Dendritic Cells for Anomaly Detection

Artificial immune systems, more specifically the negative selection algorithm, have previously been applied to intrusion detection. The aim of this research is to develop an intrusion detection system based on a novel concept in immunology, the Danger Theory. Dendritic Cells (DCs) are antigen presenting cells and key to the activation of the human immune system. DCs perform the vital role of combining signals from the host tissue and correlate these signals with proteins known as antigens. In algorithmic terms, individual DCs perform multi-sensor data fusion based on time-windows. The whole population of DCs asynchronously correlates the fused signals with a secondary data stream. The behaviour of human DCs is abstracted to form the DC Algorithm (DCA), which is implemented using an immune inspired framework, libtissue. This system is used to detect context switching for a basic machine learning dataset and to detect outgoing portscans in real-time. Experimental results show a significant difference between an outgoing portscan and normal traffic.

Modulação da capacidade antioxidante e de detoxificação no peixe Cyprinus carpio (Cyprinidae) após tratamento com nanocápsulas de ácido lipóico

O metabolismo aeróbico é muito eficiente no processo de geração de energia, no entanto, é uma fonte de produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO). Para a prevenção dos efeitos potencialmente danosos dessas ERO, os organismos desenvolveram um sistema de defesa antioxidante (SDA), que inclui compostos enzimáticos e não enzimáticos. O ácido lipóico (AL) é uma molécula lipo e hidro solúvel, com capacidade de atravessar membranas celulares. Ele possui propriedades antioxidantes, auxiliando na eliminação de ERO, induzindo a expressão de genes importantes nas defesas antioxidantes, quelando metais e interagindo com outros antioxidantes. Trabalhos prévios demonstraram que nanocápsulas poliméricas de ácido lipóico favoreceram a proteção deste antioxidante, aumentando sua estabilidade físico- química em comparação com formulações contendo ácido lipóico livre. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar o efeito do AL livre e do AL em nanocápsulas sobre a atividade de enzimas antioxidantes (glutamato-cisteína ligase, GCL e glutationa-S- transferase, GST), a concentração de glutationa reduzida (GSH) e sub-produtos da peroxidação lipídica (malondealdeído, método TBARS) e da expressão de genes que codificam para as diferentes formas da enzima GST (alfa e pi). Para isso o peixe Cyprinus carpio (Cyprinidae) foi exposto a uma dose de 40 mg/kg a diferentes formas de AL (livre e em nanocápsulas) por injeção intraperitoneal (duas injeções, sendo a primeira no tempo 0 e a segunda após 24 h), sendo logo sacrificados a diferentes tempos da primeira injeção (48 h, 96 h e uma semana), sendo dissecados o cérebro, fígado e músculo dos peixes de cada tratamento. Os resultados obtidos indicam que os órgãos respondem de forma diferente. A curto prazo, o fígado foi o principal órgão a apresentar respostas antioxidantes após tratamento com AL, enquanto que a longo prazo o cérebro e o músculo se mostraram mais responsivos em termos antioxidantes quando 6 comparado ao fígado. Foi também importante a forma em que o AL é administrado, livre ou em nanocápsulas, sendo observado que um mesmo órgão em um mesmo tempo de exposição pode responder de forma diferente de acordo com o tipo de AL que está sendo utilizado. Além disso, o efeito antioxidante do AL nanoencapsulado parece ser mais efetivo quando utilizado a longo prazo, sugerindo que a forma nanoencapsulada libera o antioxidante em forma mais lenta. Os resultados também indicam que a composição da nanocápsulas deve ser levada em consideração, uma vez que foi observado um efeito antioxidante significativo nos tratamentos que continham apenas a nanocápsulas, sem o AL. Sugere-se que este efeito ocorra devido à produção endógena do próprio antioxidante em questão, favorecida pela composição da própria nanocápsula, que possui ácido octanóico, substrato para a síntese de AL. Também se observou um efeito pró-oxidante em alguns tratamentos onde foi utilizada esta formulação, sugerindo que alguns componentes da nanocápsula, como por exemplo, o surfactante que é utilizado para estabilizar a suspensão, possam aumentar a suscetibilidade dos órgãos ao estresse oxidativo.

Formulação lagrangiana para sistemas dissipativos através do cálculo fracionário

Neste trabalho, generalizamos o Princípio da Mínima Ação proposto por Riewe para sistemas não conservativos, contendo forças dissipativas lineares dependentes de derivadas temporais de qualquer ordem. A Ação generalizada é construída a partir de funções Lagrangianas dependentes de derivadas de ordem inteira e fracionária. Diferente de outras formulações, o uso de derivadas fracionárias permite a construção de Lagrangianas físicas para sistemas não conservativos. Uma Lagrangiana é dita física se fornece relações fisicamente consistentes para o momentum e o Hamiltoniano do sistema. Neste Princípio da Mínima Ação generalizado, as equações de movimento são obtidas a partir da equação de Euler-Lagrange e, tomando-se o limite indo à zero para o intervalo de tempo definindo a Ação. Finalmente, como exemplo de aplicação, formulamos pela primeira vez uma Lagrangiana física para o problema da carga pontual acelerada.

A test method for analysing disturbed ethernet data streams

Ethernet connections, which are widely used in many computer networks, can suffer from electromagnetic interference. Typically, a degradation of the data transmission rate can be perceived as electromagnetic disturbances lead to corruption of data frames on the network media. In this paper a software-based measuring method is presented, which allows a direct assessment of the effects on the link layer. The results can directly be linked to the physical interaction without the influence of software related effects on higher protocol layers. This gives a simple tool for a quantitative analysis of the disturbance of an Ethernet connection based on time domain data. An example is shown, how the data can be used for further investigation of mechanisms and detection of intentional electromagnetic attacks. © 2015 Author(s).

Predictors of feelings of depression among Asian American college students

The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between various collegiate experiences including substance use, religiosity, campus climate, academic life, social life, self-concept, satisfaction with college, and perceived feelings of depression among Asian American college students compared to other racial groups. Employing Astin’s (1993) I-E-O model, the study utilized the 2008 Cooperative Institutional Research Program (CIRP) the Freshman Survey (TFS) and the follow up College Senior Survey (CSS) in 2012 with the final sample of 10,710 students including 951 Asian American students. Descriptive analysis, cross-tabulations, blocked hierarchical multiple regression analysis, the equality of the unstandardized beta coefficients from the regression analyses, and a one-way ANOVA were conducted for the data analysis. Asian American students who are female, from low SES backgrounds, academically less achieved, frequent substance users, less religiously involved, and less satisfied with overall college experiences showed higher levels of feeling depressed. For the rate of feeling depressed across racial groups, Asian American college students showed the highest rate of feeling depressed while White students reported the lowest rate of feeling depressed. For Asian American college students, feeling depressed in high school, hours spent per week on studying and homework, and self-confidence in intellectual ability were the most significant predictors of feelings of depression while drinking beer, drinking liquor, spirituality, failing to complete homework on time, hours spent per week on socializing, self rated self-confidence in social ability, and satisfaction with overall college experiences were significant predictors of feelings of depression. Asian American college students spent the longest hours on studying and homework, reported the highest GPA, but showed the lowest self-confidence on intellectual ability. For all four racial groups, feeling depressed in high school and self-confidence in intellectual ability were significant predictors of feelings of depression in common. Implications for practice and directions for future research emphasize the need for better understanding the unique cultural background and impact of academic life associated with feelings of depression among Asian American college students and developing customized psycho-educational and outreach programs to meet unique needs for psychological well-being for each racial group on campus.

Modelação e previsão de um índice financeiro (FTSE 100)

A presente dissertação visa uma aplicação de séries temporais, na modelação do índice financeiro FTSE100. Com base na série de retornos, foram estudadas a estacionaridade através do teste Phillips-Perron, a normalidade pelo Teste Jarque-Bera, a independência analisada pela função de autocorrelação e pelo teste de Ljung-Box, e utilizados modelos GARCH, com a finalidade de modelar e prever a variância condicional (volatilidade) da série financeira em estudo. As séries temporais financeiras apresentam características peculiares, revelando períodos mais voláteis do que outros. Esses períodos encontram-se distribuídos em clusters, sugerindo um grau de dependência no tempo. Atendendo à presença de tais grupos de volatilidade (não linearidade), torna-se necessário o recurso a modelos heterocedásticos condicionais, isto é, modelos que consideram que a variância condicional de uma série temporal não é constante e dependente do tempo. Face à grande variabilidade das séries temporais financeiras ao longo do tempo, os modelos ARCH (Engle, 1982) e a sua generalização GARCH (Bollerslev, 1986) revelam-se os mais adequados para o estudo da volatilidade. Em particular, estes modelos não lineares apresentam uma variância condicional aleatória, sendo possível, através do seu estudo, estimar e prever a volatilidade futura da série. Por fim, é apresentado o estudo empírico que se baseia numa proposta de modelação e previsão de um conjunto de dados reais do índice financeiro FTSE100.

La perception du temps et sa modulation par la température chez les guêpes parasitoïdes

Les modèles d'optimalité postulent que les animaux en quête de ressources utilisent le taux de gain de valeur adaptative pour optimiser plusieurs comportements tels que la répartition du temps lors de l’exploitation d‘un agrégat et l'investissement en progénitures. Bien que la durée de plusieurs comportements doit être régulée, peu d’évidences de la perception du temps sont actuellement disponibles pour les insectes et aucune pour les guêpes parasitoïdes, et ce malgré leur importance en tant que modèles écologiques. De plus, puisque les guêpes parasitoïdes sont poïkilothermes, cette capacité pourrait être affectée par la température. Nous avons supposé que les guêpes parasitoïdes auraient la capacité de percevoir le temps, à la fois de façon prospective (mesure du temps écoulé) et rétrospective (durée d'un événement passé), afin d'optimiser les décisions liées à l'exploitation d’agrégats d’hôtes et à la reproduction. Nous avons également émis l'hypothèse que la température aurait une incidence sur la perception du temps des guêpes parasitoïdes. Pour la mesure prospective du temps, nous avons utilisé la capacité d’apprentissage associatif de Microplitis croceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Les guêpes ont été entraînées à associer une odeur à la durée d'un intervalle entre des hôtes. Après leur entraînement, elles ont été testées dans un tunnel de vol avec un choix d’odeurs. Les guêpes ont choisi majoritairement l'odeur associée à l'intervalle de temps auquel elles étaient testées. Nous avons également investigué le rôle de la dépense énergétique sur la mesure du temps. Suite à une restriction de mouvement des guêpes pendant l'intervalle de temps entre les hôtes, elles choisissaient aléatoirement dans le tunnel de vol. L'absence de dépense énergétique les aurait rendues incapables de mesurer le temps. La dépense d'énergie est donc un substitut essentiel pour mesurer le temps. Pour la mesure rétrospective du temps, nous avons utilisé le processus d'évaluation de l'hôte de Trichogramma euproctidis (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Certains trichogrammes utilisent la durée du transit initial sur l'œuf hôte afin d’en évaluer la taille et d’ajuster le nombre d’œufs à y pondre. Nous avons augmenté artificiellement la durée de transit initiale de T. euproctidis en suspendant l'œuf hôte pour le faire paraître plus gros qu'un œuf de taille similaire. Une augmentation de la durée de transit initiale a augmenté la taille de la ponte. Ceci démontre la capacité de T. euproctidis de mesurer la durée du transit initial, et donc d’une mesure du temps rétrospective. Pour déterminer si la température modifie la mesure du temps dans les espèces poïkilothermes, nous avons utilisé le comportement d’exploitation d’agrégats d’hôtes de T. euproctidis. Les modèles d’optimalités prédisent que les guêpes devraient rester plus longtemps et quitter à un faible taux de gain de valeur adaptative suite à un déplacement de longue durée plutôt que pour un déplacement de courte durée. Nous avons testé l'impact d'un déplacement de 24 h à différentes températures sur l'exploitation d’agrégats d’hôtes. Un déplacement à température chaude augmente le temps de résidence dans l’agrégat et diminue le taux de gain de valeur adaptative au moment de quitter ; ces comportements sont associés à un trajet de longue durée. L'inverse a été observé lors d’un déplacement à une température froide. Les températures chaude et froide ont modulé la mesure du temps en accélérant ou ralentissant l'horloge biologique, faisant paraître le déplacement respectivement plus long ou plus court qu’il ne l’était réellement. Ces résultats démontrent clairement que les guêpes parasitoïdes ont la capacité de mesurer le temps, autant rétrospectivement que prospectivement. Des preuves directes de leur capacité sont maintenant disponibles pour au moins deux espèces de guêpes parasitoïdes, une composante essentielle des modèles d'optimalité. Le rôle de la dépense énergétique dans la mesure du temps a aussi été démontré. Nos résultats fournissent également la preuve de l'impact de la température sur la perception du temps chez les insectes. L'utilisation de la dépense énergétique en tant que proxy pour mesurer le temps pourrait expliquer une partie de sa thermosensibilité, puisque les guêpes parasitoïdes sont poïkilothermes. Cette mesure du temps sensible à la température pourrait affecter des stratégies de lutte biologique. Sur le terrain, au début de la journée, la température de l'air sera similaire à la température de l'air autour des plantes infestées par des parasites, alors qu'elle sera plus chaude pendant la journée. En lutte biologique augmentative, les guêpes parasitoïdes libérées resteraient plus longtemps dans les agrégats d’hôtes que celles relâchées en début de journée.

Micro and nanosystems for delivering local anesthetics

Introduction: One of the most common strategies for pain control during and after surgical procedures is the use of local anesthetics. Prolonged analgesia can be safely achieved with drug delivery systems suitably chosen for each local anesthetic agent.Areas covered: This review considers drug delivery formulations of local anesthetics designed to prolong the anesthetic effect and decrease toxicity. The topics comprise the main drug delivery carrier systems (liposomes, biopolymers, and cyclodextrins) for infiltrative administration of local anesthetics. A chronological review of the literature is presented, including details of formulations as well as the advantages and pitfalls of each carrier system. The review also highlights pharmacokinetic data on such formulations, and gives an overview of the clinical studies published so far concerning pain control in medicine and dentistry.Expert opinion: The design of novel drug delivery systems for local anesthetics must focus on how to achieve higher uploads of the anesthetic into the carrier, and how to sustain its release. This comprehensive review should be useful to provide the reader with the current state-of-art regarding drug delivery formulations for local anesthetics and their possible clinical applications.

Reaccreditation ceremony of the career of Library and Documentation of the National University

This section presents information on the delivery ceremony of the official certificate of reaccreditation, by the SINAES, to the career of Diploma, Bachelor (with the following two emphases: Information Management, Information Technology and Communication) and Bachelor of Library and Documentation, held last March 3, 2011. It includes some of the speeches delivered that night, and several photographs illustrating such an important event for both the School of Library and to the university community.

Deconjugated Bile Salts Produced by Extracellular Bile-Salt Hydrolase-Like Activities from the Probiotic Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 Inhibit Giardia duodenalis In vitro Growth

Giardiasis, currently considered a neglected disease, is caused by the intestinal protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis and is widely spread in human as well as domestic and wild animals. The lack of appropriate medications and the spread of resistant parasite strains urgently call for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Host microbiota or certain probiotic strains have the capacity to provide some protection against giardiasis. By combining biological and biochemical approaches, we have been able to decipher a molecular mechanism used by the probiotic strain Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 to prevent Giardia growth in vitro. We provide evidence that the supernatant of this strain contains active principle(s) not directly toxic to Giardia but able to convert non-toxic components of bile into components highly toxic to Giardia. By using bile acid profiling, these components were identified as deconjugated bile-salts. A bacterial bile-salt-hydrolase of commercial origin was able to mimic the properties of the supernatant. Mass spectrometric analysis of the bacterial supernatant identified two of the three bile-salt-hydrolases encoded in the genome of this probiotic strain. These observations document a possible mechanism by which L. johnsonii La1, by secreting, or releasing BSH-like activity(ies) in the vicinity of replicating Giardia in an environment where bile is present and abundant, can fight this parasite. This discovery has both fundamental and applied outcomes to fight giardiasis, based on local delivery of deconjugated bile salts, enzyme deconjugation of bile components, or natural or recombinant probiotic strains that secrete or release such deconjugating activities in a compartment where both bile salts and Giardia are present.

The transformed-stationary approach: a generic and simplified methodology for non-stationary extreme value analysis

Statistical approaches to study extreme events require, by definition, long time series of data. In many scientific disciplines, these series are often subject to variations at different temporal scales that affect the frequency and intensity of their extremes. Therefore, the assumption of stationarity is violated and alternative methods to conventional stationary extreme value analysis (EVA) must be adopted. Using the example of environmental variables subject to climate change, in this study we introduce the transformed-stationary (TS) methodology for non-stationary EVA. This approach consists of (i) transforming a non-stationary time series into a stationary one, to which the stationary EVA theory can be applied, and (ii) reverse transforming the result into a non-stationary extreme value distribution. As a transformation, we propose and discuss a simple time-varying normalization of the signal and show that it enables a comprehensive formulation of non-stationary generalized extreme value (GEV) and generalized Pareto distribution (GPD) models with a constant shape parameter. A validation of the methodology is carried out on time series of significant wave height, residual water level, and river discharge, which show varying degrees of long-term and seasonal variability. The results from the proposed approach are comparable with the results from (a) a stationary EVA on quasi-stationary slices of non-stationary series and (b) the established method for non-stationary EVA. However, the proposed technique comes with advantages in both cases. For example, in contrast to (a), the proposed technique uses the whole time horizon of the series for the estimation of the extremes, allowing for a more accurate estimation of large return levels. Furthermore, with respect to (b), it decouples the detection of non-stationary patterns from the fitting of the extreme value distribution. As a result, the steps of the analysis are simplified and intermediate diagnostics are possible. In particular, the transformation can be carried out by means of simple statistical techniques such as low-pass filters based on the running mean and the standard deviation, and the fitting procedure is a stationary one with a few degrees of freedom and is easy to implement and control. An open-source MAT-LAB toolbox has been developed to cover this methodology, which is available at https://github.com/menta78/tsEva/(Mentaschi et al., 2016).

Sistema de informação integrado de apoio à gestão hospitalar

Dissertação de mest. em Gestão Empresarial, Faculdade de Economia, Univ. do Algarve, 2005

Advanced 4DT flight guidance and control software system

The work presented in this thesis has been part of a Cranfield University research project. This thesis aims to design a flight control law for large cargo aircraft by using predictive control, which can assure flight motion along the flight path exactly and on time. In particular this work involves the modelling of a Boeing C-17 Globemaster III 6DOF model (used as study case), by using DATCOM and Matlab Simulink software. Then a predictive control algorithm has been developed. The majority of the work is done in a Matlab/Simulink environment. Finally the predictive control algorithm has been applied on the aircraft model and its performances, in tracking given trajectory optimized through a 4DT Research Software, have been evaluated.

Do envelhecimento ao bem-estar na velhice

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica.