en cuidados de final de vida donde la comunicación efectiva es el vehículo primordial. La cantidad y calidad de información que reciben los pacientes está determinada por aspectos sociales, personales, psicológicos y culturales donde los profesionales de la salud son los principales implicados como parte integrante del proceso informativo. Es necesario hacer un análisis de los factores que precipitan la CdS, sus posibles repercusiones y los beneficios potenciales que conlleva la transmisión de malas noticias para lograr una comprensión del fenómeno. Es indudable que los médicos y enfermeras, a través de sus actitudes, pueden influir en la aparición o mantenimiento de este fenómeno, y que un buen conocimiento del mismo puede contribuir a su futuro manejo. Dada la importancia del tema en la práctica clínica, el presente estudio pretende clarificar el fenómeno y analizar las actitudes de los profesionales de la salud ante la CdS. El explorarlo es una tarea compleja ocasionada por la ausencia de instrumentos válidos y fiables para su cuantificación y análisis. Por este motivo uno de los objetivos centrales de este estudio es la elaboración de una escala que permita evaluar las actitudes de los profesionales ante la CdS en pacientes paliativos.

Hospital de día de enfermedades respiratorias: Impacto sobre la tasa de ingresos hospitalarios por exacerbaciones de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica.

Las exacerbaciones de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EA-EPOC) constituyen una de las principales causas de hospitalización y de asistencia a los Servicios de Urgencias, lo cual les confiere ser las responsables de una gran carga sobre el sistema sanitario. En nuestro estudio hemos evaluado el impacto de un modo asistencial alternativo (los hospitales de día de enfermedades respiratorias -HDER-) sobre la tasa de ingresos durante las EA-EPOC. Los resultados muestran que la atención en los HDER puede disminuir el número de ingresos en comparación con los Servicios de Urgencias a partir de un modelo de atención continuada y multidimensional.

Utilización didáctica de la prensa del corazón en la etapa instrumental de la formación básica de adultos

La investigación que se presenta en este trabajo se asienta en una experiencia didáctica llevada a cabo durante los cursos escolares 1993/94 y 1994/95, como profesor del Aula Municipal de Adultos de Pallejà (comarca del Baix Llobregat). El origen de la investigación fue mi interés, como profesional de la educación, por valorar la utilidad de los medios de comunicación escritos como instrumento didáctico en la formación de adultos.El objetivo de esta investigación es comprobar que la utilización de la prensa del corazón permitela consolidación del aprendizaje de la lectoescritura,en sí misma y como articuladora de los contenidos propios de otras áreas de conocimiento permitiendo alcanzar uan serie de objetivos(unión entre contenidos reglados y "cultura para la vida", desarrollo de capacidades intelectuales, hábito de discusión y trabajo en grupo) El resultado de la investigación han permitido constatar que las revistas del corazón son un material didáctico de valiosísimo uso en la educación de adultos

Genetic manipulation of adult-born hippocampal neurons rescues memory in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

In adult mammals, neural progenitors located in the dentate gyrus retain their ability to generate neurons and glia throughout lifetime. In rodents, increased production of new granule neurons is associated with improved memory capacities, while decreased hippocampal neurogenesis results in impaired memory performance in several memory tasks. In mouse models of Alzheimer's disease, neurogenesis is impaired and the granule neurons that are generated fail to integrate existing networks. Thus, enhancing neurogenesis should improve functional plasticity in the hippocampus and restore cognitive deficits in these mice. Here, we performed a screen of transcription factors that could potentially enhance adult hippocampal neurogenesis. We identified Neurod1 as a robust neuronal determinant with the capability to direct hippocampal progenitors towards an exclusive granule neuron fate. Importantly, Neurod1 also accelerated neuronal maturation and functional integration of new neurons during the period of their maturation when they contribute to memory processes. When tested in an APPxPS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, directed expression of Neurod1 in cycling hippocampal progenitors conspicuously reduced dendritic spine density deficits on new hippocampal neurons, to the same level as that observed in healthy age-matched control animals. Remarkably, this population of highly connected new neurons was sufficient to restore spatial memory in these diseased mice. Collectively our findings demonstrate that endogenous neural stem cells of the diseased brain can be manipulated to become new neurons that could allow cognitive improvement.

Microvascular burden and Alzheimer-type lesions across the age spectrum.

The occurrence of microvascular and small macrovascular lesions and Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related pathology in the aging human brain is a well-described phenomenon. Although there is a wide consensus about the relationship between macroscopic vascular lesions and incident dementia, the cognitive consequences of the progressive accumulation of these small vascular lesions in the human brain are still a matter of debate. Among the vast group of small vessel-related forms of ischemic brain injuries, the present review discusses the cognitive impact of cortical microinfarcts, subcortical gray matter and deep white matter lacunes, periventricular and diffuse white matter demyelinations, and focal or diffuse gliosis in old age. A special focus will be on the sub-types of microvascular lesions not detected by currently available neuroimaging studies in routine clinical settings. After providing a critical overview of in vivo data on white matter demyelinations and lacunes, we summarize the clinicopathological studies performed by our center in large cohorts of individuals with microvascular lesions and concomitant AD-related pathology across two age ranges (the younger old, 65-85 years old, versus the oldest old, nonagenarians and centenarians). In conjunction with other autopsy datasets, these observations fully support the idea that cortical microinfarcts are the only consistent determinant of cognitive decline across the entire spectrum from pure vascular cases to cases with combined vascular and AD lesion burden.

The role of the ubiquitin proteasome system in Alzheimer's disease.

Today, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most important age-related neurodegenerative diseases, but its etiology remains still unknown. Since the discovery that the hallmark structures of this disease i.e. the formation of amyloid fibers could be the product of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation defects, it has become clear that the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), usually essential for protein repair, turnover and degradation, is perturbed in this disease. Different aspects of normal and pathological aging are discussed with respect to protein repair and degradation via the UPS, as well as consequences of a deficit in the UPS in AD. Selective protein oxidation may cause protein damage, or protein mutations may induce a dysfunction of the proteasome. Such events eventually lead to activation of cell death pathways and to an aberrant aggregation or incorporation of ubiquitinated proteins into hallmark structures. Aggresome formation is also observed in other neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting that an activation of similar mechanisms must occur in neurodegeneration as a basic phenomenon. It is essential to discuss therapeutic ways to investigate the UPS dysfunction in the human brain and to identify specific targets to hold or stop cell decay.