900 resultados para asset


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After the restructuring process of the power supply industry, which for instance in Finland took place in the mid-1990s, free competition was introduced for the production and sale of electricity. Nevertheless, natural monopolies are found to be the most efficient form of production in the transmission and distribution of electricity, and therefore such companies remained franchised monopolies. To prevent the misuse of the monopoly position and to guarantee the rights of the customers, regulation of these monopoly companies is required. One of the main objectives of the restructuring process has been to increase the cost efficiency of the industry. Simultaneously, demands for the service quality are increasing. Therefore, many regulatory frameworks are being, or have been, reshaped so that companies are provided with stronger incentives for efficiency and quality improvements. Performance benchmarking has in many cases a central role in the practical implementation of such incentive schemes. Economic regulation with performance benchmarking attached to it provides companies with directing signals that tend to affect their investment and maintenance strategies. Since the asset lifetimes in the electricity distribution are typically many decades, investment decisions have far-reaching technical and economic effects. This doctoral thesis addresses the directing signals of incentive regulation and performance benchmarking in the field of electricity distribution. The theory of efficiency measurement and the most common regulation models are presented. The chief contributions of this work are (1) a new kind of analysis of the regulatory framework, so that the actual directing signals of the regulation and benchmarking for the electricity distribution companies are evaluated, (2) developing the methodology and a software tool for analysing the directing signals of the regulation and benchmarking in the electricity distribution sector, and (3) analysing the real-life regulatory frameworks by the developed methodology and further develop regulation model from the viewpoint of the directing signals. The results of this study have played a key role in the development of the Finnish regulatory model.

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Tutkielman tavoitteena on tuottaa kohdeyrityksessä tietoa, joka auttaa tunnistamaan ja soveltamaan kannattavuuden parantamiseen vaikuttavia varastonohjauksen menetelmiä ja tukee varastonohjausta koskevaa päätöksentekoa. Varastonohjauksella tarkoitetaan varastoihin sitoutuneen pääoman hallintaa ja materiaalivirtojen ohjausta. Varastonohjauksen ensisijainen tavoite on saavuttaa optimaalinen tasapaino halutun asiakaspalvelutason ja varastonpidosta aiheutuvien kustannusten välillä. Tutkielma toteutettiin tapaustutkimuksena. Aineistona käytettiin kohdeyrityksen sisäisiä tietoja. Varastonohjausperiaatteiden kohdentamiseksi varastonimikkeet luokiteltiin ABC-analyysin avulla, jota täydennettiin kriittisyysanalyysillä. Ohjausmenetelmät määriteltiin luokittain. Varastoilla on merkittävä rooli yrityksen toiminnassa. Niihin sitoutuu pääomaa, joka vaikuttaa yrityksen kannattavuuteen. Nimikkeiden luokittelu ja luokkakohtaisten ohjausmenetelmien ja -periaatteiden määrittely on erittäin tärkeää. Varastotasojen alentamisella ja varaston kiertonopeuden nostamisella on kannattavuutta parantava vaikutus.

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The aim of this study was to devise a method for computing a composite indicator that measures the regional degree of exposure to external knowledge sources. On the basis of this indicator, we propose a typology of regions according to their potential capacity to access extra-local items of knowledge, which might help them to recombine complementary elements of such an asset to produce a higher number of new ideas. Building on various research streams that have been relatively independent to date, we summarize a non-exhaustive instrumental list of recent studies that motivates our approach and the construction of our complex indicator, which can be used to appraise the extent to which each region is in an optimal position to access external innovative resources.

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Declining agricultural productivity, land clearance and climate change are compounding the vulnerability of already marginal rural populations in West Africa. 'Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration' (FMNR) is an approach to arable land restoration and reforestation that seeks to reconcile sustained food production, conservation of soils and protection of biodiversity. It involves selecting and protecting the most vigorous stems regrowing from live stumps of felled trees, pruning off all other stems, and pollarding the chosen stems to grow into straight trunks. Despite widespread enthusiasm and application of FMNR by environmental management and development projects, to date, no research has provided a measure of the aggregate livelihood impact of community adoption of FMNR. This paper places FMNR in the context of other agroforestry initiatives, then seeks to quantify the value of livelihood outcomes of FMNR. We review published and unpublished evidence about the impacts of FMNR, and present a new case study that addresses gaps in the evidence base. The case study focuses on a FMNR project in the district of Talensi in the semi-arid Upper East Region in Ghana. The case study employs a Social Return on Investment (SROI) analysis, which identifies proxy financial values for non-economic as well as economic benefits. The results demonstrate income and agricultural benefits, but also show that asset creation, increased consumption of wild resources, health improvements and psycho-social benefits created more value in FMNR-adopting households during the period of the study than increases in income and agricultural yields.

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This study investigates the relationship between the time-varying risk premiums and conditional market risk in the stock markets of the ten member countries of Economy and Monetary Union. Second, it examines whether the conditional second moments change over time and are there asymmetric effects in the conditional covariance matrix. Third, it analyzes the possible effects of the chosen testing framework. Empirical analysis is conducted using asymmetric univariate and multivariate GARCH-in-mean models and assuming three different degrees of market integration. For a daily sample period from 1999 to 2007, the study shows that the time-varying market risk alone is not enough to explain the dynamics of risk premiums and indications are found that the market risk is detected only when its price is allowed to change over time. Also asymmetric effects in the conditional covariance matrix, which is found to be time-varying, are clearly present and should be recognized in empirical asset pricing analyses.

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In this paper, we scrutinize the cross-sectional relation between idiosyncratic volatility and stock returns. As a novelty, the idiosyncratic volatility is obtained by conditioning upon macro-finance factors as well as upon traditional asset pricing factors. The macro-finance factors are constructed from a large pool of macroeconomic and financial variables. Cleaning for macro-finance e§ects reverses the puzzling negative relation between returns and idiosyncratic volatility documented previously. Portfolio analysis shows that the effects from macro-finance factors are economically strong. The relation between idiosyncratic volatility and returns does not vary with the NBER business cycles. The empirical results are highly robust. Keywords: Idiosyncratic volatility puzzle; Macro-finance predictors; Factor analysis; Business cycle. JEL Classifications: G12; G14

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Keeping track of software assets and managing software installations in IT environments can be a hard endeavor, especially when the size and diversity of the environment grows. How to install and uninstall software efficiently and cost effectively? Are there too few or too many software licenses purchased? If installed, is the software actually in use? Software Asset Management (SAM) is a process that involves managing and optimizing the purchase, deployment, maintenance, utilization, and disposal of software applications within an organization. This master’s thesis describes a special Software Lifecycle Management Framework to provide solutions to the multitude of challenges within SAM. The main objectives when designing the framework was to provide a set of tools to control the software assets during their entire lifecycle while trying to minimize the costs related to owning and managing them.

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Tutkielman tavoitteena on testata kvantitatiivisen osakepisteytysmallin tehokkuutta Euroopan osakemarkkinoilla. Osakepisteytysmalli järjestää osakkeet paremmuusjärjestykseen yrityskohtaisten tunnuslukujen avulla. Pisteytysmallin suositusten mukaan luodaan testisalkku ajanjaksolta 2002 2007. Testisalkun tuottoa mitataan pääomahyödykkeiden hinnoittelumallin sekä Faman ja Frenchin kolmen faktorin mallin avulla. Testisalkkua testataan markkina arvopainoisena sekä tasapainoisena. Tasapainoisessa salkussa jokaista osaketta painotetaan yhtäläisesti. Testisalkun rinnalle luodaan lisäksi vertailusalkku satunnaisista osakkeista. Tasapainotettu testisalkku tuotti tarkasteluajanjaksolla tilastollisesti merkitsevää markkinariskikorjattua ylituottoa 0,7 prosenttia kuukaudessa. Kolmen faktorin mallin avulla laskettu ylituotto ei ollut merkitsevä. Yrityskokofaktori sekä markkinatuotto näyttivät selittävän vahvasti testisalkun tuottoja. Yrityskoon vaikutus näkyi myös markkina arvopainotetussa salkussa, jonka tuotto ei päihittänyt markkinatuottoa. Vertailusalkku ei tuottanut tilastollisesti merkitsevää ylituottoa.

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Last two decades have seen a rapid change in the global economic and financial situation; the economic conditions in many small and large underdeveloped countries started to improve and they became recognized as emerging markets. This led to growth in the amounts of global investments in these countries, partly spurred by expectations of higher returns, favorable risk-return opportunities, and better diversification alternatives to global investors. This process, however, has not been without problems and it has emphasized the need for more information on these markets. In particular, the liberalization of financial markets around the world, globalization of trade and companies, recent formation of economic and regional blocks, and the rapid development of underdeveloped countries during the last two decades have brought a major challenge to the financial world and researchers alike. This doctoral dissertation studies one of the largest emerging markets, namely Russia. The motivation why the Russian equity market is worth investigating includes, among other factors, its sheer size, rapid and robust economic growth since the turn of the millennium, future prospect for international investors, and a number of important major financial reforms implemented since the early 1990s. Another interesting feature of the Russian economy, which gives motivation to study Russian market, is Russia’s 1998 financial crisis, considered as one of the worst crisis in recent times, affecting both developed and developing economies. Therefore, special attention has been paid to Russia’s 1998 financial crisis throughout this dissertation. This thesis covers the period from the birth of the modern Russian financial markets to the present day, Special attention is given to the international linkage and the 1998 financial crisis. This study first identifies the risks associated with Russian market and then deals with their pricing issues. Finally some insights about portfolio construction within Russian market are presented. The first research paper of this dissertation considers the linkage of the Russian equity market to the world equity market by examining the international transmission of the Russia’s 1998 financial crisis utilizing the GARCH-BEKK model proposed by Engle and Kroner. Empirical results shows evidence of direct linkage between the Russian equity market and the world market both in regards of returns and volatility. However, the weakness of the linkage suggests that the Russian equity market was only partially integrated into the world market, even though the contagion can be clearly seen during the time of the crisis period. The second and the third paper, co-authored with Mika Vaihekoski, investigate whether global, local and currency risks are priced in the Russian stock market from a US investors’ point of view. Furthermore, the dynamics of these sources of risk are studied, i.e., whether the prices of the global and local risk factors are constant or time-varying over time. We utilize the multivariate GARCH-M framework of De Santis and Gérard (1998). Similar to them we find price of global market risk to be time-varying. Currency risk also found to be priced and highly time varying in the Russian market. Moreover, our results suggest that the Russian market is partially segmented and local risk is also priced in the market. The model also implies that the biggest impact on the US market risk premium is coming from the world risk component whereas the Russian risk premium is on average caused mostly by the local and currency components. The purpose of the fourth paper is to look at the relationship between the stock and the bond market of Russia. The objective is to examine whether the correlations between two classes of assets are time varying by using multivariate conditional volatility models. The Constant Conditional Correlation model by Bollerslev (1990), the Dynamic Conditional Correlation model by Engle (2002), and an asymmetric version of the Dynamic Conditional Correlation model by Cappiello et al. (2006) are used in the analysis. The empirical results do not support the assumption of constant conditional correlation and there was clear evidence of time varying correlations between the Russian stocks and bond market and both asset markets exhibit positive asymmetries. The implications of the results in this dissertation are useful for both companies and international investors who are interested in investing in Russia. Our results give useful insights to those involved in minimising or managing financial risk exposures, such as, portfolio managers, international investors, risk analysts and financial researchers. When portfolio managers aim to optimize the risk-return relationship, the results indicate that at least in the case of Russia, one should account for the local market as well as currency risk when calculating the key inputs for the optimization. In addition, the pricing of exchange rate risk implies that exchange rate exposure is partly non-diversifiable and investors are compensated for bearing the risk. Likewise, international transmission of stock market volatility can profoundly influence corporate capital budgeting decisions, investors’ investment decisions, and other business cycle variables. Finally, the weak integration of the Russian market and low correlations between Russian stock and bond market offers good opportunities to the international investors to diversify their portfolios.

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The basketball refereeing has undergone many changes in the last ten years. This article claims to combine some conceptual and methodological basis to define the meanings for the so called ‘modern refereeing’. Indeed, this research is concerned to the analysis of the new communication skills as an inseparable asset to the arbitration task, characterized by the dialogue, the administration of 'soft power', the emotional management and the adoption of a renewed and empathic attitude towards all the components of the game. Finally, this paper will propose the concretion of some specific communicative characteristics of the basketball refereeing in the XXI century.

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Työssä tutkitaan asennetun laitekannan kunnossapitopalveluun perustuvan yritysten välisen yhteistyösuhteen kehittämisen edellytyksiä. Tutkimus pohjautuu teollisten palveluiden, yritysten välisten yhteistyösuhteiden ja palveluiden kehittämisen osatekijöiden ja menestystekijöiden teoreettiseen tarkasteluun, sekä kohdeyrityksille suoritetun kvalitatiivisen haastattelututkimuksen tulosten analysointiin teoreettisen viitekehyksen valossa. Tavoitteena on muodostaa ehjä ja hallittava kokonaisuus monialaisen ongelmakentän kriittisistä osatekijöistä, sekä niiden keskinäisistä kausaliteeteista. Yritysten välisen yhteistyön lähtökohtana on, että kaikki yhteistyön osapuolet saavuttavat toiminnalla hyötyjä omasta näkökulmastaan tarkasteltuna. Yhteistyösuhteen kehittäminen ja yhteisen arvon toteutuminen edellyttää näin ollen, että tarjottavan palvelukokonaisuuden sisältämät potentiaaliset hyödyt ja toisaalta myös niitä vastaavat riskit ymmärretään sekä palveluntarjoajan että asiakkaan organisaatiossa. Yhteistyösuhteen kehittäminen edellyttää edelleen myös, että suhteen kehittymistä ja saavutettavia hyötyjä pystytään mittaamaan relevanttien mittareiden avulla. Tutkimuksessa keskitytään hyötypotentiaalin selvittämisen edellytyksiin, sekä hyötyjen viestimisen haasteisiin molempia osapuolia palvelevasta objektiivisesta näkökulmasta. Haastattelututkimuksessa havaittujen ongelmakohtien pohjalta eritellään kehityskohteita ja ratkaisuehdotuksia päätöksenteon tueksi sekä laajojen palvelukokonaisuuksien ja niihin liittyvän ongelmakentän hahmottamisen ja hallinnan helpottamiseksi.

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IFRS standardit pyrkivät yhdenmukaistamaan yritysten taloudellisen informaation esittämistapaa ja lisäämään tilinpäätöksen läpinäkyvyyttä sijoittajien näkökulmasta. Tässä tutkielmassa tarkastellaan pankkien rahoitusomaisuuserien läpinäkyvyysvaatimusten toteutumista tutkimalla, kuinka rahoitusinstrumenttien arvostusmenetelmät ovat muuttuneet IFRS:n käyttöönoton myötä. Tutkimusmenetelmäksi valittiin monitapaustutkimus, jossa selvitettiin kuinka aineistoon valitut neljä pohjoismaista pankkia oust menetelleet rahoitusinstrumenttien arvostamisessa IFRS standardien käyttöönoton siirtymävaiheessa vuosina 2003 2007. Aineistona käytettiin pankkien julkisia tilinpäätöstietoja ja vuosikertomuksia. Tulosten perusteella rahoitusinstrumenttien läpinäkyvyyden voidaan sanoa jonkin verran lisääntyneen, sillä pankit olivat yleisesti ottaen siirtyneet käyvän arvon käyttämiseen aikaisemmasta hankintamenopohjaisesta menetelmästä. Käyvän arvon kaikki pankit oust määrittäneet markkinahintanoteerausten perusteella tai niiden puuttuessa erilaistenarvostusmenetelmien avulla. Pankin koko näytti olevan sidoksissa käytettavien arvostusmenetelmien monimutkaisuuteen.

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The target of the thesis was to find out has the decision to outsource part of Filtronic LK warehouse function been profitable. Furthermore, another thesis target was to demonstrate current logistics processes between TPLP and company and find out the targets for developing these processes. The decision to outsource part of logistical funtions have been profitable during the first business year. Partnership includes always business risks. Risk increases high asset specific investments. In the other hand investment to partnership increases mutual trust and commitment between parties. By developing partnership risks and opportunitic behaviour can be decreased. The potential of managing material and data flows between logistic service provider and company observed. By analyzing inventory effiency were highlighted the need for decreasing the capital invested to inventories. The recommendations for managing outsourced logistical funtions were established such as improving partnership, process development, performance measurement and invoice checking.

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Työn tavoitteena oli lisätä ymmärrystä teollisuuden kunnossapidon toimialasta ja sen tulevaisuudesta, tutkimalla teollisuuden kunnossapitoyritysten toteuttamia käyttöomaisuus- ja käyttöpääomainvestointeja vuosilta 2003–2007. Tutkimus toteutettiin tilinpää-tösanalyysin menetelmin suppealla, mutta edustavalla, 20 teollisuuden kunnossapitoyrityksen tilinpäätösaineistolla. Yritysjoukko jaettiin pk-yrityksiin ja suuriin yrityksiin, jolla pyrittiin kuvaamaan toimialan todellisempaa rakennetta. Analyysiosiossa tarkasteltiin toteutuneita investointiasteita, investointilogiikoita, yritysten kannattavuuksia sekä käyttöpääomainvestointien hallintaa. Toteutetun analyysin perusteella luotiin kolme tulevaisuuden skenaariota teollisuuden kunnossapidon toimi-alan kehitykselle. Eri skenaarioille laskettiin ennustemallilla keskimääräiset investointiasteet. Analyysin mukaan teollisuuden kunnossapitoyrityksien liikevaihto kasvoi tutkimusaikavälillä keskimäärin noin 8,5 prosenttia vuodessa. Kyseinen kasvu on vaatinut yrityksiltä noin 2,5 prosentin investointiasteen. Verratessa pk-yrityksiä ja isoja yrityksiä, havaittiin merkittäviä eroja toteutuneissa investointiasteissa sekä investointilogiikoissa. Yhteistä yritysjoukoille oli hyvä kannattavuus, johon eri investointiasteilla ei näyttäisi lyhyellä aikavälillä olevan vaikutusta. Tulevaisuuden investointitarve vaikuttaa maltillisemmalta kuin toteutunut taso, johtuen osaltaan taantuman vaikutuksista.

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Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena oli kehittää verkkoyhtiön omaisuuden hallintaa PAS 55 standardin edellyttämälle tasolle. Kehittämistyössä keskityttiin johdon katselmukseen ja riskienhallintaan, joissa havaittiin suurimmat kehittämistarpeet. Tässä raportissa esitellään uudet toimintamallit näiden osa-alueiden kehittämiseksi. Kehittämistyössä hyödynnettiin PAS 55 standardin lisäksi uusimpia teorioita omaisuuden hallintaan liittyen. Tutkimuksessa havaittiin, että yrityksen omaisuuden hallinta on hyvällä tasolla. Lisäksi havaittiin, että kehitettyjen toimintamallien avulla yrityksen omaisuuden hallinta vastaa näiltä osin PAS 55 standardin vaatimuksia.