Tab. 1: Number and percentage of glacier movements in the Austrian Alps between 1890 and 1969

Since 1890 the variations of the fronts of numerous glaciers in the Eastern Alps have been measured for the Österreichischer Alpenverein. The present paper presents the results of these measurements and the percentage of advancing, retreating, and stationary glaciers as calculated for each year from the total number of glaciers measured. The measurements reveal two distinct periods of advance, i. e. one period from 1890 to 1900 with up to 47% of glaciers advancing, and one period from 1909 to 1928 with up to 75% of glaciers advancing. The period from 1928 to 1964 is marked by a strong retreat of glaciers. A comparison with the results of measurements of glaciers in the Western Alps of Switzerland shows good agreement. The behaviour of glaciers corresponds well to the climatic conditions prevailing during the summer months of the 80 years observed.

Hydrochemical Atlas of the Arctic Ocean

Introduction: Chemical composition of water determines its physical properties and character of processes proceeding in it: freezing temperature, volume of evaporation, density, color, transparency, filtration capacity, etc. Presence of chemical elements in water solution confers waters special physical properties exerting significant influence on their circulation, creates necessary conditions for development and inhabitance of flora and fauna, and imparts to the ocean waters some chemical features that radically differ them from the land waters (Alekin & Liakhin, 1984). Hydrochemical information helps to determine elements of water circulation, convection depth, makes it easier to distinguish water masses and gives additional knowledge of climatic variability of ocean conditions. Hydrochemical information is a necessary part of biological research. Water chemical composition can be the governing characteristics determining possibility and limits of use of marine objects, both stationary and moving in sea water. Subject of investigation of hydrochemistry is study of dynamics of chemical composition, i.e. processes of its formation and hydrochemical conditions of water bodies (Alekin & Liakhin 1984). The hydrochemical processes in the Arctic Ocean are the least known. Some information on these processes can be obtained in odd publications. A generalizing study of hydrochemical conditions in the Arctic Ocean based on expeditions conducted in the years 1948-1975 has been carried out by Rusanov et al. (1979). The "Atlas of the World Ocean: the Arctic Ocean" contains a special section "Hydrochemistry" (Gorshkov, 1980). Typical vertical profiles, transects and maps for different depths - 0, 100, 300, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000 m are given in this section for the following parameters: dissolved oxygen, phosphate, silicate, pH and alkaline-chlorine coefficient. The maps were constructed using the data of expeditions conducted in the years 1948-1975. The illustrations reflect main features of distribution of the hydrochemical elements for multi-year period and represent a static image of hydrochemical conditions. Distribution of the hydrochemical elements on the ocean surface is given for two seasons - winter and summer, for the other depths are given mean annual fields. Aim of the present Atlas is description of hydrochemical conditions in the Arctic Ocean on the basis of a greater body of hydrochemical information for the years 1948-2000 and using the up-to-date methods of analysis and electronic forms of presentation of hydrochemical information. The most wide-spread characteristics determined in water samples were used as hydrochemical indices. They are: dissolved oxygen, phosphate, silicate, pH, total alkalinity, nitrite and nitrate. An important characteristics of water salt composition - "salinity" has been considered in the Oceanographic Atlas of the Arctic Ocean (1997, 1998). Presentation of the hydrochemical characteristics in this Hydrochemical Atlas is wider if compared with that of the former Atlas (Gorshkov, 1980). Maps of climatic distribution of the hydrochemical elements were constructed for all the standard depths, and seasonal variability of the hydrochemical parameters is given not only for the surface, but also for the underlying standard depths up to 400 m and including. Statistical characteristics of the hydrochemical elements are given for the first time. Detailed accuracy estimates of initial data and map construction are also given in the Atlas. Calculated values of mean-root deviations, maximum and minimum values of the parameters demonstrate limits of their variability for the analyzed period of observations. Therefore, not only investigations of chemical statics are summarized in the Atlas, but also some elements of chemical dynamics are demonstrated. Digital arrays of the hydrochemical elements obtained in nodes of a regular grid are the new form of characteristics presentation in the Atlas. It should be mentioned that the same grid and the same boxes were used in the Atlas, as those that had been used by creation of the US-Russian climatic Oceanographic Atlas. It allows to combine hydrochemical and oceanographic information of these Atlases. The first block of the digital arrays contains climatic characteristics calculated using direct observational data. These climatic characteristics were not calculated in the regions without observations, and the information arrays for these regions have gaps. The other block of climatic information in a gridded form was obtained with the help of objective analysis of observational data. Procedure of the objective analysis allowed us to obtain climatic estimates of the hydrochemical characteristics for the whole water area of the Arctic Ocean including the regions not covered by observations. Data of the objective analysis can be widely used, in particular, in hydrobiological investigations and in modeling of hydrochemical conditions of the Arctic Ocean. Array of initial measurements is a separate block. It includes all the available materials of hydrochemical observations in the form, as they were presented in different sources. While keeping in mind that this array contains some amount of perverted information, the authors of the Atlas assumed it necessary to store this information in its primary form. Methods of data quality control can be developed in future in the process of hydrochemical information accumulation. It can be supposed that attitude can vary in future to the data that were rejected according to the procedure accepted in the Atlas. The hydrochemical Atlas of the Arctic Ocean is the first specialized and electronic generalization of hydrochemical observations in the Arctic Ocean and finishes the program of joint efforts of Russian and US specialists in preparation of a number of atlases for the Arctic. The published Oceanographic Atlas (1997, 1998), Atlas of Arctic Meteorology and Climate (2000), Ice Atlas of the Arctic Ocean prepared for publication and Hydrochemical Atlas of the Arctic Ocean represent a united series of fundamental generalizations of empirical knowledge of Arctic Ocean nature at climatic level. The Hydrochemical Atlas of the Arctic Ocean was elaborated in the result of joint efforts of the SRC of the RF AARI and IARC. Dr. Ye. Nikiforov was scientific supervisor of the Atlas, Dr. R. Colony was manager on behalf of the USA and Dr. L. Timokhov - on behalf of Russia.

Counts and abundance of macrozoobenthic organisms settled in artificial soft sediment at Brandal, Kongsfjorden, Spitsbergen

In the Arctic the currently observed rising air temperature results in more frequent calving of icebergs. The latter are derived from tidewater glaciers. Arctic macrozoobenthic soft-sediment communities are considerably disturbed by direct hits and sediment reallocation caused by iceberg scouring. With the aim to describe the primary succession of macrozoobenthic communities following these events, scientific divers installed 28 terracotta containers in the soft-sediment off Brandal (Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, Norway) at 20 m water depth in 2002. The containers were filled with a bentonite-sand-mixture resembling the natural sediment. Samples were taken annually between 2003 and 2007. A shift from pioneering species (e.g. Cumacea: Lamprops fuscatus) towards more specialized taxa, as well as from surface-detritivores towards subsurface-detritivores was observed. This is typical for an ecological succession following the facilitation and inhibition succession model. Similarity between experimental and non-manipulated communities from 2003 was significantly highest after three years of succession. In the following years similarity decreased, probably due to elevated temperatures, which prevented the fjord-system from freezing. Some organisms numerically important in the non-manipulated community (e.g., the polychaete Dipolydora quadrilobata) did not colonies the substrate during the experiment. This suggests that the community had not fully matured within the first three years. Later, the settlement was probably impeded by consequences of warming temperatures. This demonstrates the long-lasting effects of severe disturbances on Arctic macrozoobenthic communities. Furthermore, environmental changes, such as rising temperatures coupled with enhanced food availability due to an increasing frequency of ice-free days per year, may have a stronger effect on succession than exposure time.

Portacontenedores 1860 TEU's

TIPO DE BUQUE: Portacontenedores. CAPACIDAD DE CARGA: 1860 TEUs (200 refrigerados). PESO MUERTO: 22800 TPM. SOCIEDAD DE CLASIFICACIÓN: Lloyd’s Register. Cámara desatendida. REGLAMENTOS: Solas 2009, Marpol, Convenio de Líneas de Carga. VELOCIDAD: 22 nudos al 85% MCR en pruebas. AUTONOMÍA: 12000 millas al 85% MCR y 15% de margen de mar. TRIPULACIÓN: 27 personas.

Teatro Circo de Colón [Material gráfico] : Compañía Ecuestre, Gimnástica, Acrobática y Cómica del Circo Ecuestre Barcelonés : ... temporada de 1890...

Cartel tipográfico

Retratos de Madrid: aproximación crítica a las vistas panorámicas de la cornisa de Madrid : 1560-1860

Este Trabajo Fin de Grado realiza la clasificación, selección, análisis y crítica de las vistas que hemos considerado más relevantes de la cornisa de Madrid, es decir, de la cara más conocida de nuestra ciudad. Para ello, el dibujo se ha empleado como vehículo de investigación, siendo un trabajo eminentemente gráfico. Se ha realizado la clasificación de las vistas con carácter panorámico y englobadas en el periodo de 1560 a 1860. También se ha realizado una elaboración crítica de las vistas, mediante una serie de fichas técnicas con datos objetivos y una aportación gráfica mediante un paralelo en el tiempo de las dieciséis vistas seleccionadas y un paralelo gráfico de las cuatro vistas escogidas de entre esas dieciséis. Con el primer paralelo se pretende, tras mostrar las vistas seleccionadas, entenderlas, de un solo vistazo, en cuanto a su fecha de realización, técnica, autor y tamaño. El segundo paralelo gráfico trata una vista de cada siglo y se han escogido por su repercusión, fidelidad y calidad gráfica. Posteriormente, se han realizado por planos dichas vistas. Estos planos de color atienden a un gradiente de profundidad, donde el color más oscuro es el del primer plano, y se van desvaneciendo según se van alejando. Estos dibujos no habría sido posible realizarlos sin la previa elaboración de un alzado actual de la cornisa. Dicho alzado ha permitido no solo conocer mejor el ámbito de estudio y delimitarlo (desde el Palacio Real hasta San Francisco el Grande), sino también realizar una selección de los edificios que se consideran más importantes en la cornisa dentro de ese ámbito espacial.

Vivienda colectiva, espacio público y ciudad : evolución y crisis en el diseño de tejidos residenciales, 1860-2010

Los tejidos residenciales son la componente esencial de nuestras ciudades, en particular si incluimos en ellos no solo los edificios de vivienda sino también los espacios públicos anexos (calles, avenidas, bulevares, plazas y jardines de barrio); así como otros edificios y usos complementarios o compatibles: parcelas destinadas a equipamientos escolares, deportivos, sociales, comerciales etc., a nivel de barrio o de distrito, edificios de oficinas públicos o privados insertos dentro de tramas prioritariamente residenciales, parcelas ocupadas por servicios urbanos imprescindibles (limpieza, bomberos, etc.).

Transformaciones urbanas en torno a las reales puertas de la Villa de Madrid (1656-1860)

La estructura urbana de Madrid comenzó a dibujarse con los primeros asentamientos fortificados del siglo IX. Sus posteriores ampliaciones estuvieron acotadas por los sucesivos recintos que delimitaron los contornos de una capital en constante expansión. De carácter inicialmente defensivo, luego fiscal y sanitario, estas estructuras estuvieron articuladas en torno a las puertas de acceso a la Villa, estableciendo un sistema general de cerramiento y comunicación que permitiera el control de personas y mercancías en su tránsito hacia el interior de la ciudad. La modestia inicial con que las puertas y tapias del recinto edificado en tiempos de Felipe IV desempeñaron sus funciones de espaldas al exterior de la Villa fue remplazada por un creciente protagonismo, de carácter simbólico y ornamental, que trascendió a su propia arquitectura para inspirar algunas de las importantes transformaciones urbanas operadas en su entorno. Relacionada principalmente con el ideal ilustrado de embellecimiento de la ciudad, la renovación de sus puertas principales se completaba con la reedificación y regularización de sus cercas, y la conformación de nuevos paseos en las afueras de la capital, cuyo trazado vertebrará en buena medida la ocupación de la periferia y la consiguiente definición de la trama urbana del Madrid de hoy. El presente trabajo de investigación indaga sobre la significación urbana de las Reales Puertas de la Villa de Madrid, a partir de la revisión de su establecimiento en los sucesivos recintos de la capital, con especial atención a las transformaciones urbanas operadas en ella desde la definición de su último límite hasta la proyección futura del Madrid ampliado según el anteproyecto de Carlos Mª de Castro. La observación conjunta de las componentes arquitectónica y urbana de las puertas de la Villa de Madrid se ofrece a partir de un relato cronológico de los hechos, fundamentado en su justificación documental y la secuencia visual registrada en la cartografía histórica de la ciudad. La incorporación de aportaciones gráficas de nueva elaboración, de carácter y alcance diversos, proporciona una superposición espacio-temporal que posibilita la lectura comparada de las arquitecturas de las Reales Puertas de la Villa de Madrid y de las transformaciones urbanas operadas a partir de ellas, determinantes en gran medida la configuración de la ciudad actual. ABSTRACT Madrid’s current urban structure has its roots in the first fortified settlements of the IX century. Its subsequent expansions due to the capital’s constant growth were limited by successive enclosures, built originally as a defense mechanism, but later used for fiscal and sanitary purposes as well. The construction of these structures pivoted around the gates that gave access to the city, establishing an enclosure that allowed control of both people and goods on their way into the city. The gates and walls originally built by Felipe IV performed their purpose with a modesty that was later replaced by an increasing symbolic and ornamental prominence, eventually surpassing their own architecture to inspire profound urban changes around them. With the purpose of embellishing the city, the main gates were renovated, the walls were rebuilt and standardized, and new avenues were laid out outside the city. These changes dictated in large part the settling on the suburbs and the resulting configuration of Madrid’s urban scene as we know it today. This research explores the urban significance of the Royal Gates of Madrid through the study of the enclosures that marked the limits of the city. Special attention is given to the urban changes since the last enclosure was established through to Carlos Mª de Castro’s draft for Madrid’s future projection. The architectonic and urban facets of Madrid’s gates are examined simultaneously in a series of chronological events, based on relevant documentation and the graphical record found in Madrid’s historic cartography. This thesis includes new graphic contributions, which allow the comparison of the architecture of the Royal Gates of Madrid as they evolved in time and space. These documents are essential in order to understand the urban transformations that took place based on the Gates, having largely determined the city’s current configuration.