Investigating and Understanding Student Learning Outcomes in an Online and Face-to-Face Graduate Level Legal Administration Course: An Embedded Mixed Methods Design

Online education is a new teaching and learning medium with few current guidelines for faculty, administrators or students. Its rapid growth over the last decade has challenged academic institutions to keep up with the demand, while also providing a quality education. Our understanding of the factors that determine quality and effective online learning experiences that lead to student learning outcomes is still evolving. There is a lack of consensus on the effectiveness of online versus face-to-face education in the current research. The U.S. Department of Education conducted a meta-analysis in 2009 and concluded that student-learning outcomes in online courses were equal to and, often times, better than face-to-face traditional courses. Subsequent research has found contradictory findings, and further inquiry is necessary. The purpose of this embedded mixed methods design research study is to further our understanding of the factors that create quality and successful educational outcomes in an online course. To achieve this, the first phase of this study measured and compared learning outcomes in an online and in class graduate-level legal administration course. The second phase of the study entailed interviews with those students in both the online and face-to-face sections to understand their perspectives on the factors contributing to learning outcomes. Six themes emerged from the qualitative findings: convenience, higher order thinking, discussions, professor engagement, professor and student interaction, and face-to-face interaction. Findings from this study indicate the factors students perceive as contributing to learning outcomes in an online course are consistent among all students and are supported in the existing literature. Higher order thinking, however, emerged as a stronger theme than indicated in the current research, and the face-to-face nature of the traditional classroom may be more an issue of familiarity than a factor contributing to learning outcomes. As education continues to reach new heights and developments in technology advance, the factors found to contribute to student learning outcomes will be refined and enhanced. These developments will continue to transform the ways in which we deliver and receive knowledge in both traditional and online classrooms. While there is a growing body of research on online education, the field’s evolution has unsettled earlier findings and posed new areas to investigate.

Distance Education and the Evolution of Online Learning in the United States

Online education is no longer a trend, rather it is mainstream. In the Fall of 2012, 69.1% of chief academic leaders indicated online learning was critical to their long-term strategy and of the 20.6 million students enrolled in higher education, 6.7 million were enrolled in an online course (Allen & Seaman, 2013; United States Department of Education, 2013). The advent of online education and its rapid growth has forced academic institutions and faculty to question the current styles and techniques for teaching and learning. As developments in educational technology continue to advance, the ways in which we deliver and receive knowledge in both the traditional and online classrooms will further evolve. It is necessary to investigate and understand the progression and advancements in educational technology and the variety of methods used to deliver knowledge to improve the quality of education we provide today and motivate, inspire, and educate the students of the 21st century. This paper explores the atioevolution of distance education beginning with correspondence and the use of parcel post, to radio, then to television, and finally to online education.

The Museum/School Partnership: A New Role for Art Museums in K-5 Art Education

For nearly thirty years, the arts have been poorly represented in public school classrooms due to tight budgets, state mandates, and a belief that the arts are not essential to education. In this paper, I will investigate the absence of focused art education curriculum in K-5 classrooms across the United States’ public school system, explain the advantages of reinstating art as a basic subject in the classroom curriculum, and advocate for a more active art museum role in public school elementary art education. The art museum may be in the ideal position to help develop and facilitate programming in K-5 classrooms. By placing teams of art museum professionals in public school classrooms, art museums can establish a prominent role in the museum/school relationship and can help ensure that children have adequate access to art education. The outcome would be children who have greater academic and personal successes throughout their lives.

Restrictive and Expansive Views of Equality: A Grounded Theory Study that Explores the Influence of Racial Consciousness on the Behaviors of White Faculty in the Classroom

Attempts to address the ever increasing achievement gap among students have failed to explain how and why educational traditions and teaching practices perpetuate the devaluing of some and the overvaluing of others. This predicament, which plagues our educational system, has been of increased concern, given the growing racial diversity among college students and the saturation of White faculty in the academy. White faculty make up the majority, 79%, of all faculty in the academy. White faculty, whether consciously or unconsciously, are less likely to interrogate how race and racism both privilege them within the academy and influence their faculty behaviors. The result of this cyclical, highly cemented process suggests that there is a relationship between racial consciousness and White faculty members' ability to employ behaviors in their classroom that promote equitable educational outcomes for racially minoritized students. An investigation of the literature revealed that racial consciousness and the behaviors of White faculty in the classroom appeared to be inextricably linked. A conceptual framework, Racial Consciousness and Its Influence on the Behaviors of White Faculty in the Classroom was developed by the author and tested in this study. Constructivist grounded theory was used to explore the role White faculty believe they play in the dismantling of the white supremacy embedded in their classrooms through their faculty behaviors. A substantive theory subsequently emerged. Findings indicate that White faculty with a higher level of racial consciousness employ behaviors in their classroom reflective of a more expansive view of equality in their pursuit of social justice, which they consider synonymous with excellence in teaching. This research bears great significance to higher education research and practice, as it is the first of its kind to utilize critical legal scholar Kimberlé Crenshaw's (1988) restrictive and expansive views of equality framework to empirically measure and describe excellence in college teaching. Implications for faculty preparation and continued education are also discussed.

Inclusive education in Spain: how do skills, resources, and supports affect regular education teachers’ perceptions of inclusion?

This study examined regular education teachers’ perceptions of inclusion in elementary and secondary schools in Spain and how these perceptions may differ depending on teaching experience, skills, and the availability of resources and supports. Stratified random sampling procedures were used to draw a representative sample of 336 general education teachers (68 kindergarten, 133 elementary, and 135 secondary teachers) from the province of Alicante. The results indicated the acceptance of the principles of inclusion, although teacher skills, time, material resources, and personal supports for inclusion were deemed insufficient. Kindergarten and elementary teachers showed more positive perceptions of inclusion than secondary education teachers, and so did teachers with more personal supports and material resources than those with less supports and resources. The results are discussed in terms of its implications for practice in order to promote more inclusive classrooms in Spain.

Teachers’ Use of Inclusive Practices in Spain

The aim of this study was to examine the extent to which teachers use inclusive practices to respond to students’ special needs in their classrooms and to determine whether grade level taught, training, and availability of resources and support affect the implementation of these practices. A research survey was designed for this purpose with the participation of a representative sample of 336 general education teachers (68 kindergarten, 133 elementary, and 135 secondary education teachers) in the province of Alicante, Spain. Findings reflected a moderate use of inclusive practices, with teachers more frequently implementing general adaptations rather than substantial ones. Statistically significant differences in use of inclusive practices were found as a function of the grade level taught, training received, and availability of material resources. Results are discussed in terms of their implication for teacher education reform and training programs.

Use of Tablet Pcs in Higher Education: A new Strategy for Training Engineers in European Bachelors and Masters Programmes

The use of technology in classrooms in Spanish universities has been following an upward path, and in many cases technological devices are substituting other materials that until now have been used, such as books, notebooks and so on. Step by step in higher education, more of these latest generationdevices are being used, and are providing significant improvements in training. Nowadays, there are Spanish universities that use tablets, a device with multiple applications for teaching as well as for students to study differently. They are definitely a notable innovation that will gradually become incorporated into university life. Tablet PCs make teaching more dynamic and available to students through the use of up to date digital materials, something which is key in training engineers. This paper presents their different functions employed in three Spanish universities to support teachingin engineering degrees and masters using the tablet PC, and their impact on the training process. Possible uses in specific programs like the Erasmus Masters Programmes are also assessed. The main objective of using tabletsis to improve the academic performance of students through the use of technology.

Teaching as a fractal: from experience to model

The aim of this work is to improve students’ learning by designing a teaching model that seeks to increase student motivation to acquire new knowledge. To design the model, the methodology is based on the study of the students’ opinion on several aspects we think importantly affect the quality of teaching (such as the overcrowded classrooms, time intended for the subject or type of classroom where classes are taught), and on our experience when performing several experimental activities in the classroom (for instance, peer reviews and oral presentations). Besides the feedback from the students, it is essential to rely on the experience and reflections of lecturers who have been teaching the subject several years. This way we could detect several key aspects that, in our opinion, must be considered when designing a teaching proposal: motivation, assessment, progressiveness and autonomy. As a result we have obtained a teaching model based on instructional design as well as on the principles of fractal geometry, in the sense that different levels of abstraction for the various training activities are presented and the activities are self-similar, that is, they are decomposed again and again. At each level, an activity decomposes into a lower level tasks and their corresponding evaluation. With this model the immediate feedback and the student motivation are encouraged. We are convinced that a greater motivation will suppose an increase in the student’s working time and in their performance. Although the study has been done on a subject, the results are fully generalizable to other subjects.

Ensenyar i aprendre literatura en contextos digitals: reptes i necessitats didàctiques

En aquest article es presenta una perspectiva del desenvolupament de la tecnologia al servei de l'ensenyament. El docent del segle XXI ha d'acomplir amb objectius cognitius, metodològics i tecnològics per a abastir el seu alumnat dins dels paràmetres de competència curricular, com també els instrumentals. La generació que està a les nostres aules són usuaris i gestors d'una societat en què estan consolidant habilitats i coneixements transversals que han de formar-se a l'escola tant com ho fan a l'àmbit domèstic.

Explicando el mundo en el que vivimos con mapas: propuesta de aprendizaje cartográfico

La cartografía se considera una herramienta útil para formar personas y educar a futuros ciudadanos. La enseñanza mediante mapas brinda la posibilidad a los estudiantes de que desarrollen habilidades de interpretación, comprensión y representación de su propio entorno, adquiriendo conocimiento geográfico espacial. El presente estudio se basa en analizar mediante encuestas, dirigidas al profesorado y alumnado de Educación Secundaria y Bachillerato, qué es lo que se hace en las aulas con los mapas, cuándo y cómo se usan, cuáles son las percepciones y conocimientos de los estudiantes. En consecuencia se pretende evitar algunos de los problemas detectados y ayudar a docentes y estudiantes en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de los conocimientos cartográficos mediante el uso de esta propuesta didáctica. Para ello se elabora una rúbrica como instrumento de evaluación con pautas en la elaboración de los mapas. Reafirmando así la hipótesis la cual la cartografía es una disciplina necesaria que impulsa competencias y capacidades cartográficas, siempre y cuando exista un aprendizaje guiado, progresivo, sistemático y adaptado.

Retrato, autorretrato e identidad en educación infantil

La investigación recoge una experiencia didáctica en la etapa de Educación Infantil en la que se trabaja la identidad propia y la de los compañeros a través del arte, concretamente del género del retrato y del autorretrato. Este género es fácilmente reconocible por el alumnado de Infantil que, además, le permite representar la figura humana, sus atributos, así como las emociones o relaciones personales que ellos identifican. La experiencia didáctica se ha llevado a cabo en cinco centros de la provincia de Alicante (España) en aulas de Educación Infantil. Los resultados muestran la capacidad del alumnado de reconocer las partes del cuerpo, de representarlas sobre sí mismos y sobre los demás, e incluso de mostrar las emociones o las relaciones sociales presentes en su vida.

Prática de ensino supervisionada em Educação Pré-escolar e Ensino do 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico

Este relatório de estágio pretende apresentar parte do trabalho desenvolvido no âmbito da Unidade Curricular de Prática de Ensino Supervisionada (PES), integrada no curso de Mestrado em educação pré-escolar e ensino do 1.º ciclo do ensino básico. A prática no contexto da educação pré-escolar foi realizada numa instituição pública com crianças de 3, 4 e 5 anos de idade. Em contexto do 1.º ciclo do ensino básico, a mesma decorreu numa escola da rede pública com um grupo/turma de crianças de 7 e 8 anos de idade, a frequentarem o 2.º ano de escolaridade. Nos dois contextos, a prática foi desenvolvida no sentido de responder aos interesses e necessidades das crianças, sendo que as atividades propostas visaram uma aprendizagem realizada através da pesquisa, reflexão e descoberta, pretendendo proporcionar às crianças momentos de aprendizagens significativas, ativas e socializadoras. Neste trabalho, para além da descrição e reflexão em torno da nossa ação em contexto (corporizadas através das experiências de ensino e aprendizagem) apresentamos dados que dizem respeito a uma investigação que desenvolvemos ao longo deste processo e que se fundamenta em alguns dos pressupostos pedagógicos defendidos pelo Movimento da Escola Moderna (MEM), nomeadamente sobre os instrumentos de regulação e monitorização/pilotagem da aprendizagem, tendo sido também realizada, para o efeito, uma revisão da literatura neste âmbito. Neste sentido, a nossa investigação tem como tema Dispositivos de mediação: monotorização da ação através dos instrumentos de regulação e pilotagem, e a opção metodológica desta investigação recai sobre uma abordagem qualitativa, tendo como técnicas de recolha de dados uma entrevista semiestruturada realizada às crianças e a observação direta e participante, com recurso a notas de campo e registos fotográficos. Das principais conclusões da investigação salientamos que existem instrumentos de regulação e pilotagem nas salas de aula, mas que os mesmos não são trabalhados de forma a que as crianças entendam o seu objetivo, adquiram autonomia de registo, recebam o feedback do seu impacto para a realização de aprendizagens e não usufruem das suas potencialidades pedagógicas.

Embracing english as a lingua franca : learning from portuguese users of english in higher education

Tese de doutoramento, Linguística (Linguística Aplicada), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras, 2016

Who reads Tocqueville today?

Esta comunicação irá ser publicada no próximo número da Newsletter do RC16 Sociological Theory da International Sociological Association, em Dezembro de 2016.

Mise à l’essai d’une séquence d’apprentissage intégrant des chansons comme source primaire pour développer la compétence 2 : interpréter la réalité sociale à l’aide de la méthode historique

Ce mémoire a pour objet la mise à l’essai d’une séquence d’apprentissage intégrant des chansons comme sources primaires pour développer la compétence 2– interpréter la réalité sociale à l’aide de la méthode historique. Le ministère de l’Éducation du Québec et les écrits scientifiques (Côté, 2008; LENOIR et SAUVÉ, 2010; Turner-Bisset, 2001) s’attendent à ce que l’élève terminant ses études secondaires raisonne à partir de faits tirés des sources qui lui sont accessibles, notamment des sources primaires. Or, on constate trois lacunes dans la pratique enseignante : le petit nombre de sources travaillées, l’inégalité de leurs interprétations et la faiblesse de leurs critiques (Byrom, 2005; Pickles, 2010; Watson, 1998). Aussi, peu de cas utilisent la chanson comme source primaire. La séquence d’apprentissages sur la Deuxième Guerre mondiale que l’enseignante française Sylvaine Moreau (2012) a rendue disponible sur Internet a donc servi de point de départ à cette mise à l’essai afin de comprendre ce qu’il en est. Comme il y a un aller-retour régulier prévu entre l’adaptation du matériel pédagogique au contexte scolaire québécois et les observations en classe c’est la recherche-développement qui semble l’approche la plus efficace (Artigue, 1989; Harvey et Loiselle, 2009). Quatre enseignants montréalais ont accepté une entrevue avec l’auteure de cette recherche. Ils ont adapté le matériel au contexte scolaire, ils ont été observés en classe et les réponses écrites des élèves ont été analysées grâce, notamment, au programme N’Vivo. En explorant les données qualitatives recueillies, on constate le petit nombre de sources travaillées puisque les réponses ne reprennent que ce qui a été vu en classe, priorisant même certains types de sources. La faiblesse des critiques est criante puisque des étapes jugées « inutiles » par certains élèves sont laissées incomplètes. Finalement, l’auteure remarque l’inégalité des interprétations liée à une barrière de niveau de langue. Les métaphores et le vocabulaire de certaines chansons semblent un défi.