Hierarchical graph maps for visualization of collaborative recommender systems

In this paper we provide a method that allows the visualization of similarity relationships present between items of collaborative filtering recommender systems, as well as the relative importance of each of these. The objective is to offer visual representations of the recommender system?s set of items and of their relationships; these graphs show us where the most representative information can be found and which items are rated in a more similar way by the recommender system?s community of users. The visual representations achieved take the shape of phylogenetic trees, displaying the numerical similarity and the reliability between each pair of items considered to be similar. As a case study we provide the results obtained using the public database Movielens 1M, which contains 3900 movies.

Asymptotic values of quasiregular maps

Suslin analytic sets characterize the sets of asymptotic values of entire holomorphic functions. By a theorem of Ahlfors, the set of asymptotic values is finite for a function with finite order of growth. Quasiregular maps are a natural generalization of holomorphic functions to dimensions n ≥ 3 and, in fact, many of the properties of holomorphic functions have counterparts for quasiregular maps. It is shown that analytic sets also characterize the sets of asymptotic values of quasiregular maps in Rn, even for those with finite order of growth. Our construction is based on Drasin's quasiregular sine function

Drought estimation maps by means multidate landsat fused images

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the usefulness of traditional indexes, such as NDVI and NDWI along with a recently proposed index (NDDI) using merged data for multiple dates, with the aim of obtaining drought data to facilitate the analysis for government premises. In this study we have used Landsat 7 ETM+ data for the month of June (2001-2009), which merged to get bands with twice the resolution. The three previous indices were calculated from these new bands, getting in turn drought maps that can enhance the effectiveness of decision making.

Respuesta fisiológica y agronómica del olivar en seto (cv. Arbequina) a la orientación de filas y al ancho de calle: relación entre la producción y calidad del aceite y la radiación interceptada

En las últimas dos décadas, los productores han plantado olivares en seto para lograr la mecanización de la poda y en especial de la cosecha, reducir los costes de mano de obra y permitir intervenciones de manejo rápidas y oportunas. Los olivares se desarrollaron en ausencia del conocimiento científico, sobre el diseño óptimo de la estructura de la copa, necesario para incrementar la producción y calidad del aceite. En contraste, con los árboles muy espaciados y distribuidos uniformemente de las plantaciones tradicionales, en el olivar en seto hay una marcada variabilidad espacial y temporal de la radiación disponible en función del diseño de la plantación. Así, conocer la respuesta fisiológica y productiva del olivo a la radiación resulta fundamental en el olivar en seto. La orientación de las filas y el ancho de calle son aspectos que se deciden en el diseño de las plantaciones en seto. Ambos aspectos modifican la radiación interceptada por la canopia y, por lo tanto, pueden incidir en la productividad y calidad del aceite. Una vez realizada la plantación no pueden ser modificados, y así las ventajas o desventajas permanecerán fijas durante toda la vida productiva del olivar. A pesar de esto, el impacto de la orientación de las filas y el ancho de calle han recibido poca atención en olivos y en la mayoría de los frutales conducidos en seto. Por todo ello, los objetivos principales de esta tesis fueron, (i) evaluar el efecto de la orientación del seto y del ancho de calle, sobre la productividad y calidad del aceite, (ii) evaluar un modelo que estime la radiación dentro de la canopia. Este modelo permitirá cuantificar las relaciones entre la radiación y los componentes del rendimiento y calidad del aceite de olivares en setos con un amplio rango de estructuras y (iii) conocer la variabilidad en las características de las hojas (morfológicas y fisiológicas) y de los tejidos del fruto (tamaño y composición) en diferentes posiciones de la copa de los setos. Para ello, se dispuso de 3 ensayos de olivar en seto (cv. Arbequina) implantados en 2008 en el municipio de La Puebla de Montalbán, Toledo. La primera cosecha fue en 2010 y a partir del 2012 los setos formaron una copa continua. A partir de ese año, los setos se mantuvieron mediante poda, con similar ancho (~1 m) y altura (~2,5 m), acordes a las dimensiones de la cosechadora vendimiadora. En los años 2012 y 2013 se estudió en profundidad la respuesta de las plantas de estos ensayos. En el ensayo 1, los setos fueron plantados con cuatro orientaciones de filas: N–S, NE–SO, NO–SE y E–O y el mismo ancho de calle (4 m). En los otros dos ensayos, los setos fueron plantados con tres anchos de calle (5,0, 4,0 y 2,5 m), y con filas orientadas N–S (ensayo 2) y E–O (ensayo 3). La respuesta de la orientación de las filas se evaluó a nivel de seto y de estratos del seto (alturas y caras), a través de mediciones del crecimiento de brotes, componentes reproductivos, características y temperatura del fruto, estado hídrico del suelo y de las plantas, fotosíntesis neta de las hojas y contenido de ácidos grasos. Los setos orientados NE–SO (2,7 t/ha) lograron la mayor producción de aceite, que fue significativamente más alta que la de los setos E–O (2,3 t/ha). La producción de aceite de los setos E–O no se diferenció estadísticamente de los setos N–S (2,5 t/ha). Las diferencias productivas entre orientaciones fueron explicadas por el número de frutos en cosecha, a su vez la variación en el número de frutos estuvo asociada al efecto de la orientación de las filas sobre el número de yemas desarrolladas y el porcentaje de inflorescencias fértiles. Las hojas en las caras iluminadas de los setos NE–SO y N–S presentaron mayor tasa fotosintética a la mañana (~10.0 h) que los setos E–O, en el año 2012, pero no en 2013. La orientación de las filas no tuvo un efecto significativo en el contenido de ácidos grasos de los aceites extraídos, esto ocurrió a pesar de variaciones en la temperatura interna de los frutos (3 °C) y de la radiación (40%) entre las distintas caras de los setos. La orientación del seto afectó significativamente al contenido relativo de agua del suelo, donde setos E–O presentaron valores más altos (12%) que setos N–S durante el verano y otoño. Sin embargo, el potencial hídrico de tallo fue similar entre orientaciones. En los ensayos 2 y 3, se evaluó el efecto que produce, a nivel de seto y de estratos (caras y alturas), reducir el ancho de calle de 5,0 a 4,0 y 2,5 m, en un seto orientado N–S y otro E–O, respectivamente. La relación entre altura/ancho de calle libre aumentó 0,6 a 0,8 y 1,6, al reducir 5,0, 4,0 y 2,5 m el ancho de calle, mientras la longitud de seto y el volumen de copa por hectárea incrementó 100% al reducir de 5,0 a 2,5 m, el ancho de calle. En los setos orientados N–S, la producción de aceite por ha acumulada en 4 campañas, incrementó significativamente un 52 %, al reducir de 5,0 a 2,5 m el ancho de calle. Los setos N–S con calle más estrecha (2,5 m) tuvieron un 19% menos frutos que los setos con calle más ancha (5,0 m) y a su vez el 60% de los mismos se localizaron los estratos altos de la canopia de los setos con calles estrecha en comparación al 40% en setos con calle de 5,0 m. En los estratos más bajos de los setos con calles de 2,5m hubo menor crecimiento de los brotes y los frutos tuvieron menor peso seco, contenido de aceite y madurez, que los frutos en los estratos bajos de los setos a 5,0 m. Los componentes del rendimiento y características de los frutos (agua y madurez) fueron similares entre la caras E y O, independientemente del ancho de calle. En los setos orientados E–O, la producción de aceite por ha acumulada en 4 campañas, no respondió significativamente al ancho de calle, debido a una disminución significativa en el número de frutos y producción de aceite por m de seto, al reducir de 5,0 a 2,5 m, el ancho de calle. En los setos orientados E–O, con calles de 5,0 m, los frutos presentaron similar peso seco, contenido de aceite y agua, en las caras S y N, sin embargo, cuando la calle fue reducida a 2,5, los frutos de la cara S fueron más pesado y maduros que en la cara N. Independientemente del ancho de calle y de la orientación del seto, el aceite presentó mayor contenido de ácidos palmitoleico, palmítico, esteárico y linoleico en los frutos del estrato más alto de la canopia disminuyendo hacia la base. En contraste, el contenido de ácido oleico aumentó desde el estrato más alto hacia la base de los setos. Las diferencias en el contenido de ácidos grasos entre la parte alta y baja de los setos, incrementó al reducir el ancho de calle en los setos N–S, pero no en los E-O. En conclusión, en olivares en seto, reducir el ancho de calle permite incrementar la producción de aceite, en setos orientados N–S, pero no en E–O. Un modelo que estima la cantidad y distribución de la radiación en toda la copa del seto, fue utilizado para estimar la radiación interceptada en distintos estratos del seto. El modelo requiere un valor del coeficiente de extinción (k) para estimar la transmisión de radiación a través de la copa, el cual fue obtenido experimentalmente (k=1,2). Utilizando los datos del ensayo 1, un único modelo lineal relacionó el peso seco y el rendimiento graso de setos con la radiación interceptada por los distintos estratos de setos con cuatro orientaciones de filas. La densidad de frutos fue también relacionada con la radiación, pero más débilmente. En los setos orientados N–S, plantados con tres anchos de calles, (ensayo 2) el contenido de ácidos palmitoleico y linoleico del aceite incrementó linealmente con el incremento de la radiación interceptada, mientras el contenido ácido oleico disminuyó linealmente con el incremento de la radiación. El contenido de ácidos grasos del aceite no estuvo relacionado con la radiación interceptada en setos orientados E–O (Ensayo 3). En los setos N–S y E–O, plantados con anchos de calle de 2,5 m, se estudiaron las interacciones entre la radiación y características de las hojas, número de fruto, tamaño y composición de los frutos a nivel de órgano, tejido y células. Independientemente de la orientación del seto, el área y el contenido de clorofila de las hojas incrementaron significativamente en los estratos más bajos de los setos. Mientras, las hojas de los estratos medios del seto presentaron mayor capacidad fotosintética que en los estratos bajos y alto de los setos. Los estratos del seto que interceptaron más radiación produjeron frutos con mayor tamaño y contenido de aceite en el mesocarpo, sin efectos sobre el tamaño y composición del endocarpo. A nivel celular, los frutos expuestos a mayor nivel de radiación desarrollaron en el mesocarpo células de mayor tamaño en comparación a frutos menos expuestos, mientras el número de células no fue afectado. Adicionalmente, el número y tamaño de las células estuvo relacionado con la composición del mesocarpo en términos de aceite, agua y peso seco menos aceite. Esta tesis, contribuye, desde una perspectiva integral del cultivo del olivo, a cuantificar el impacto de la orientación y ancho de calle sobre la producción y calidad del aceite en olivares conducidos en setos. El análisis y discusión de la relación entre la radiación y los componentes del rendimiento y calidad del aceite, puede ayudar a diseñar plantaciones en seto con dimensiones óptimas para la intercepción de la radiación. ABSTRACT In the last two decades, olive hedgerow system has been established by commercial growers to allow continuous mechanized pruning and especially harvest, reduce costs of manual labour and allow more rapid and timely management interventions. The adoption of hedgerow was done in the absence of adequate scientific knowledge of the impact of this orchard structure and associated mechanization on tree response, yield and quality, after centuries in low-density orchards and open-formed trees. The row orientation and width alley are fundamental aspects in the hedgerow design and have been scarcely studied in olive. Both aspects modify the radiation intercepted by the canopy, and consequently the productivity and oil quality, and once defined in orchard planting cannot be changed, so advantages and disadvantages remain fixed for the lifespan of the orchard. The main objectives of this thesis were to (i) evaluate the impact of the row orientation and width alley on productivity and oil quality by the measurements of profile of the determining processes of shoot growth, fruit temperature, yield components and fruit and oil characteristics on opposite sides of olive hedgerows. Additionally, the effect of row orientation on the plant water status was also evaluated; (ii) evaluate a mathematical model for estimating the radiation within the canopy and quantify the relationships between the radiation estimated and yield components and oil quality in olive hedgerows under wide range of structures and; (iii) determine the variability in the characteristics of the leaves (morphological and physiological) and fruit tissues (size and composition) in different positions of the hedgerows canopy. Three plots of olive hedgerows (cv. Arbequina) planted in 2008 in La Puebla de Montalbán, Toledo were evaluated during the 2012 and 2013 seasons. The hedgerows were maintained by lateral pruning and topping with the same width (1 m) and height (2.5 m) compatible with the intended harvester. In a plot (experiment 1), the hedgerows were planted with the same width alley (4 m) and four row orientations: N–S, NE–SW, NW–SE and E–W. Other two plots (Experiments 2 and 3) separated by approximately 100 m were planted with N–S and E–O oriented rows and three alley widths in each orientation: 5.0, 4.0 and 2.5 m. In the exp. 1, maximum fruit yield were achieved by NE–SW and NW–SW (15.7 t/ha). Of these, NE–SW achieved the highest oil yield (2.7 t/ha). There were no differences in fruit or oil yield between N–S (2.5 t oil/ha) and E–W (2.3 t oil/ha) orientations. Fruit number was the most important component to explain these differences, by previous influence on number of bud developed and percentage of fertile inflorescences. Fruit maturity and oil quality on both sides of the hedgerows were not affected by row orientation. This occurred despite significant variations in the internal fruit temperature, which was closely related to the irradiance received by the canopy and the time of day. Additionally, row orientation significantly affected the relative water content of the soil, where E–W oriented hedgerows showed consistently higher values than N–S during summer-autumn season. The stem water potential at midday, however, was similar between orientations, revealing possible lower water consumption of E–W than N–S oriented hedgerows. In the exp. 2, regardless of row orientation, reduction of row spacing from 5.0 to 4.0 and 2.5 m increases the ratio of canopy depth to free alley width (Al/An) from 0.6 to 0.8 and 1.6, respectively, and ads 25 and 100 % more hedgerow length per ha. In N–S oriented hedgerows, oil production per ha increased significantly by 14 and 52 % in 4.0 m and 2.5 m relative to 5.0 m row spacing, the effect being proportionally less than the increase in hedgerow length per ha. Hedgerows spaced 2.5 m with Al/An = 1.6 produced relatively fewer fruits per unit length than did wider spacings and were preferentially distributed in upper layers. Fruits located at the bottom of the canopy were smaller, with lower oil content and were less mature. In E–W oriented hedgerows, oil production per ha did not respond significantly to row spacing, despite the doubling of row length from the 5.0 to the 2.5 m row spacing. The explanation was found in fewer fruit per unit length of hedgerow and smaller oil content at 2.5 m than 5.0 m row spacing, averaged over the experimental period. In E–W hedgerows spaced at 5.0 m with Al/An = 0.6, the vertical profiles of fruit characteristics (mass, oil and water contents, and maturity) were similar between opposing sides, but at 4.0 m (Al/An= 0.8) and 2.5 m (Al/An=1.6) spacings, fruits on the S side were heavier and more mature than on N side. The oil extracted from fruits harvested at different heights of N–S and E–W oriented hedgerows showed higher palmitoleic, palmitic, stearic and linoleic contents at the canopy top decreasing toward base. The oleic content was reverse, increased from top to base. In N–S hedgerows, vertical gradients increased by reducing the alley width, but not in the E–W oriented hedgerows. The simulation of internal canopy irradiance was related in a single relationship (R2 = 0.63) to the vertical profiles of fruit weight and oil content of olive hedgerows with wide range of structures. The density of fruits was also associated with the irradiance but more weakly (R2 = 0.27), and revealed a more complex response involving changes in the vegetative structure by canopy management (topping) and the effect of radiation on the previous sequence that defines the number of fruits. The vertical profiles of oil quality traits were closely associated to canopy irradiance, but only when the N–S oriented hedgerows were considered. The contents of palmitoleic and linoleic acid in the oil increased linearly when intercepted irradiance increased from 9 to 19 mol PAR/m2. In contrast, oleic content decreased linearly in this irradiance range. Additionally, we advanced knowledge regarding the interactions among irradiance and leaf, fruit number, size and composition at organ-, tissue- and cellular- levels. The irradiance received at different positions in the canopy strongly affected the leaf area and chlorophyll content, and mesocarp size and composition (water and oil), without effects on endocarp size and composition. At the cellular level, light-exposed fruit developed larger mesocarp cells than shaded fruits, but cell number was not affected. Our results indicate that cell number and size are related to mesocarp composition in term of oil, water, and dry weight menus oil, although the specific manner in which they interact remains to be determined. This research contributes from an integral perspective of olive growing to quantify the impact of row orientation and width alley on productivity and oil quality in hedgerows systems. The analysis and discussion of the relationships between radiation and yield components and oil quality can help understand the impact of design olive hedgerows in general and in a wide range of environmental conditions.

On the acquisition of high-resolution maps with open source software and commercials off-the-shelf quad-rotors

Mosaics are high-resolution images obtained aerially and employed in several scientific research areas, such for example, in the field of environmental monitoring and precision agriculture. Although many high resolution maps are obtained by commercial demand, they can also be acquired with commercial aerial vehicles which provide more experimental autonomy and availability. For what regard to mosaicing-based aerial mission planners, there are not so many - if any - free of charge software. Therefore, in this paper is presented a framework designed with open source tools and libraries as an alternative to commercial tools to carry out mosaicing tasks.

Networks based on QKD and weakly trusted repeaters

We study how to use quantum key distribution (QKD) in common optical network infrastructures and propose a method to overcome its distance limitations. QKD is the first technology offering information theoretic secret-key distribution that relies only on the fundamental principles of quantum physics. Point-to-point QKD devices have reached a mature industrial state; however, these devices are severely limited in distance, since signals at the quantum level (e.g. single photons) are highly affected by the losses in the communication channel and intermediate devices. To overcome this limitation, intermediate nodes (i.e. repeaters) are used. Both, quantum-regime and trusted, classical, repeaters have been proposed in the QKD literature, but only the latter can be implemented in practice. As a novelty, we propose here a new QKD network model based on the use of not fully trusted intermediate nodes, referred as weakly trusted repeaters. This approach forces the attacker to simultaneously break several paths to get access to the exchanged key, thus improving significantly the security of the network. We formalize the model using network codes and provide real scenarios that allow users to exchange secure keys over metropolitan optical networks using only passive components.

Cardiac arrest in rodents: Maximal duration compatible with a recovery of neuronal activity

We report here that during a permanent cardiac arrest, rodent brain tissue is “physiologically” preserved in situ in a particular quiescent state. This state is characterized by the absence of electrical activity and by a critical period of 5–6 hr during which brain tissue can be reactivated upon restoration of a simple energy (glucose/oxygen) supply. In rat brain slices prepared 1–6 hr after cardiac arrest and maintained in vitro for several hours, cells with normal morphological features, intrinsic membrane properties, and spontaneous synaptic activity were recorded from various brain regions. In addition to functional membrane channels, these neurons expressed mRNA, as revealed by single-cell reverse transcription–PCR, and could synthesize proteins de novo. Slices prepared after longer delays did not recover. In a guinea pig isolated whole-brain preparation that was cannulated and perfused with oxygenated saline 1–2 hr after cardiac arrest, cell activity and functional long-range synaptic connections could be restored although the electroencephalogram remained isoelectric. Perfusion of the isolated brain with the γ-aminobutyric acid A receptor antagonist picrotoxin, however, could induce self-sustained temporal lobe epilepsy. Thus, in rodents, the duration of cardiac arrest compatible with a short-term recovery of neuronal activity is much longer than previously expected. The analysis of the parameters that regulate this duration may bring new insights into the prevention of postischemic damages.

Residual delay maps unveil global patterns of atmospheric nonlinearity and produce improved local forecasts

We use residual-delay maps of observational field data for barometric pressure to demonstrate the structure of latitudinal gradients in nonlinearity in the atmosphere. Nonlinearity is weak and largely lacking in tropical and subtropical sites and increases rapidly into the temperate regions where the time series also appear to be much noisier. The degree of nonlinearity closely follows the meridional variation of midlatitude storm track frequency. We extract the specific functional form of this nonlinearity, a V shape in the lagged residuals that appears to be a basic feature of midlatitude synoptic weather systems associated with frontal passages. We present evidence that this form arises from the relative time scales of high-pressure versus low-pressure events. Finally, we show that this nonlinear feature is weaker in a well regarded numerical forecast model (European Centre for Medium-Range Forecasts) because small-scale temporal and spatial variation is smoothed out in the grided inputs. This is significant, in that it allows us to demonstrate how application of statistical corrections based on the residual-delay map may provide marked increases in local forecast accuracy, especially for severe weather systems.

Multiple-complete-digest restriction fragment mapping: Generating sequence-ready maps for large-scale DNA sequencing

Multiple-complete-digest mapping is a DNA mapping technique based on complete-restriction-digest fingerprints of a set of clones that provides highly redundant coverage of the mapping target. The maps assembled from these fingerprints order both the clones and the restriction fragments. Maps are coordinated across three enzymes in the examples presented. Starting with yeast artificial chromosome contigs from the 7q31.3 and 7p14 regions of the human genome, we have produced cosmid-based maps spanning more than one million base pairs. Each yeast artificial chromosome is first subcloned into cosmids at a redundancy of ×15–30. Complete-digest fragments are electrophoresed on agarose gels, poststained, and imaged on a fluorescent scanner. Aberrant clones that are not representative of the underlying genome are rejected in the map construction process. Almost every restriction fragment is ordered, allowing selection of minimal tiling paths with clone-to-clone overlaps of only a few thousand base pairs. These maps demonstrate the practicality of applying the experimental and software-based steps in multiple-complete-digest mapping to a target of significant size and complexity. We present evidence that the maps are sufficiently accurate to validate both the clones selected for sequencing and the sequence assemblies obtained once these clones have been sequenced by a “shotgun” method.

The 65-kDa carrot microtubule-associated protein forms regularly arranged filamentous cross-bridges between microtubules

In plants, cortical microtubules (MTs) occur in characteristically parallel groups maintained up to one microtubule diameter apart by fine filamentous cross-bridges. However, none of the plant microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) so far purified accounts for the observed separation between MTs in cells. We previously isolated from carrot cytoskeletons a MAP fraction including 120- and 65-kDa MAPs and have now separated the 65-kDa carrot MAP by sucrose density centrifugation. MAP65 does not induce tubulin polymerization but induces the formation of bundles of parallel MTs in a nucleotide-insensitive manner. The bundling effect is inhibited by porcine MAP2, but, unlike MAP2, MAP65 is heat-labile. In the electron microscope, MAP65 appears as filamentous cross-bridges, maintaining an intermicrotubule spacing of 25–30 nm. Microdensitometer-computer correlation analysis reveals that the cross-bridges are regularly spaced, showing a regular axial spacing that is compatible with a symmetrical helical superlattice for 13 protofilament MTs. Because MAP65 maintains in vitro the inter-MT spacing observed in plants and is shown to decorate cortical MTs, it is proposed that this MAP is important for the organization of the cortical array in vivo.

Congruent Docking of Dimeric Kinesin and ncd into Three-dimensional Electron Cryomicroscopy Maps of Microtubule–Motor ADP Complexes

We present a new map showing dimeric kinesin bound to microtubules in the presence of ADP that was obtained by electron cryomicroscopy and image reconstruction. The directly bound monomer (first head) shows a different conformation from one in the more tightly bound empty state. This change in the first head is amplified as a movement of the second (tethered) head, which tilts upward. The atomic coordinates of kinesin·ADP dock into our map so that the tethered head associates with the bound head as in the kinesin dimer structure seen by x-ray crystallography. The new docking orientation avoids problems associated with previous predictions; it puts residues implicated by proteolysis-protection and mutagenesis studies near the microtubule but does not lead to steric interference between the coiled-coil tail and the microtubule surface. The observed conformational changes in the tightly bound states would probably bring some important residues closer to tubulin. As expected from the homology with kinesin, the atomic coordinates of nonclaret disjunctional protein (ncd)·ADP dock in the same orientation into the attached head in a map of microtubules decorated with dimeric ncd·ADP. Our results support the idea that the observed direct interaction between the two heads is important at some stages of the mechanism by which kinesin moves processively along microtubules.

Coexistence of linear zones and pinwheels within orientation maps in cat visual cortex

Revealing the layout of cortical maps is important both for understanding the processes involved in their development and for uncovering the mechanisms underlying neural computation. The typical organization of orientation maps in the cat visual cortex is radial; complete orientation cycles are mapped around orientation singularities. In contrast, long linear zones of orientation representation have been detected in the primary visual cortex of the tree shrew. In this study, we searched for the existence of long linear sequences and wide linear zones within orientation preference maps of the cat visual cortex. Optical imaging based on intrinsic signals was used. Long linear sequences and wide linear zones of preferred orientation were occasionally detected along the border between areas 17 and 18, as well as within area 18. Adjacent zones of distinct radial and linear organizations were observed across area 18 of a single hemisphere. However, radial and linear organizations were not necessarily segregated; long (7.5 mm) linear sequences of preferred orientation were found embedded within a typical pinwheel-like organization of orientation. We conclude that, although the radial organization is dominant, perfectly linear organization may develop and perform the processing related to orientation in the cat visual cortex.

A novel modifier gene for plasma von Willebrand factor level maps to distal mouse chromosome 11

Type 1 von Willebrand disease (VWD), characterized by reduced levels of plasma von Willebrand factor (VWF), is the most common inherited bleeding disorder in humans. Penetrance of VWD is incomplete, and expression of the bleeding phenotype is highly variable. In addition, plasma VWF levels vary widely among normal individuals. To identify genes that influence VWF level, we analyzed a genetic cross between RIIIS/J and CASA/Rk, two strains of mice that exhibit a 20-fold difference in plasma VWF level. DNA samples from F2 progeny demonstrating either extremely high or extremely low plasma VWF levels were pooled and genotyped for 41 markers spanning the autosomal genome. A novel locus accounting for 63% of the total variance in VWF level was mapped to distal mouse chromosome 11, which is distinct from the murine Vwf locus on chromosome 6. We designated this locus Mvwf for “modifier of VWF.” Additional genotyping of as many as 2407 meioses established a high resolution genetic map with gene order Cola1-Itg3a-Ngfr-Mvwf/Gip-Hoxb9-Hoxb1-Cbx·rs2-Cox5a-Gfap. The Mvwf candidate interval between Ngfr and Hoxb9 is ≈0.5 centimorgan (cM). These results demonstrate that a single dominant gene accounts for the low VWF phenotype of RIIIS/J mice in crosses with several other strains. The pattern of inheritance suggests a gain-of-function mutation in a unique component of VWF biosynthesis or processing. Characterization of the human homologue for Mvwf may have relevance for a subset of type 1 VWD cases and may define an important genetic factor modifying penetrance and expression of mutations at the VWF locus.

Shedding light on the dark and weakly fluorescent states of green fluorescent proteins

Recent experiments on various similar green fluorescent protein (GFP) mutants at the single-molecule level and in solution provide evidence of previously unknown short- and long-lived “dark” states and of related excited-state decay channels. Here, we present quantum chemical calculations on cis-trans photoisomerization paths of neutral, anionic, and zwitterionic GFP chromophores in their ground and first singlet excited states that explain the observed behaviors from a common perspective. The results suggest that favorable radiationless decay channels can exist for the different protonation states along these isomerizations, which apparently proceed via conical intersections. These channels are suggested to rationalize the observed dramatic reduction of fluorescence in solution. The observed single-molecule fast blinking is attributed to conversions between the fluorescent anionic and the dark zwitterionic forms whereas slow switching is attributed to conversions between the anionic and the neutral forms. The predicted nonadiabatic crossings are seen to rationalize the origins of a variety of experimental observations on a common basis and may have broad implications for photobiophysical mechanisms in GFP.

Formation of temporal-feature maps by axonal propagation of synaptic learning

Computational maps are of central importance to a neuronal representation of the outside world. In a map, neighboring neurons respond to similar sensory features. A well studied example is the computational map of interaural time differences (ITDs), which is essential to sound localization in a variety of species and allows resolution of ITDs of the order of 10 μs. Nevertheless, it is unclear how such an orderly representation of temporal features arises. We address this problem by modeling the ontogenetic development of an ITD map in the laminar nucleus of the barn owl. We show how the owl's ITD map can emerge from a combined action of homosynaptic spike-based Hebbian learning and its propagation along the presynaptic axon. In spike-based Hebbian learning, synaptic strengths are modified according to the timing of pre- and postsynaptic action potentials. In unspecific axonal learning, a synapse's modification gives rise to a factor that propagates along the presynaptic axon and affects the properties of synapses at neighboring neurons. Our results indicate that both Hebbian learning and its presynaptic propagation are necessary for map formation in the laminar nucleus, but the latter can be orders of magnitude weaker than the former. We argue that the algorithm is important for the formation of computational maps, when, in particular, time plays a key role.