The ESA climate change initiative: satellite data records for essential climate variables

Observations of Earth from space have been made for over 40 years and have contributed to advances in many aspects of climate science. However, attempts to exploit this wealth of data are often hampered by a lack of homogeneity and continuity and by insufficient understanding of the products and their uncertainties. There is, therefore, a need to reassess and reprocess satellite datasets to maximize their usefulness for climate science. The European Space Agency has responded to this need by establishing the Climate Change Initiative (CCI). The CCI will create new climate data records for (currently) 13 essential climate variables (ECVs) and make these open and easily accessible to all. Each ECV project works closely with users to produce time series from the available satellite observations relevant to users' needs. A climate modeling users' group provides a climate system perspective and a forum to bring the data and modeling communities together. This paper presents the CCI program. It outlines its benefit and presents approaches and challenges for each ECV project, covering clouds, aerosols, ozone, greenhouse gases, sea surface temperature, ocean color, sea level, sea ice, land cover, fire, glaciers, soil moisture, and ice sheets. It also discusses how the CCI approach may contribute to defining and shaping future developments in Earth observation for climate science.

Aerosol retrieval experiments in the ESA Aerosol_cci project

Within the ESA Climate Change Initiative (CCI) project Aerosol_cci (2010–2013), algorithms for the production of long-term total column aerosol optical depth (AOD) datasets from European Earth Observation sensors are developed. Starting with eight existing pre-cursor algorithms three analysis steps are conducted to improve and qualify the algorithms: (1) a series of experiments applied to one month of global data to understand several major sensitivities to assumptions needed due to the ill-posed nature of the underlying inversion problem, (2) a round robin exercise of "best" versions of each of these algorithms (defined using the step 1 outcome) applied to four months of global data to identify mature algorithms, and (3) a comprehensive validation exercise applied to one complete year of global data produced by the algorithms selected as mature based on the round robin exercise. The algorithms tested included four using AATSR, three using MERIS and one using PARASOL. This paper summarizes the first step. Three experiments were conducted to assess the potential impact of major assumptions in the various aerosol retrieval algorithms. In the first experiment a common set of four aerosol components was used to provide all algorithms with the same assumptions. The second experiment introduced an aerosol property climatology, derived from a combination of model and sun photometer observations, as a priori information in the retrievals on the occurrence of the common aerosol components. The third experiment assessed the impact of using a common nadir cloud mask for AATSR and MERIS algorithms in order to characterize the sensitivity to remaining cloud contamination in the retrievals against the baseline dataset versions. The impact of the algorithm changes was assessed for one month (September 2008) of data: qualitatively by inspection of monthly mean AOD maps and quantitatively by comparing daily gridded satellite data against daily averaged AERONET sun photometer observations for the different versions of each algorithm globally (land and coastal) and for three regions with different aerosol regimes. The analysis allowed for an assessment of sensitivities of all algorithms, which helped define the best algorithm versions for the subsequent round robin exercise; all algorithms (except for MERIS) showed some, in parts significant, improvement. In particular, using common aerosol components and partly also a priori aerosol-type climatology is beneficial. On the other hand the use of an AATSR-based common cloud mask meant a clear improvement (though with significant reduction of coverage) for the MERIS standard product, but not for the algorithms using AATSR. It is noted that all these observations are mostly consistent for all five analyses (global land, global coastal, three regional), which can be understood well, since the set of aerosol components defined in Sect. 3.1 was explicitly designed to cover different global aerosol regimes (with low and high absorption fine mode, sea salt and dust).

Roger Machado, Perkin Warbeck and heraldic espionage

An examination of the medieval herald's role in international espionage. It is argued that heralds were used as spies, despite their creation oaths stipulating that their job should not encompass this task. The herald Roger Machado's involvement in the diplomacy surrounding the pretender to the English throne, Perkin Warbeck, is scrutinized and is offered as evidence that Machado did act as a spy for Henry VII on the international stage.

A herald and his objects in exile: Roger Machado and his memorandum book, 1484-1485

A re-examination of the herald Roger Machado's extant memorandum book, which contains an inventory and mercantile accounts amongst its contents. It is argued that this little-studied source provides evidence for an otherwise undocumented period in Machado's life - when he fled into exile to join Henry Tudor.

A systematic revision of Goniosomatinae (Arachnida : Opiliones : Gonyleptidae), with a cladistic analysis and biogeographical notes

Goniosomatine harvestmen have strongly armed pedipalps, generally large bodies and, commonly, very long legs (sometimes more than 20 cm), and are distributed in the Brazilian Atlantic forest, from southern Bahia to Santa Catarina. Since they are conspicuous animals and individuals of some species tend to concentrate in caves (and also under rock boulders), they have been (and still are) the target of several studies, especially those focusing on reproductive and defensive behavior, population ecology, physiology, chromosomes, etc. In spite of their importance for biological studies (some species constitute important and frequently used models for these studies), the taxonomy of Goniosomatinae has faced some problems, including misidentification, a large number of undescribed species and the lack of a phylogenetic hypothesis for the relationships among its species (which would allow evolutionary studies to be made). The last taxonomic changes in the subfamily were made 60 years ago. Considering a taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of the subfamily to be of paramount importance, the main scope of the present paper is to provide a cladistic analysis and taxonomic revision of the species of Goniosomatinae and a new arrangement of genera (and species). The main taxonomic changes are given as follows. Six genera are recognised within the subfamily: Goniosoma; the newly described genus Pyatan; the reestablished genera Serracutisoma, Heteromitobates and Mitogoniella; and Acutisoma. New generic synonyms include: Glyptogoniosoma = Goniosomella = Lyogoniosoma = Metalyogoniosoma = Xulapona = Goniosoma, Acutisomelloides = Pygosomoides = Spelaeosoma = Serracutisoma; and Acutisomella = Heteromitobates. Newly described species include: Goniosoma capixaba; G. apoain; Pyatan insperatum DaSilva, Stefanini-Jim & Gnaspini; Serracutisoma pseudovarium; S. fritzmuelleri; S. guaricana; Heteromitobates anarchus; H. harlequin; H. alienus; Mitogoniella taquara; M. unicornis; and Acutisoma coriaceum. New combinations include: Goniosoma macracanthum (Mello-Leitao, 1922); G. unicolor (Mello-Leitao, 1932); G. carum (Mello-Leitao, 1936); Serracutisoma proximum (Mello-Leitao, 1922); S. banhadoae (Soares & Soares, 1947); S. molle (Mello-Leitao, 1933); S. thalassinum (Simon, 1879); S. catarina (Machado, Pinto-da-Rocha & Ramires, 2002); S. inerme (Mello-Leitao, 1927); S. spelaeum (MelloLeitao, 1933); Heteromitobates inscriptus (Mello-Leitao, 1922); H. albiscriptus (Mello-Leitao, 1932); Mitogoniella modesta (Perty, 1833); and M. badia (Koch, 1839). Reestablished combinations include: Mitogoniella indistincta MelloLeitao, 1936 and Acutisoma longipes Roewer, 1913. New speci. c synonyms include: Acutisomella cryptoleuca = Acutisomella intermedia = Goniosoma junceum = Goniosoma patruele = Goniosoma xanthophthalmum = Metalyogoniosoma unum = Goniosoma varium, Goniosoma geniculatum = Goniosoma venustum; Goniosomella perlata = Progoniosoma minense = Goniosoma vatrax, Glyptogoniosoma perditum = Progoniosoma cruciferum = Progoniosoma tijuca = Goniosoma dentipes; Leitaoius iguapensis = Leitaoius viridifrons = Serracutisoma proximum; Acutisoma marumbicola = Acutisoma patens = Serracutisoma thalassinum; Progoniosoma tetrasetae = Serracutisoma inerme; and Acutisoma monticola = Leitaoius nitidissimus = Leitaoius xanthomus = Mitogoniella mutila = Acutisoma longipes. The following species are considered species inquirenda: Goniosoma lepidum Gervais, 1844; G. monacanthum Gervais, 1844; G. obscurum Perty, 1833; G. versicolor Perty, 1833; and Mitogoniella badia (Koch, 1839). The monotpic genus Goniosomoides Mello-Leitao, 1932 (and its species, G. viridans Mello-Leitao, 1932) is removed from Goniosomatinae and considered incertae sedis.

Tatler (Volume 6 1908)

The Winthrop yearbook was published from 1898 to 2002. It has been known as the Tatler since its inception except for 1904 (Lang Syne) and 1918 (Tatler a la Guerre). No yearbook was published in 1900, 1902, 1903, 1905,1906.

Influência do protocolo agroambiental na gestão ambiental de indústrias do setor sucroenergético da microrregião de Assis/SP: um estudo de múltiplos casos

Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Administração - Doutorado da Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul

Cinemas de rua em Porto Alegre : do recreio ideal (1908) ao Açores (1974)

Este trabalho se propõe a investigar as diferentes formas e configurações que as salas de cinema de rua de Porto Alegre adotaram ao longo do século XX. Antecipa o estudo central uma analise do caráter arquitetônico e dos elementos tipo-morfológicos definidores do programa arquitetônico “sala de cinema”. Com base neste instrumental e seguindo a evolução histórica, dé cada a dé cada, o autor desenvolve então a análise das salas de cinema de rua de Porto Alegre.

Origens do Instituto de Artes da UFRGS : etapas entre 1908-1962 e contribuições na constituição de expressões de autonomia no sistema da artes visuais do Rio Grande do Sul

Estudam-se aqui as origens do atual Instituto de Artes da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul entre os anos de 1908 até 1962. O Instituto foi formado por lideranças regionais, oriundas de um projeto civilizatório solidário, constituído pelos Cursos Superiores Livres criados na capital do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, durante a Primeira República Brasileira. Numa segunda etapa, esses Cursos Superiores Livres, constituíram a Universidade de Porto Alegre, como a primeira universidade do Rio Grande do Sul. Os eventos da sua origem e a passagem do Instituto Livre de Belas Artes para a universidade, revelam uma série de condições que a autonomização da arte exige para se institucionalizar. Os agentes artistas do Instituto tiveram a oportunidade de procurar nessas passagens as competências da arte e os limites nos quais seria possível institucionalizá-la tanto no contexto de um curso superior, como na universidade que ajudaram a formar em 1934. Expulso dessa universidade local em 1939, o Instituto passou 23 anos procurando, numa espécie de segunda institucionalização, esse ponto de equilíbrio entre a arte e os outros saberes já consagrados pela universidade. A busca desse ponto de equilíbrio tornou-se visível nas expressões de autonomia emitidas pelos seus agentes, enfrentando os limites institucionais que a arte exige. Internamente, o Instituto ampliou as competências através de novos projetos de institucionalização da arte que se expandiram externamente, como contribuições para o sistema de artes As competências internas foram concretizadas no primeiro curso formal de artes plásticas do estado. O sistema das artes plásticas sul-rio-grandense recebeu desse curso, novos agentes, capazes de continuar externamente a teleologia imanente que orientou as origens internas do Instituto. Para entender a teleologia imanente da instituição foram revistos os estudos acadêmicos de outros pesquisadores do Instituto. Após, se buscaram e sistematizaram os dados da instituição nos documentos no Arquivo Geral do Instituto de Artes da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (AGIA-UFRGS). Esses dados foram contextualizados no conjunto de suportes conceituais relativos à institucionalização do ensino das artes plásticas, procedentes da cultura brasileira e ocidental recente. O estudo do período institucional de 1908 até 1962 foi dividido em seis capítulos. Três capítulos são relativos ao Instituto. Eles se alternam com três específicos relativos às artes visuais em geral e aqui, mais especificamente, às artes plásticas. É inegável que o Instituto cumpriu o seu papel de acolher, desenvolver e continuar o processo da arte nesse projeto civilizatório republicano. As artes plásticas ampliaram a teleologia imanente do Instituto no sistema de artes sul-rio-grandense. O agente institucional evoluiu, passando de amador da arte para o artista profissional. Esses agentes instauraram formas institucionais para uma potencial reprodução do saber da arte, destinada a um público de observadores.

Nível de satisfação dos pais do ensino fundamental da sociedade caritativa e literária de São Francisco de Assis-ZN (SCALIFRA-ZN), no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul

A satisfação do cliente tem se colocado como prioridade de investigação para acadêmicos e praticantes de marketing nas últimas décadas. Isto se deve à difusão do conceito de marketing, e o consequente aumento do interesse pela retenção dos clientes. As escolas de ensino fundamental no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul passam pelo mesmo fenômeno, devido ao crescimento do número de concorrentes e da intensidade competitiva. Este trabalho, realizado no início de 2001, objetiva mensurar e analisar a satisfação dos clientes de quatro escolas de ensino fundamental da SCALIFRA-ZN no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, indicando, como conclusão, pontos de melhoria a serem seguidos pelas mesmas.