Erreur sur la personne? Considérations liminaires pour une étude des écrits personnels en Suisse romande au XVIIIe siècle

The current tendency tu study personal testimonials of all kinds is useful when doing research into the period of Enlightenment in Europe. The prolific production of such documents in 18th-century Switzerland offers the opportunity to ask whether there was a specifically Swiss form of Enlightenment. The answer in undoubtedly complex. One must first look into received ideas that would permit establishing a coherent link between the prevailing intellectual atmospere in Switzerland and personal writings. Secondly, the originality of these abundant writings is not the primary concern. It is more important to try to understand the relationship between the historical implications of these writings and the conception of the human person that is conveyed therein. In studying the testimonials, the challenge lies in determining the contextual situation of the first person narrator - a rhetorical device that typifies the genre.

« Second tome doppendant des privilèges de l'impériale cité de Besançon, ouquel sont contenues plusieurs choses mémorables, tant des riéregestes de ladicte cité que d'aulcungs empereurs et aultres personnages illustres et magnanimes, le tout prins et extraict de plusieurs moult anciens et rares exemplaires ; aussi sur la fin a esté adjouxté ung discours de l'origine et meschant vie de l'abominable séducteur Machomet ».

Ex-libris gravé de Caumartin à l'intérieur de la couverture.

Effets du cannabis oral et du dronabinol sur la capacité à conduire [Effects of oral cannabis and dronabinol on driving capacity]

Two retrospective epidemiologic studies have shown that cannabis is the main psychoactive substance detected in the blood of drivers suspected of driving under the influence of psychotropic drugs. An oral administration double-blind crossover study was carried out with eight healthy male subjects, aged 22 to 30 years, all occasional cannabis smokers. Three treatments and one placebo were administered to all participants at a two week interval: 20 mg dronabinol, 16.5 mg D9-tétrahydrocannabinol (THC) and 45.7 mg THC as a cannabis milk decoction. Participants were asked to report the subjective drug effects and their willingness to drive under various circumstances on a visual analog scale. Clinical observations, a psychomotor test and a tracking test on a driving simulator were also carried out. Compared to cannabis smoking, THC, 11-OH-THC and THC-COOH blood concentrations remained low through the whole study (<13.1 ng THC/mL,<24.7 ng 11-OH-THC/mL and<99.9 ng THC-COOH/mL). Two subjects experienced deep anxiety symptoms suggesting that this unwanted side-effect may occur when driving under the influence of cannabis or when driving and smoking a joint. No clear association could be found between these adverse reactions and a susceptibility gene to propensity to anxiety and psychotic symptoms (genetic polymorphism of the catechol-O-methyltransferase). The questionnaires have shown that the willingness to drive was lower when the drivers were assigned an insignificant task and was higher when the mission was of crucial importance. The subjects were aware of the effects of cannabis and their performances on the road sign and tracking test were greatly impaired, especially after ingestion of the strongest dose. The Cannabis Influence Factor (CIF) which relies on the molar ratio of active and inactive cannabinoids in blood provided a good estimate of the fitness to drive.

La dénutrition chez l'enfant polyhandicapé : prévalence et impact sur la qualité de vie

Objectif: évaluer la prévalence de la dénutrition dans une population de 72 enfants polyhandicapés et explorer son lien avec la qualité de vie. Méthode: le poids, la taille, la longueur du cubitus et du tibia, ainsi que le pli cutané tricipital de 72 enfants polyhandicapés ont été mesurés. L'état nutritionnel était déterminé selon le percentile du pli tricipital et les z-scores du poids par rapport à la taille et de la taille par rapport à l'âge. La qualité de vie (QdV) était évaluée à l'aide du questionnaire QUALIN. Résultats: vingt-cinq (34.7%) enfants étaient dénutris et sept (9.7%) étaient obèses. Parmi les enfants dénutris, seulement huit (32%) recevaient une alimentation enrichie et deux (8%) étaient équipés d'une gastrostomie, dont un était encore au bénéfice d'un programme de renutrition. Lors de l'analyse multivariée, la dénutrition était l'un des facteurs prédictifs d'une moins bonne qualité de vie. Conclusion: cette étude a permis de confirmer que la dénutrition reste fréquente chez les enfants polyhandicapés. Les professionnels amenés à s'occuper de ces enfants devraient être formés à évaluer systématiquement leur état nutritionnel afin de mettre en place une prise en charge lorsque nécessaire.

Modification de la composition des cigarettes durant te XXe siècle: rôle de l'industrie du tabac et effet sur la dépendance tabagique [Chemicals added to cigarettes and their effects on tobacco dependence]

This paper summarizes data on the factors involved in addiction and dependence to cigarettes. Nicotine has been intensively studied by the tobacco industry, for instance for its addictive effect at the lowest possible rates. The addition of diammonium phosphate and urea produces an alcalinization of the pH of cigarette smoke, and promotes the absorption and the trans-membrane passage of nicotine. The taste, the smell of smoke, and the visual aspect of the pack of cigarettes are also sensory components that promote addiction. Finally, menthol, sugar, cocoa and liquorice added to cigarettes also play a role in dependence and addiction to cigarettes by, for instance, making an anesthetic effect on the airways.