Development of low-cost feed for culture of giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man) in ponds

An experiment was conducted for 105 days in 12 earthen mini ponds of each 30m² size. Five different experimental diets containing 32% protein were formulated and prepared using fishmeal, shrimp meal, soybean meal, mustard oil cake, sesame meal, wheat bran and rice bran. A commercial shrimp diet (SABINCO starter-III) was assigned to treatment six and considered as the control. Prawns were stocked at the rate of 2.5 fry/m² and feed twice daily at the rate of 10% at the beginning and reduced to 8% for the last two months. The results of the experiment showed that prawn fed diets 1, 2, and 6 (control) showed significantly (P<0.05) highest weight gain among the dietary groups, while prawn fed diet 5 showed significantly lowest weight gain. The FCR values of diets ranged between 3.06 to 4.85. Prawns fed diet 1 and 6 showed significantly higher SGR, survival (%) and production among the dietary groups. The survival (%) of the prawns ranged between 46.6 to 66.6% and the production ranged between 304.5 to 563.3 kg/ha/105 days. The result of the study showed that diet containing 30% fishmeal, 5% shrimp meal, 5% soybean meal, 10% mustard oil cake, 10% sesame meal, 20% wheat bran, 18% rice bran, 1% oyster shell and 1% vitamin premix may be recommended for monoculture of M. rosenbergii.

Effects of natural gas pipeline condensate and crude oil spills, and comments on remediation, with emphasis on south Louisiana salt marshes: a review

This report reviews some of the natural ecological processes at work within a salt marsh as they relate to a spill of natural gas condensate - a mixture of aliphatic hydrocarbons, n-hexane, benzene, toluene, and xylene. It also reviews the environmental impacts of some of the components of natural gas condensate as well as related compounds (crude oil, higher molecular weight hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarons - PAHs, linear alkyl-benzenes - LABs, etc.) on salt marsh ecosystems in southern Louisiana and elsewhere in the world. The behavior and persistence of these compounds once they have entered the environment is also considered.

Analysis of the piston ring/liner oil film development during warm-up for an SI-engine

A one-dimensional ring-pack lubrication model developed at MIT is applied to simulate the oil film behavior during the warm-up period of a Kohler spark ignition engine [1]. This is done by making assumptions for the evolution of the oil temperatures during warm-up and that the oil control ring during downstrokes is fully flooded. The ring-pack lubrication model includes features such as three different lubrication regimes, i.e. pure hydrodynamic lubrication, boundary lubrication and pure asperity contact, non-steady wetting of both inlet and outlet of the piston ring, capability to use all ring face profiles that can be approximated by piece-wise polynomials and, finally, the ability to model the rheology of multi-grade oils. Not surprisingly, the simulations show that by far the most important parameter is the temperature dependence of the oil viscosity. This dependence is subsequently examined further by choosing different oils. The baseline oil is SAE 10W30 and results are compared to those using the SAE 30 and the SAE 10W50 oils.

Hydrography of the Bay of Bengal during south west monsoon and its significance on oil sardine fishery

Hydrographic data collected from east coast of India during 1994 monsoon period revealed that these waters are highly characterized by upwelling especially in the coastal waters with more intensity in the southern part of the region. However, the near surface salinity stratification consequent to high fresh water inflow into the bay was absent in the present study. Oil sardines are directly influenced by hydrographic parameters such as salinity and temperature and stratification of these parameters are the major reasons for non-availability/migration of oil sardine from this region in the earlier years. Considering the recent topographical change in the east coast coupled with hydrological stability an attempt has been made in this paper to give reasonable justification to the reported bumper catches of oil sardines from 1994 on wards in the east coast of India.

Partial replacement of fishmeal protein by soybean meal protein in the diet of mrigal, Cirrhinus cirrhosus (Ham.) fry

To find out a suitable balance diet for Cirrhinus. cirrhosus fry substituting fish meal protein by full-fat soybean meal protein as dietary protein source for C. cirrhosus fry (1.29g) was studied in 12 aquaria for 60 days. The fishes were fed with four iso-nitrogenous (30% protein) and iso-caloric experimental diets viz. diet 1 (100% fish meal protein), diet 2 (75% fishmeal protein and 25% soybean meal protein), diet 3 (50% fishmeal protein and 50% soybean meal protein) and diet 4 (25% fish meal protein and 75% soybean meal protein). Among the diets the best growth, FCR and PER were obtained with diet 3 fed fishes and no significant difference (p<0.05) was observed between diet 1 and 2 and diet 4 offered the worst performance. Therefore, considering fish growth, FCR and PER, it can be suggested that fish meal protein might be replaced 50% by soybean meal protein in the diet of C. cirrhosus fry for better growth.

Lipid breakdown in oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps) during frozen storage

The problem of hydrolysis of lipids and consequent accumulation of free fatty acids and development of rancidity due to oxidation of the lipids are major problems in frozen storage of oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps). The course of the phospholipid breakdown, production of free fatty acids and the changes taking place in the major unsaturated fatty acids during frozen storage are described in this paper. The rate of free fatty acid production is faster in the fish, with the higher fat content. Unlike in lean fish, the neutral lipids are found to contribute substantially to the free fatty acid production. The fatty acids most affected during storage are C sub(20:5) and C sub(22:6). The polyene indices were found to decrease during storage. These effects are more pronounced in the fish with the higher fat content.

Input-output relationship and economics of pangas monoculture and carp-pangas polyculture in two districts of Bangladesh

An attempt was made to study the input-output relationships and economics of pangas monoculture and carp-pangas polyculture in Bangladesh. By analyzing the data collected from 50 pangas farms and 55 carp-pangas farms, the study has investigated the production systems of two technologies and the effects of fingerling stocking and applications of feed and fertilizer on fisheries income. The data were collected from the fishermen of Trishal and Bhaluka of Mymensingh district, and Kahaloo and Adamdighee of Bogra district during 2001-02. For pangas monoculture, the stocking density was 31,561 per ha while it was 55,017 per ha in carp-pangas polyculture. Most of the farmers used urea, TSP and lime before stocking. Rice and wheat bran happened to be the most common feed ingredients for both types of culture in general. Other important ingredients used were mustard oil-cakes, rice polish, wheat flour, fish meal, bone meal, soybean meal and poultry litter. In terms of quantities, rice bran and wheat bran dominated the farmers list. Rice and wheat bran together constituted about 60% of all studied feeds. Feed cost constituted 59.13% of total costs for pangas monoculture and 67.44% for carp-pangas polyculture. Per ha productions of pangas and carp-pangas in a single culture cycle were 15,508 kg and 19,745 kg, respectively. Per ha gross profits were estimated to be Tk 310,311 and Tk 464,418 for pangas monoculture and carp-pangas polyculture, respectively. Net profit appeared to be Tk 264,216 per ha for pangas monoculture and Tk 416,509 per ha for carp-pangas polyculture. The BCRs calculated were 1.46 and 1.68 for monoculture and polyculture, respectively. The break-even costs per kg of fish were estimated at Tk 36.93 for pangas and Tk 30.93 for mixed species which was much lower than the prices the producers received. Break-even productions were estimated at 10,702 kg per ha for pangas monoculture and 11,784 kg per ha for carp-pangas polyculture. Fingerling and feed cost, and pond size significantly explained the variation of income from pangas monoculture. These factors have significantly influenced the income from the crop. Functional analysis shows that 1% increase in the feed cost might increase 0.51% of pangas income and 0.41% in carp-pangas income. No other inputs had shown this much of responses to increasing income from a fish.

Studies on smoke curing and preservation of oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps)

A method is reported for smoke curing of oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps) by dry salting in the ratio of 1:6 (salt to fish), followed by smoking in the traditional smoke chamber in two stages, (1) at 45°C for 3h hand (2) at 75°C for 2h with smoke generated from coconut husk, wood shavings and saw dust in 2:2:1 proportion. The product obtained had good odour, flavour, golden yellow colour and a shelf-life of 8 weeks at room temperature (26 to 28°C)

Canning of tuna in oil

This paper provides the experimental details of canning of tuna in oil. The species utilized in the experiments were the skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis), yellowfin tuna (Neothunnus macropterus) and bigeye tuna Parathunnus obesus mebachi) ranging it weight from 2.5-82 kg. The method worked out is applicable to all species of different size grades.