Analytical studies of gain optimization in CO2-N2 gasdynamic lasers employing two-dimensional wedge nozzles

An analytical method has been proposed to optimise the small-signaloptical gain of CO2-N2 gasdynamic lasers (gdl) employing two-dimensional (2D) wedge nozzles. Following our earlier work the equations governing the steady, inviscid, quasi-one-dimensional flow in the wedge nozzle of thegdl are reduced to a universal form so that their solutions depend on a single unifying parameter. These equations are solved numerically to obtain similar solutions for the various flow quantities, which variables are subsequently used to optimize the small-signal-gain. The corresponding optimum values like reservoir pressure and temperature and 2D nozzle area ratio also have been predicted and graphed for a wide range of laser gas compositions, with either H2O or He as the catalyst. A large number of graphs are presented which may be used to obtain the optimum values of small signal gain for a wide range of laser compositions without further computations.

Two-dimensional phase transitions at electrochemical interfaces

A two-state Ising model has been applied to the two-dimensional condensation of tymine at the mercury-water interface. The model predicts a quadratic dependence of the transition potential on temperature and on the logarithm of the adsorbate concentration. Both predictions have been confirmed experimentally.

Compressible second-order boundary layers for three-dimensional stagnation point flows with mass transfer

All the second-order boundary-layer effects have been studied for the steady laminar compressible 3-dimensional stagnation-point flows with variable properties and mass transfer for both saddle and nodal point regions. The governing equations have been solved numerically using an implicit finite-difference scheme. Results for the heat transfer and skin friction have been obtained for several values of the mass-transfer rate, wall temperature, and also for several values of parameters characterizing the nature of stagnation point and variable gas properties. The second-order effects on the heat transfer and skin friction at the wall are found to be significant and at large injection rates, they dominate over the results of the first-order boundary layer, but the effect of large suction is just the opposite. In general, the second-order effects are more pronounced in the saddle-point region than in the nodal-point region. The overall heat-transfer rate for the 3-dimensional flows is found to be more than that of the 2-dimensional flows.

Magnetic-properties of quasi-2-dimensional la1-xsr1+xmno4 and the evolution of itinerant electron ferromagnetism in the sro.(la1-xsrxmno3)n system

Quasi-two-dimensional oxides of the La,+,Sr,+,Mn04 system, possessing the KZNiF4 structure, show no evidence for ferromagnetic ordering in contrast to the corresponding three-dimensional La,+.Sr,MnO~ perovskites. Instead, there is an increasing tendency toward antiferromagnetic ordering with mcreasmg x m La,+,Sr,,, MnOp. Furthermore, these oxides are relatively high-resistivity materials over the entire compositional range. Substitution of Ba for Sr in La&r,.5Mn04 decreases the ferromagnetic interaction. Increasing the number of perovskite layers in SrO (La,-,Sr,MnO& causes an increase in electrical conductivity as well as ferromagnetic interaction. The oxide becomes a highly conducting ferromagnet when n 2 2.

Two-dimensional solidification in a cylindrical mold with imperfect mold contact

A two-dimensional axisymmetric problem of solidification of a superheated liquid in a long cylindrical mold has been studied in this paper by employing a new embedding technique. The mold and the melt has an imperfect contact and the heat transfer coefficient has been taken as a function of space and time. Short-time exact analytical solutions for the moving boundary and temperature distributions in the liquid, solid and mold have been obtained. The numerical results indicate that with the present solution, for some parameter values, substantial solidified thickness can be obtained. The method of solution is simple and straightforward, and consists of assuming fictitious initial temperatures for some suitable fictitious extensions of the actual regions. Sufficient conditions for the commencement of the solidification have been discussed.

Elastic analysis of pin joints in plates under some combined pin and plate loads

Joints are primary sources of weakness in structures. Pin joints are very common and are used where periodic disassembly of components is needed. A circular pin in a circular hole in an infinitely large plate is an abstraction of such a pin joint. A two-dimensional plane-stress analysis of such a configuration is carried out, here, subjected to pin-bearing and/or biaxial-plate loading. The pin is assumed to be rigid compared to the plate material. For pin load the reactive stresses at the edges of the infinite plate tend to zero though their integral over the external boundary equals to the pin load. The pin-hole interface is unbonded and so beyond some load levels the plate separates from the pin and the extent of separation is a non-linear function of load level. The problem is solved by inverse technique where the extent of contact is specified and the causative loads are evaluated directly. In the situations where combined load is acting the separation-contact zone specification generally needs two parameters (angles) to be specified. The present report deals with analysing such a situation in metallic (or isotropic) plates. Numerical results are provided for parametric representation and the methodology is demonstrated.

Hantzsch 1,4-dihydropyridine esters and analogs: candidates for generating reproducible one-dimensional packing motifs

Examination of the symmetric Hantzsch 1,4-dihydropyridine ester derivatives of the prototypical nifedipine molecule indicates the tendency of this class of molecule to form a common packing motif. Crystal structure analysis of 2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic diesters and analogs reveals that they form extended chains, characterized as the C(6) packing motif, via intermolecular (amine) N-H...O=C (C3,C5 carbonyl) hydrogen bonds. In addition, all the prepared derivatives also satisfy the basic structural requirements for their high binding efficiency to the receptor. The reproducible C(6) packing motif observed among these compounds has a use in the design of solid-state materials.

Public Open Spaces in Kathmandu Valley: A Review of Contemporary Problems and Historic Precedents

The current growth of Kathmandu Valley has been malignant in many ways which suggests a decline of public realm in the city. As the current efforts for planning and design of public open space exhibit numerous problems related to both physical and social aspects of city building, this book examines the shortcomings with contemporary urban development from urban planning and design point of view and attempts to suggest methods to overcome such shortcomings based on the study of historic urban squares. This book identifies the inherent urban design qualities of the historic urban squares in order to learn from them and also attempts to put forward the principles and guidelines for contemporary public space design based on such findings.

Connections not boundaries: Future learning and physical spaces

In the developed world, we feel the effects of "digital disruption" in our experiences of the spaces of retail, hospitality, entertainment, finance, arts and culture, and even healthcare. This disruption can take many forms: augmentation of physical experience with a digital complement such as the use of a bespoke mobile application to navigate an art museum, ordering food on digital tablets in a restaurant, recording our health data to share with a doctor. We also rate and review our experiences of a wide range of services and share these opinions with diverse others via the social web.

Magnetic properties of quasi-two-dimensional La2NiO4

Magnetic susceptibility studies on single crystals of nearly stoichiometric La2NiO4 with the applied field both parallel and perpendicular to the c axis show a transition at 204 K below which two-dimensional canted antiferromagnetic order seems to exist. This oxide also undergoes a transition from isotropic to anisotropic susceptibility near 100 and 250 K.

Use of 45° pulse pair as a filter for pure-phase two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy

Conventionally two-dimensional NMR spectra are recorded in the absolute-intensity mode (1-4). It has recently been demonstrated that absorption-mode 2D spectra have much higher resolution and are the preferred mode of presentation, especially for 2D spectra of biomolecules (5-7). Indeed, any experimental scheme which yields phasemixed lineshapes is subject to modification to yield pure-phase spectra, even at the expense of intensity and anomalous multiplet structure (8-10). For this purpose two types of filters are already known: the z filter (9, 20) and the purging pulse (8, 10). In this note, we propose a 45” pulse pair as a filter for obtaining pure-phase 2D spectra, mainly for experiments in which the above filters do not yield pure-phase spectra.

Policing LGBTIQ people in rural spaces: Emerging issues and future concerns

This article argues identifying as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, queer and/or questioning (LGBTIQ) in rural spaces can produce specific types of policing experiences. While some literature examines the experiences of LGBTIQ people with police, very little has focused on how rurality explicitly shapes these experiences. This is significant considering research highlights how rurality can be connected to pronounced experiences of homophobia and trans-phobia. The article highlights examples from three research projects that explored: LGBTIQ young people's interactions with police; LGBTI people's interactions with police liaison services; and LGBTIQ-identifying police officers. The examples demonstrate the need for further research to examine how policing “happens” with rural LGBTIQ people to ensure more accountable policing policies and practice, and to highlight the complexities of localized, rural policing contexts that can both support and marginalize LGBTIQ people.

Quantum-Ohmic Resistance Fluctuation In Disordered Conductors - An Invariant Imbedding Approach

It is now well known that in extreme quantum limit, dominated by the elastic impurity scattering and the concomitant quantum interference, the zero-temperature d.c. resistance of a strictly one-dimensional disordered system is non-additive and non-self-averaging. While these statistical fluctuations may persist in the case of a physically thin wire, they are implicitly and questionably ignored in higher dimensions. In this work, we have re-examined this question. Following an invariant imbedding formulation, we first derive a stochastic differential equation for the complex amplitude reflection coefficient and hence obtain a Fokker-Planck equation for the full probability distribution of resistance for a one-dimensional continuum with a Gaussian white-noise random potential. We then employ the Migdal-Kadanoff type bond moving procedure and derive the d-dimensional generalization of the above probability distribution, or rather the associated cumulant function –‘the free energy’. For d=3, our analysis shows that the dispersion dominates the mobilitly edge phenomena in that (i) a one-parameter B-function depending on the mean conductance only does not exist, (ii) an approximate treatment gives a diffusion-correction involving the second cumulant. It is, however, not clear whether the fluctuations can render the transition at the mobility edge ‘first-order’. We also report some analytical results for the case of the one dimensional system in the presence of a finite electric fiekl. We find a cross-over from the exponential to the power-low length dependence of resistance as the field increases from zero. Also, the distribution of resistance saturates asymptotically to a poissonian form. Most of our analytical results are supported by the recent numerical simulation work reported by some authors.

Semi-similar solution of an unsteady compressible three-dimensional stagnation point boundary layer flow with massive blowing

A semi-similar solution of an unsteady laminar compressible three-dimensional stagnation point boundary layer flow with massive blowing has been obtained when the free stream velocity varies arbitrarily with time. The resulting partial differential equations governing the flow have been solved numerically using an implicit finite-difference scheme with a quasi-linearization technique in the nodal point region and an implicit finite-difference scheme with a parametric differentiation technique in the saddle point region. The results have been obtained for two particular unsteady free stream velocity distributions: (i) an accelerating stream and (ii) a fluctuating stream. Results show that the skin-friction and heat-transfer parameters respond significantly to the time dependent arbitrary free stream velocity. Velocity and enthalpy profiles approach their free stream values faster as time increases. There is a reverse flow in the y-wise velocity profile, and overshoot in the x-wise velocity and enthalpy profiles in the saddle point region, which increase as injection and wall temperature increase. Location of the dividing streamline increases as injection increases, but as the wall temperature and time increase, it decreases.

Reversible Water Intercalation Accompanied by Coordination and Color Changes in a Layered Metal-Organic Framework

A new two-dimensional 3d-4f mixed-metal mixed dicarboxylate (homocyclic and heterocyclic) of the formula [Gd2(H2O)2Ni(H2O)2(1,2-bdc)2(2,5-pydc)2] 3 8H2O (1; 1,2-H2bdc = 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid and 2,5-H2pydc = 2,5- pyridinedicarboxylic acid) has been prepared by employing the hydrothermal method. The structure has infinite onedimensional-Gd-O-Gd- chains formed by the edge-shared GdO9 polyhedral units, resulting exclusively from the connectivity between the Gd3+ ions and the 1,2-bdc units. The chains are connected by the [Ni(H2O)2(2,5-pydc)2]2- metalloligand, forming the two-dimensional layer arrangements. The stacking of the layers creates hydrophilic and hydrophobic spaces in the interlamellar region. A one-dimensional water ladder structure, formed by the extraframework water molecules, occupies the hydrophilic region while the benzene ring of 1,2-bdc occupies the hydrophobic region. To the best of our knowledge, the present compound represents the first example of a 3d-4f mixed-metal carboxylate in which two different aromatic dicarboxylate anions act as the linkers. The stabilization energies of the water clusters have been evaluated using density functional theory calculations. The water molecules in 1 are fully reversible accompanied by a change in color (greenish blue to brown) and coordination around Ni2+ ions (octahedral to distorted tetrahedral).