Breaking patterns of conflict in Northern Ireland: new perspectives

Central to reaching peace and settlement in Northern Ireland was a sequence of British–Irish intergovernmental discussions and negotiations, dating from the beginning of the 1980s. British and Irish state cooperation and intervention has remained central to the stability of the settlement reached in 1998. The motives of state actors, however, have been unclear, and the role of the state in the political process has been the subject of some scholarly controversy. This paper looks at the types of evidence that can help to resolve such questions. It focuses on the value of elite interviews, arguing that they can constitute an important and irreplaceable body of evidence when used critically, but it also highlights the risks of excessive reliance on this type of source. It goes on to describe a major research project in University College Dublin whose aim was to record the experiences and interpretations of the actors who engaged in British–Irish negotiations over the last four decades. It discusses the resulting elite interviews and witness seminars and the methodological and ethical difficulties encountered. It describes how these were overcome, and outlines the conditions of confidentiality imposed.

Breaking Waves on the Ocean Surface

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-08

Ristin tie: runoja

Nimiösivulla myös motto: Kaikki suuri tapahtuu hitaasti; ei edes rypäle eikä viikuna valmistu silmänräpäyksessä ... Epiktetos.

Aspects of Chiral Symmetry Breaking in Lattice QCD

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-08

Tallinmäki–Virojoki-tie, Hamina, Virolahti : Museotien hoito- ja ylläpitosuunnitelma

Tallinmäki ̶ Virojoki-museotie sijaitsee Haminan ja Virolahden kunnissa. Museotiejakson pituus on noin 35 kilometriä. Museotieksi poikkeuksellisesti tie 3513 (Tallinmäki ̶ Virojoki) on koko pituudeltaan museotie. Se on osa Suurta Rantatietä, joka johtaa Turusta historiallisesti Viipuriin, nykyisin Vaalimaalle. Suuren Rantatien historia ulottuu Turun lähiympäristössä jopa 800-luvulle saakka. Viipurin linnan rakentamisen aloittaminen vuonna 1293 on ollut ajankohta, jolloin yhtenäistä maakulkureittiä Ruotsin itärajan rajalinnaan on tarvittu. Tie on syntynyt valtakunnalliseksi maantieksi hallinnollisista ja sotilaallisista tarpeista. Suuri Rantatie on yksi harvoista Suomen historiallisista teistä, jotka on inventoitu. Tallinmäki ̶ Virojoki-museotie on säilynyt linjaukseltaan ja korkeussuhteiltaan melko samanlaisena, mitä se on ollut 1700-luvulla. Tie kaartelee laajoja maanviljelysmaisemia, mutta sen varrella on myös metsäisiä jaksoja. Tallinmäki ̶ Virojoki-tie on liitetty Liikenneviraston (silloin Tie- ja vesirakennuslaitoksen) museokohdekokoelmaan vuonna 1982 ensimmäisten kohteiden joukossa. Liikenneviraston museokohdekokoelmassa Tallinmäki ̶ Virojoki-museotie edustaa kokoelmapolitiikassa mainittua tieliikennehistoriallista ajanjaksoa, ”Tien varhaisvaiheet 800-1400-luvulla, Jaakko Teitin luettelon keskiaikaiset tiet”. Museotie kuuluu Museoviraston valtakunnallisesti merkittävien rakennettujen kulttuuriympäristöjen luetteloon (RKY) osana Suurta Rantatietä. Tallinmäki ̶ Virojoki-museotiejakso on ollut vuoteen 1966 osana valtatietä 7. On luonnollista, että noin 800 vuotta vanhoja tien tunnusmerkkejä ei enää löydy. Tie on säilynyt museointihetkensä (1982) asussa melko hyvin. Autoliikenteen vaatimukset ovat muokanneet tietä 1930-luvulta alkaen. Tiehen keskeisesti liittyy edelleenkin havaittava sotilaallinen rakennelma, Salpa-linja, mikä jatkaa tien syntyhistorian perinnettä. Museokohdekokoelmassa Tallinmäki ̶ Virojoki-museotien keskeinen arvo on sen ajallinen ja ilmiöllinen kerrostuneisuus. Tallinmäki ̶ Virojoki-museotien kunto on museaalisesta näkökulmasta hyvä. Myös tien ympäristö vastaa historiallista arvoa. Museokohteena Tallinmäki ̶ Virojoki-tie on helposti saavutettava ja helposti löytyvä. Maisemallisesti kohde on merkittävä, koska tien linjaus ja mäkisyys sekä maa- ja metsätalousmaisema ovat säilyneet toisiaan täydentävänä kokonaisuutena. Erikoisuutena ovat 1900-luvun alussa rakennetut kivisillat. Niiden kunnon tarkkailu ja kunnossapito ovat tien historialliselle arvolle tärkeitä. Museotien opastaulut ovat uusia ja siistissä kunnossa. Hoito- ja ylläpitosuunnitelmassa esitetään yhtä lisätaulua Klamilan kylään perusteella, että sillä kohdalla on säilynyt tien alkuperäistä linjausta muutaman sadan metrin matkalla maantienä. Klamilan kaupan ja kylätalon pihan kulmasta lähtee ja palaa myöhemmin museotielle (3513) Uuno Klamin tie, jonka tienumero on 14709. Hoito- ja ylläpitosuunnitelman tavoitteena on säilyttää Tallinmäki ̶ Virojoki-tie todisteena Suomen teiden varhaisvaiheista kerrostuneena valtatieksi vuosina 1938-1966. Tien säilyneisyys museointihetken (1982) asussa edellyttää hienovaraisia toimenpiteitä, joissa erityisesti otetaan huomioon tien liittyminen ympäristöönsä. Toimenpiteillä pyritään korostamaan tien ja sen ympäristön tulkittavuutta. Suunnitelmassa on esitetty toimenpiteitä tien ja sen lähiympäristön kehittämiseksi ja hoitamiseksi sekä tienpitäjän että maanomistajien näkökulmasta. Suunnitelma sisältää alueurakkaan sisällytettävät tieympäristön hoitotoimenpiteet sekä pitkän aikavälin tavoitteena kohteen ympäristön kunnostustoimenpiteitä ja suuntaviivoja tien mahdolliselle korjaukselle.

Systemizers are better code-breakers: self-reported systemizing predicts code-breaking performance in expert hackers and naïve participants

Studies on hacking have typically focused on motivational aspects and general personality traits of the individuals who engage in hacking; little systematic research has been conducted on predispositions that may be associated not only with the choice to pursue a hacking career but also with performance in either naïve or expert populations. Here, we test the hypotheses that two traits that are typically enhanced in autism spectrum disorders—attention to detail and systemizing—may be positively related to both the choice of pursuing a career in information security and skilled performance in a prototypical hacking task (i.e., crypto-analysis or code-breaking). A group of naïve participants and of ethical hackers completed the Autism Spectrum Quotient, including an attention to detail scale, and the Systemizing Quotient (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001, 2003). They were also tested with behavioral tasks involving code-breaking and a control task involving security X-ray image interpretation. Hackers reported significantly higher systemizing and attention to detail than non-hackers. We found a positive relation between self-reported systemizing (but not attention to detail) and code-breaking skills in both hackers and non-hackers, whereas attention to detail (but not systemizing) was related with performance in the X-ray screening task in both groups, as previously reported with naïve participants (Rusconi et al., 2015). We discuss the theoretical and translational implications of our findings.

Microblogging Temporal Summarization: Filtering Important Twitter Updates for Breaking News

While news stories are an important traditional medium to broadcast and consume news, microblogging has recently emerged as a place where people can dis- cuss, disseminate, collect or report information about news. However, the massive information in the microblogosphere makes it hard for readers to keep up with these real-time updates. This is especially a problem when it comes to breaking news, where people are more eager to know “what is happening”. Therefore, this dis- sertation is intended as an exploratory effort to investigate computational methods to augment human effort when monitoring the development of breaking news on a given topic from a microblog stream by extractively summarizing the updates in a timely manner. More specifically, given an interest in a topic, either entered as a query or presented as an initial news report, a microblog temporal summarization system is proposed to filter microblog posts from a stream with three primary concerns: topical relevance, novelty, and salience. Considering the relatively high arrival rate of microblog streams, a cascade framework consisting of three stages is proposed to progressively reduce quantity of posts. For each step in the cascade, this dissertation studies methods that improve over current baselines. In the relevance filtering stage, query and document expansion techniques are applied to mitigate sparsity and vocabulary mismatch issues. The use of word embedding as a basis for filtering is also explored, using unsupervised and supervised modeling to characterize lexical and semantic similarity. In the novelty filtering stage, several statistical ways of characterizing novelty are investigated and ensemble learning techniques are used to integrate results from these diverse techniques. These results are compared with a baseline clustering approach using both standard and delay-discounted measures. In the salience filtering stage, because of the real-time prediction requirement a method of learning verb phrase usage from past relevant news reports is used in conjunction with some standard measures for characterizing writing quality. Following a Cranfield-like evaluation paradigm, this dissertation includes a se- ries of experiments to evaluate the proposed methods for each step, and for the end- to-end system. New microblog novelty and salience judgments are created, building on existing relevance judgments from the TREC Microblog track. The results point to future research directions at the intersection of social media, computational jour- nalism, information retrieval, automatic summarization, and machine learning.

On Growth Rate of Wind Waves: Impact of Short-Scale Breaking Modulations

The wave generation model based on the rapid distortion concept significantly underestimates empirical values of the wave growth rate. As suggested before, inclusion of the aerodynamic roughness modulations effect on the amplitude of the slope-correlated surface pressure could potentially reconcile this model approach with observations. This study explores the role of short-scale breaking modulations to amplify the growth rate of modulating longer waves. As developed, airflow separations from modulated breaking waves result in strong modulations of the turbulent stress in the inner region of the modulating waves. In turn, this leads to amplifying the slope-correlated surface pressure anomalies. As evaluated, such a mechanism can be very efficient for enhancing the wind-wave growth rate by a factor of 2-3.

‘Breaking good news’: neurologists’ experiences of discussing SUDEP with patients in Scotland

Since the findings of a Fatal Accident Inquiry (FAI) in 2010, clinicians working in Scotland have been advised to discuss the risk of Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) with patients immediately or soon after a diagnosis of epilepsy is made. A thematic analysis was used to describe the experiences discussing SUDEP of 10 clinicians (six Consultant Neurologists and four Neurology Registrars) working in Scotland. Five themes were found: Clinicians employ a ‘SUDEP protocol’, suggesting there is a standardised way of discussing SUDEP with patients and all clinicians routinely discuss SUDEP with newly diagnosed epilepsy patients; The FAI has diffused into practice through meetings and discussions with colleagues; ‘Breaking Good News’ refers to the ambivalence clinicians feel about discussing SUDEP; ‘Falsely anticipating anxiety’ refers to clinicians anticipating a distressed response from patients despite this very rarely occurring; Clinicians suggest that ‘pressure hinders effective communication’ to patients – suggesting that the pressure to discuss SUDEP early after diagnosis may have an emotional impact on patients and affect the amount of information they can take in. Implications for guideline development are discussed.

„Lernen nicht, aber ...“ - Bildungsprozesse im Breaking

With over 30 years of tradition, breaking in Germany provides fascinating insights into the learning of dance in Hip Hop culture, reaching from informal street learning to the introduction of courses in educational institutions. This article draws information from a qualitative empirical study based on the Grounded Theory Methodology. The study asked subjects ranging from first-generation German B-Boys and B-Girls to teenage students about how they have learned and currently learn to break. The interview material reveals a rich and self-regulated learning culture with strong impact on protagonists. A synergy of social, aesthetic, and ethical principles seems to be characteristic, creating a gravitational field of learning with a unique and complex form of imitation at its core. (DIPF/Orig.)

Symmetry-breaking in chiral polymerisation

We propose a model for chiral polymerisation and investigate its symmetric and asymmetric solutions. The model has a source species which decays into left- and right-handed types of monomer, each of which can polymerise to form homochiral chains; these chains are susceptible to `poisoning' by the opposite handed monomer. Homochiral polymers are assumed to influence the proportion of each type of monomer formed from the precursor. We show that for certain parameter values a positive feedback mechanism makes the symmetric steady-state solution unstable. The kinetics of polymer formation are then analysed in the case where the system starts from zero concentrations of monomers and chains. We show that following a long induction time, extremely large concentrations of polymers are formed for a short time, during this time an asymmetry introduced into the system by a random external perturbation may be massively amplified. The system then approaches one of the steady-state solutions described above.

Breaking through the Margins: Pushing Sociopolitical Boundaries Through Historic Preservation

“Breaking through the Margins: Pushing Sociopolitical Boundaries Through Historic Preservation” explores the ways in which contemporary grassroots organizations are adapting historic preservation methods to protect African American heritage in communities that are on the brink of erasure. This project emerges from an eighteen-month longitudinal study of three African American preservation organizations—one in College Park, Maryland and two in Houston, Texas—where gentrification or suburban sprawl has all but decimated the physical landscape of their communities. Grassroots preservationists in Lakeland (College Park, Maryland), St. John Baptist Church (Missouri City, Texas), and Freedmen’s Town (Houston, Texas) are involved in pushing back against preservation practices that do not, or tend not, to take into consideration the narratives of African American communities. I argue, these organizations practice a form of preservation that provides immediate and lasting effects for communities hovering at the margins. This dissertation seeks to outline some of the major methodological approaches taken by Lakeland, St. John, and Freedmen’s Town. The preservation efforts put forth by the grassroots organizations in these communities faithfully work to remind us that history without preservation is lost. In taking on the critical work of pursuing social justice, these grassroots organizations are breaking through the margins of society using historic preservation as their medium.