Identificación de errores cometidos en el proceso de despliegue de la política: caso Megaexpress S.A.S y Merca express LTDA.

La presente investigación evalúo errores gerenciales en Megaexpress S.A.S. y Merca Express Ltda., empresas catalogadas en el grupo de micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas (mipymes) en Bogotá, Colombia; pertenecientes al sector de consumo masivo, la primera en venta al detalle o retail y la segunda en distribución a mayoristas. La investigación partió del interés de los investigadores por conocer sobre la relación entre la academia y el sector real y en cómo la academia ayuda a los gerentes a mejorar sus prácticas en la toma de decisiones al momento de enfrentar la realidad empresarial. El estudio de errores gerenciales inicio en el análisis de teoría administrativa sobre el tema abordado por los diferentes autores que conforman el marco referencial en cuanto a cuáles eran los errores en los que incurrían los gerentes y su solución o mejora. Los investigadores utilizaron la herramienta, matriz de convergencias y divergencias, para dicho análisis y de la que se desprende la encuesta, instrumento de investigación, aplicada a gerentes y jefes con personal a cargo de Megaexpress S.A.S. y Mercaexpress Ltda., con el fin de corroborar en que errores incurrían las empresas y llegar a dar recomendaciones para mejorar sus procesos en la toma de decisiones y así contribuir a la perdurabilidad de las empresas.

Errores gerenciales en empresas multinacionales del sector farmacéutico en Colombia

La presente investigación brinda una explicación, a partir de una metodología basándose en aportes de la administración, a la longevidad de las empresas nacionales y multinacionales en Colombia, partiendo de un análisis de los errores gerenciales que las llevan a la quiebra o al no cumplimiento de los objetivos organizacionales a partir de analizar en diferentes situaciones el comportamiento de sus gerentes y/o dirigentes. Actualmente en Colombia existen 1’683.079 empresas clasificadas de la siguiente manera: 1’609.015 microempresas, 62.274 pequeñas empresas, 10.098 medianas empresas y 1.683 grandes empresas y alrededor de 700 multinacionales.

Identification of Putative Wintering Areas and Ecological Determinants of Population Dynamics of Common House-Martin (Delichon urbicum) and Common Swift (Apus apus) Breeding in Northern Italy

To identify the causes of population decline in migratory birds, researchers must determine the relative influence of environmental changes on population dynamics while the birds are on breeding grounds, wintering grounds, and en route between the two. This is problematic when the wintering areas of specific populations are unknown. Here, we first identified the putative wintering areas of Common House-Martin (Delichon urbicum) and Common Swift (Apus apus) populations breeding in northern Italy as those areas, within the wintering ranges of these species, where the winter Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), which may affect winter survival, best predicted annual variation in population indices observed in the breeding grounds in 1992–2009. In these analyses, we controlled for the potentially confounding effects of rainfall in the breeding grounds during the previous year, which may affect reproductive success; the North Atlantic Oscillation Index (NAO), which may account for climatic conditions faced by birds during migration; and the linear and squared term of year, which account for nonlinear population trends. The areas thus identified ranged from Guinea to Nigeria for the Common House-Martin, and were located in southern Ghana for the Common Swift. We then regressed annual population indices on mean NDVI values in the putative wintering areas and on the other variables, and used Bayesian model averaging (BMA) and hierarchical partitioning (HP) of variance to assess their relative contribution to population dynamics. We re-ran all the analyses using NDVI values at different spatial scales, and consistently found that our population of Common House-Martin was primarily affected by spring rainfall (43%–47.7% explained variance) and NDVI (24%–26.9%), while the Common Swift population was primarily affected by the NDVI (22.7%–34.8%). Although these results must be further validated, currently they are the only hypotheses about the wintering grounds of the Italian populations of these species, as no Common House-Martin and Common Swift ringed in Italy have been recovered in their wintering ranges.

Terrestrial carnivores and human food production: impact and management

1. The production of food for human consumption has led to an historical and global conflict with terrestrial carnivores, which in turn has resulted in the extinction or extirpation of many species, although some have benefited. At present, carnivores affect food production by: (i) killing human producers; killing and/or eating (ii) fish/shellfish; (iii) game/wildfowl; (iv) livestock; (v) damaging crops; (vi) transmitting diseases; and (vii) through trophic interactions with other species in agricultural landscapes. Conversely, carnivores can themselves be a source of dietary protein (bushmeat). 2. Globally, the major areas of conflict are predation on livestock and the transmission of rabies. At a broad scale, livestock predation is a customary problem where predators are present and has been quantified for a broad range of carnivore species, although the veracity of these estimates is equivocal. Typically, but not always, losses are small relative to the numbers held, but can be a significant proportion of total livestock mortality. Losses experienced by producers are often highly variable, indicating that factors such as husbandry practices and predator behaviour may significantly affect the relative vulnerability of properties in the wider landscape. Within livestock herds, juvenile animals are particularly vulnerable. 3. Proactive and reactive culling are widely practised as a means to limit predation on livestock and game. Historic changes in species' distributions and abundance illustrate that culling programmes can be very effective at reducing predator density, although such substantive impacts are generally considered undesirable for native predators. However, despite their prevalence, the effectiveness, efficiency and the benefit:cost ratio of culling programmes have been poorly studied. 4. A wide range of non-lethal methods to limit predation has been studied. However, many of these have their practical limitations and are unlikely to be widely applicable. 5. Lethal approaches are likely to dominate the management of terrestrial carnivores for the foreseeable future, but animal welfare considerations are increasingly likely to influence management strategies. The adoption of non-lethal approaches will depend upon proof of their effectiveness and the willingness of stakeholders to implement them, and, in some cases, appropriate licensing and legislation. 6. Overall, it is apparent that we still understand relatively little about the importance of factors affecting predation on livestock and how to manage this conflict effectively. We consider the following avenues of research to be essential: (i) quantified assessments of the loss of viable livestock; (ii) landscape-level studies of contiguous properties to quantify losses associated with variables such as different husbandry practices; (iii) replicated experimental manipulations to identify the relative benefit of particular management practices, incorporating (iv) techniques to identify individual predators killing stock; and (v) economic analyses of different management approaches to quantify optimal production strategies.

Human resource allocation management in multiple projects using sociometric techniques

This article describes a new application of key psychological concepts in the area of Sociometry for the selection of workers within organizations in which projects are developed. The project manager can use a new procedure to determine which individuals should be chosen from a given pool of resources and how to combine them into one or several simultaneous groups/projects in order to assure the highest possible overall work efficiency from the standpoint of social interaction. The optimization process was carried out by means of matrix calculations performed using a computer or even manually, and based on a number of new ratios generated ad-hoc and composed on the basis of indices frequently used in Sociometry.

Tomada de decisão por gênero: um olhar sobre homens e mulheres em posição de alta gestão

A tomada de decisão estratégica é um tema utilizado ao longo dos anos para auxiliar homens e mulheres, principalmente nas organizações, a pensarem de forma estruturada sobre como decidir e quais raciocínios adotarem nestes momentos. Com o ingresso da mulher no mercado de trabalho, a teoria de tomada de decisão se expandiu para analisar não apenas os processos de tomada de decisão em si, mas também comportamentos utilizados por homens e mulheres nestes momentos. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi investigar o que as teorias de tomada de decisão por gênero mencionam e verificar se estas teorias se relacionam com a realidade de homens e mulheres que se encontram em posições de gerência e diretoria e, com base nisto, confrontar se estas teorias se confirmam quando homens e mulheres se encontram em posições de alta gestão. Além disto, buscou-se investigar também se a teoria sobre empowerment possui alguma relação com as teorias de tomada de tomada de decisão por gênero, bem como se o nível de empowerment entregue para gerentes e diretores nas organizações influencia as características de tomada de decisão utilizadas por estes homens e mulheres. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa semiestruturada com vinte e quatro profissionais em posições de gerência e diretoria, de empresas localizadas no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Como resultado, a pesquisa concluiu que a maneira como homens e mulheres tomam decisões estratégicas nas organizações não têm relação direta com as teorias de tomada de decisão por gênero quando estes se encontram em posições de gerência e diretoria, todavia, a maneira como homens e mulheres de alta gestão decidem possui uma relação íntima com o nível de empowerment que os mesmos possuem dentro das empresas que atuam.

Interação entre professora e alunos em salas de aula com proposta pedagógica de educação inclusiva

Correntes teóricas presentes na literatura científica têm demonstrado a importância das relações interpessoais para o processo de construção do conhecimento. É no contexto da interação professor e aluno que se configura a relação entre as necessidades educacionais dos alunos e as respostas pedagógicas a elas disponibilizadas, o que envolve o domínio do conhecimento pelo professor, sua capacitação técnico-científica, a competência de ensinar pesquisando, as características sócio-culturais e o perfil psicológico dos atores sociais envolvidos- professor e aluno. Buscando melhor compreender este universo, elaborou-se este estudo que teve como objetivo descrever as interações ocorridas entre uma professora, e seus alunos, em classes em que se propunha adotar uma prática pedagógica inclusiva. Os dados foram coletados em 2 salas de aula, em escola estadual de Ensino Fundamental, no município de Bauru. O processo de coleta de dados se deu através do registro da realidade de sala de aula em vídeo tape. Optou-se por este método, por permitir a recuperação posterior dos dados. A coleta se deu no transcorrer do 1º semestre do ano letivo de 2001. A análise fundamentou-se em sistema prévio de categorias, e tratou os dados quantitativa e qualitativamente. Os resultados demonstraram peculiaridades e diferenças nas interações da professora com os seus alunos, em função da presença ou ausência da deficiência. Indicaram, também, que a interação vem demonstrando avanços na prática educacional, no que diz respeito à atenção pedagógica, da professora, ao aluno com deficiência.

Caracterização de processos morfodinâmicos e hidrodinâmicos do cinturão lacustre meridional da Reserva Biológica do Lago Pirituba, Amapá

The Amapá State has an important natural lake system, known as The Amapá Lakes Region . Most of these lakes are on the southern part of Amapá s coastal plain, which has 300 km of extension and it s composed by holocenic sediments deposited at the northern part of Amazon River to the Orange Cape located on the northern part of Amapá state. This region is under influence of the Amazon River discharge which is the largest liquid discharge of about 209.000 m³/s and biggest sediment budget discharged on the ocean in the order 6.108 ton per day. The climate is influenced by the Intertropical Convergence Zone and El Niño Southern Oscillation which act mainly under precipitation, nebulosity, local rivers and tidal hidrology. In this region lake belts are Ocidental, Oriental and Meridional Lake Belts. The last one is formed by the by the lakes Comprido de Cima, Botos, Bacia, Lodão, Ventos, Mutuco and Comprido de Baixo. These lakes are the closest to the Araguari River and are characterized by pelitic sedimentation associated with fluvial and estuarine flood plains under influence of tides. The lakes are interconnected, suffer influence of flood pulses from the Tartarugal, Tartarugalzinho and Araguari rivers and the hydrodynamic and morphodynamic know edge is poor. Volume and area reduction, natural eutrophication, anthophic influence, hidrodynamic alterations, morphological changes and are factors which can contribute to the closing of such lakes on the Meridional Lake Belt. This belt is inside the boundaries of the Biological Reserve of Piratuba Lake, created in 1980 for integral protection. Due to the fragility of the environment together with the poor knowledge of the system and with the study area relevancy it is necessary to know the hydrodynamic and geoenvironmental processes. This work aims the characterization of morphodynamic and hydrodynamic processes in order to understand the geoambiental context of the Meridional Lake Belt, from the Comprido de Baixo Lake to the dos Ventos Lake, including the Tabaco Igarape. Methodology was based on the hydrodynamic data acquisition: liquid discharge (acoustic method), tides, bathymetry and the interpretation of multitemporal remote sensing images, integrated in a Geographic Information System (GIS). By this method charts of the medium liquid discharges of Lake Mutuco and Tabacco Igarape the maximum velocity of flow were estimated in: 1.1 m/s, 1.6 m/s and 1.6 m/s (rainy season) and 0.6 m/s, 0.6 m/s and 0.7 m/s (dry period), the maximum flow in: 289 m³/s, 297 m³/s and 379 m³/s (rainy season) and 41 m³/s , 79 m³/s and 105 m³/s (dry period), respectively. From the interpretation of multitemporal satellite images, maps were developed together with the analysis of the lakes and Tobaco Igarape evolution from 1972 to 2008, and were classified according to the degree of balance in the area: stable areas, eutrophic areas, areas of gain, and eroded areas. Troughout analysis of the balance of areas, it was possible to quantify the volume of lake areas occupied by aquatic macrophytes. The study sought to understand the hydrodynamic and morphodynamic processes occurring in the region, contributing to the elucidation of the processes which cause and/or favor geoenvironmental changes in the region; all such information is fundamental to making the management of the area and further definition of parameters for environmental monitoring and contributing to the development of the management plan of the Biological Reserve of Lake Piratuba. The work activities is a part of the Project "Integration of Geological, geophysical and geochemical data to Paleogeographic rebuilding of Amazon Coast, from the Neogene to the Recent

A política empresarial: a responsabilidade social como mecanismo de segurança

Neste ensaio, tomamos como problema as ações da política empresarial no Brasil, em específico a política de responsabilidade social das empresas, por entender que existe nessa iniciativa um status de inovação tecnológica que precisa ser interrogado, pois se inscreve no interior de uma racionalidade que objetiva o governo das populações e tem como instrumento técnico, para realizar esse fim, uma sociedade controlada por mecanismos de segurança. Para tanto, partimos da análise de três procedimentos efetivados por alguns projetos sociais desenvolvidos por empresas brasileiras - a pesquisa científica, o protagonismo juvenil e a metodologia participativa. A referência de análise são textos de diversas naturezas, veiculados por esses projetos e disponíveis ao acesso público.

DIFFERENTIATION OF DROSOPHILA-SERIDO (ISOFEMALE LINE A95F3) AND D-KOEPFERAE (ISOFEMALE LINE B20D2) - REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION, DEVELOPMENT TIME AND POLYTENE CHROMOSOME-BANDING PATTERNS

Drosophila serido is considered to be a superspecies consisting of two species: D. serido, from Brazil and D. koepferae from Argentina and Bolivia. However this probably does not express the entire evolutionary complexity of its populations. Isofemale lines A95F3 (from Brazil) and B20D2 (from Argentina), at present representing, respectively, the first and second species, were analyzed for fertility and fecundity in pair-mating intracrosses and intercrosses, as well as for development time, banding patterns and asynapsis of polytene chromosomes in the isofemale lines and their hybrids.Although variations in experimental conditions resulted in some variability in the results, in general A95F3 fertility and fecundity were lower than in B20D2. Intercrosses of A95F3 females and B20D2 males showed lower fertility and fecundity than the reciprocal crosses, following more closely characteristics of the mother strains. This is in contrast to the results obtained by Fontdevilla et al. (An. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 81: 380-385, 1988) and may be due to the different geographic origin of D. serido strains they used in crosses to B20D2. This difference and others cited in the literature relative to aedeagus morphology, karyotype characteristics, inversion polymorphisms and reproductive isolation strongly indicate that A95F3 and D. serido from the State of Bahia, Brazil are not a single evolutionary entity, reinforcing the idea of greater complexity of the superspecies D. serido than is known today.The reproductive isolation mechanisms found operating between A95F3 and B20D2 were prezygotic and postzygotic, the latter included mortality at the larvae stage in both directions of crosses and sterility of male hybrids in intercrosses involving B20D2 females and A95F3 males. The two isofemale lines differed in egg-adult development time, which was also differently affected by culture medium composition.A95F3 and B20D2 also showed differences in the banding patterns of proximal regions of polytene chromosomes 2, 3 and X, a fixed inversion in chromosome 3 (here named 3t), apparently not described previously, and a high degree of asynapsis in hybrids.These observations, especially those related to reproductive isolation and chromosomal differentiation (including the karyotype, previously described, and the differentiation of banding patterns, described in this paper), as well as the extensive asynapsis observed in hybrids reinforces the distinct species status of A95F3 and B20D2 isofemale lines.

Oxygen mobility in SmBa2Cu3O7-delta measured by anelastic spectroscopy

Anelastic spectroscopy has been performed on a sample of superconducting oxide SmBa2Cu3O7-delta (SBCO) using a torsion pendulum operating with frequency around 10 Hz. A thermally activated relaxation peak is observed near 500 K with the activation enthalpy of 1.55 +/- 0.03 eV and the pre-exponential factor of approximately 10(-15) s, which is attributed to the mobility of non-stoichiometric oxygen by jumps in positions O1 and O5 of the lattice. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Three-body problem, its Lagrangian points and how to exploit them using an alternative transfer to L4 and L5

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Inhibitory effects of jackbean (Canavalia ensiformis L.) leaf residues on germination and vigour of crops and weeds

The effects of jackbean leaf residues incorporated in the soil on germination and seedlings growth of cucumber, radish and some weeds was examined. Trials were carried out under greenhouse conditions to (a) determine the amount of incorporated residue that is inhibitory to two test plants, (b) to determine if decomposition time changes the inhibitory levels of jackbean residues on test plants and (c) to determine the amount of residue that is inhibitory to the weed species. Jackbean leaf residues incorporated in soil at concentration of 2% or higher and allowed to decompose for a period of 0 to 2 weeks before sowing, reduced the initial growth of cucumber and radish and at different concentrations, reduced germination and growth of three weed species. These results suggest the presence of allelopathic components in Jackbean leaves that could affect seed germination and seedling development.

Proposal of convergence of e-Learning systems for t-Learning

This article presents considerations about viability on reutilize existing web based e-Learning systems on Interactive Digital TV environment according to Digital TV standard adopted in Brazil. Considering the popularity of Moodle system in academic and corporative area, such system was chosen as a foundation for a survey into its properties to create a specification of an Application Programming Interface (API) for convergence to t-Learning characteristics that demands efforts in interface design area due the fact that computer and TV concepts are totally different. This work aims to present studies concerning user interface design during two stages: survey and detail of functionalities from an e-Learning system and how to adapt them for the Interactive TV regarding usability context and Information Architecture concepts.

A clinical decision support system for cancer diseases

The second main cause of death in Brazil is cancer, and according to statistics disclosed by National Cancer Institute from Brazil (INCA) 466,730 new cases of cancer are forecast for 2008. The analysis of tumour tissues of various types and patients' clinical data, genetic profiles, characteristics of diseases and epidemiological data may lead to more precise diagnoses, providing more effective treatments. In this work we present a clinical decision support system for cancer diseases, which manages a relational database containing information relating to the tumour tissue and their location in freezers, patients and medical forms. Furthermore, it is also discussed some problems encountered, as database integration and the adoption of a standard to describe topography and morphology. It is also discussed the dynamic report generation functionality, that shows data in table and graph format, according to the user's configuration. © ACM 2008.