Thin Asphalt Concrete Pavement on Crushed Rock Base - Cass County, Construction Report, HR-2075, 1997

The road paving cost continues to increase and the backlog of projects waiting for funding is growing. Finding a more cost-effective way to use the available money to pave roads will result in more miles of road being paved with the same amount of money. This project is in Cass County on G35 between US 71 and Norway-Center. It consists of a thin layer of asphalt over a base designed to achieve stability while having some permeability. This project was paved in 1996. An asphalt cement concrete pavement was chosen for the project based on cost, convenience, and historic portland cement concrete problems in Cass County. The new pavement gives quicker access time to farms and residences.

La articulación de ámbitos sociales a partir de la base temporal

Uno de los objetivos de la investigación ha consistido, en un primer nivel de análisis, en conseguir una tipología general de la forma de vinculación entre los ámbitos de TP (trabajo productivo), TR (trabajo reproductivo) y TL (disponibilidad de tiempo libre) a partir de datos e indicaciones cuantitativas. Después de diversos ensayos, los resultados y el procedimiento más simple y eficaz se han conseguido a partir de dimensiones indicativas del empleo del tiempo para cada uno de los ámbitos. Por tanto, una vez construidas las tipologías de cada uno de los ámbitos, se toma el tiempo, en este artículo, como referente o sustrato para la constitución de modos de vida cotidiana. Los tipos de modos de vida cotidiana serán a su vez la base de la intervención por entrevistas en la segunda y tercera parte de la investigación. El artículo muestra cómo el tiempo, en tanto que instrumento y soporte para la construcción de los modos de vida, pasa a ser un descritor y clasificador de grupos sin necesidad de recurrir directamente a las variables categoriales: sexo, categorías sociales, edad, etc. Este artículo es parte de una investigación cuyos resultados aparecen en este mismo número de PAPERS. El artículo tiene autonomía y entidad por sí mismo pero la lectura del resto de los artículos de este número facilitará su contextualización.

Evaluation Study of Pit Run Gravel Asphalt Treated Base Mixtures with Various Percentages of Crushed Limestone, R-217, 1968

In November of 1966, an investigation of the rigid Class I asphalt treated base specification, requiring 70 per cent crushed limestone, was initiated. It was felt that it might be possible to modify the need for crushed particles, in the construction of basis on heavy duty roads, at a savings, by using more local materials, without sacrificing strength and/or durability. This is a short study on typical sources of pit run gravel, with various percentages of limestone. It is conducted with an eye open to the possibility that our specifications may be modified. The possibility that further investigation may be desirable is not ignored.

Evaluation of Cohesion and Swell Characteristics of Asphalt Treated Base Mixtures, R-223, 1968

This study was undertaken to evaluate the suitability of various stones which play an important role in the properties of compacted mixtures in asphalt treated bases. The determination of the effect of water temperature on the cohesion of the mixes is investigated. A number of stones were prepared for the test. Attention is paid to the particular source of stone with the corresponding test results. A preliminary study of the effect of lime when added to mixed aggregate was also conducted. The purpose of this study is to provide needed information on the cohesive characteristics of asphalt treated bases using a wide range of stones. This study is also to evaluate the suitability of the various stone sources.

Determination of the Optimum Base Characteristics for Pavements, TR-482, 2004

In recent years, it has become apparent that the design and maintenance of pavement drainage extends the service life of pavements. Most pavement structures now incorporate subsurface layers. Part of the function of these subsurface layers is to drain away excess water, which can be extremely deleterious to the life of the pavement. To assure the effectiveness of such drainage layers after they have been spread and compacted, simple, rapid, in-situ permeability and stability testing and end-result specification are needed. This report includes conclusions and recommendations related to four main study objectives: (1) Determine the optimal range for in-place stability and in-place permeability based on Iowa aggregate sources; (2) Evaluate the feasibility of an air permeameter for determining the permeability of open and well-graded drainage layers in situ; (3) Develop reliable end-result quality control/quality assurance specifications for stability and permeability; and (4) Refine aggregate placement and construction methods to optimize uniformity.

Factors Influencing Stability of Granular Base Course Mixes, Progress Report, HR-99, 1965

The problems of laboratory compaction procedures, the effect of gradation and mineralogy on shearing strength, and effect of stabilizing agents on shearing strength of granular base course mixes are discussed. For the materials tested, a suitable laboratory compaction procedure was developed which involves the use of a vibratory table to prepare triaxial test specimens. A computer program has been developed to facilitate the analysis of the test data of the effect of gradation and mineralogy on shearing strength of soils. The effects of the following materials have been selected for evaluation as stabilizing agents’ portland cement, sodium and calcium chloride, lime organic cationic waterproofer, and asphaltic materials.

Factors Influencing Stability of Granular Base Course Mixes, Progress Report, HR-99, 1964 (April)

The problems of laboratory compaction procedures, the effect of gradation and mineralogy on shearing strength, and effect of stabilizing agents on shearing strength of granular base course mixes are discussed. For the materials tested, a suitable laboratory compaction procedure was developed which involves the use of a vibratory table to prepare triaxial test specimens. A computer program has been developed to facilitate the analysis of the test data of the effect of gradation and mineralogy on shearing strength of soils. The effects of the following materials have been selected for evaluation as stabilizing agents’ portland cement, sodium and calcium chloride, lime organic cationic waterproofer, and asphaltic materials.

Factors Influencing Stability of Granular Base Course Mixes, Progress Report, HR-99, 1964 (November)

The problems of laboratory compaction procedures, the effect of gradation and mineralogy on shearing strength, and effect of stabilizing agents on shearing strength of granular base course mixes are discussed. For the materials tested, a suitable laboratory compaction procedure was developed which involves the use of a vibratory table to prepare triaxial test specimens. A computer program has been developed to facilitate the analysis of the test data of the effect of gradation and mineralogy on shearing strength of soils. The effects of the following materials have been selected for evaluation as stabilizing agents’ portland cement, sodium and calcium chloride, lime organic cationic waterproofer, and asphaltic materials.

Lime or Chloride Treatment of Granular Base Course Materials, HR-99

Results are presented of triaxial testing of three crushed limestones to which either hydrated high-calcium lime, sodium chloride or calcium chloride had been added. Lime was added at rates of 1, 3, 10 and 16 percent, chlorides were added at 0.5 percent rate only. Speciments were compacted using vibratory compaction apparatus and were tested in triaxial compression using lateral pressures from 10 to 100 psi. Triaxial test results indicate that: (1) sodium chloride slightly decreased the angle of internal friction and increased cohesion, (2) calcium chloride slightly increased the angle of internal friction and decreased cohesion, and (3) lime had no appreciable effect on angle of internal friction but increased cohesion, decreased density and increased pore water pressure.

Improvement of Granular Base Course Materials with Portland Cement, Special Report, HR-99

A highway base course may be defined as a layer of granular material which lies immediately below the wearing surface of a pavement and must possess high resistance to deformation in order to withstand pressures imposed by traffic. A material commonly used for base course construction is crushed limestone. Sources of limestone, acceptable for highway bases in the state of Iowa, occur almost entirely in the Pennsylvanian, Mississippian and Devonian strata. Performance records of the latter two have been quite good, while material from the Pennsylvanian stratum has failed on numerous occasions. The study reported herein is one segment of an extensive research program on compacted crushed limestone used for flexible highway base courses. The primary goals of the total study are: 1. Determination of a suitable and realistic laboratory method of compaction. 2. Effect of gradation, and mineralogy of the fines, on shearing strength. 3. Possible improvement of the shear strength with organic and inorganic chemical stabilization additives. Although the study reported herein deals primarily with the third goal, information gathered from work on the first two was required for this investigation. The primary goal of this study was the evaluation of various factors of stability of three crushed limestones when treated with small amounts of type I Portland cement. Investigation of the untreated materials has indicated that shear strength alone is not the controlling factor for stability of crushed stone bases. Thus the following observations were made in addition to shear strength parameters, to more adequately ascertain the stability of the cement treated materials: 1. Volume change during consolidation and shear testing. 2. Pore pressure during shear. The consolidated-undrained triaxial shear test was used for determination of the above factors.

Estimação da taxa de cruzamento da aceroleira com base em dados isoenzimáticos

A aceroleira (Malpighia emarginata) é uma espécie da família Malpighiaceae que produz frutos com alto conteúdo de vitamina C. O crescimento da demanda da acerola e de seus derivados causou a procura de variedades melhoradas, para expansão dos plantios comerciais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi obter informações sobre o sistema de cruzamento de um pomar de aceroleiras localizado em Visconde do Rio Branco, MG. Dez famílias oriundas de sementes de polinização natural foram genotipadas usando-se sete locos izoenzimáticos (Idh, Mdh-1, Mdh-2, Pgm-1, Pgm-2, Est-1 e Pod), e os dados foram submetidos a análise pelo modelo misto de cruzamento. A estimativa da taxa de cruzamento da população utilizando todos os locos simultaneamente não diferiu estatisticamente de 1,00. Nas famílias, as estimativas variaram de 0,68 a 1,00, e duas diferiram significativamente de 1,00. Conclui-se que a aceroleira é predominantemente alógama e que a taxa de cruzamento varia entre famílias, fato que deve ser levado em consideração em programas de melhoramento e conservação de germoplasma.

Influência da sacarose e do corte da base da haste na longevidade de inflorescências de Zinnia elegans

Flores de zínia (Zinnia elegans Jacq.) são adaptadas às condições climáticas da Região Sudeste do País, com excelente potencial para a comercialização como flor de corte. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a influência da sacarose aplicada na forma de solução de condicionamento, e do corte periódico da base das hastes sobre a longevidade e absorção de água pelas flores. Hastes florais uniformizadas em tamanho foram submetidas ao condicionamento, por seis horas, com sacarose a 5, 10, 15 e 20% ou com soluções de 10% de sacarose por 0, 6, 12, 18 e 24 horas, com ou sem cortes periódicos na base das hastes a cada 48 horas. O tratamento das flores por seis horas com sacarose a 5, 10, 15 ou 20% não afetou a longevidade das flores, comparado àquelas mantidas somente com água destilada. O corte periódico da base das hastes promoveu melhor suprimento de água às flores, estendendo a longevidade. O condicionamento das flores com 10% de sacarose por 18 ou 24 horas acelerou a senescência das flores em vaso. A taxa de produção de etileno foi inibida pelo aumento da concentração de sacarose na solução de condicionamento.

Avulsion fracture of the peroneus longus tendon insertion at the base of the first metatarsal: report of a case.

Isolated avulsion fracture of the peroneus longus tendon insertion at the base of the first metatarsal is very rare. Similar to most avulsion fractures that result from excessive strain at a tendon or ligament insertion, this type of injury is caused by the strong tension exerted by the peroneus longus tendon. The mechanisms leading to this lesion and treatment options are not clearly defined. We present the case of an isolated minimally displaced intra-articular avulsion fracture at the plantar lateral base of the first metatarsal. Faced with a painful non-union following conservative treatment we considered excision of the bony fragment and first tarsometatarsal arthrodesis. This leads to a favourable functional outcome.

Optimizing Pavement Base, Subbase, and Subgrade Layers for Cost and Performance of Local Roads, TR-640

This report is one of two products for this project with the other being a design guide. This report describes test results and comparative analysis from 16 different portland cement concrete (PCC) pavement sites on local city and county roads in Iowa. At each site the surface conditions of the pavement (i.e., crack survey) and foundation layer strength, stiffness, and hydraulic conductivity properties were documented. The field test results were used to calculate in situ parameters used in pavement design per SUDAS and AASHTO (1993) design methodologies. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate how in situ and lab testing can be used to assess the support conditions and design values for pavement foundation layers and how the measurements compare to the assumed design values. The measurements show that in Iowa, a wide range of pavement conditions and foundation layer support values exist. The calculated design input values for the test sites (modulus of subgrade reaction, coefficient of drainage, and loss of support) were found to be different than typically assumed. This finding was true for the full range of materials tested. The findings of this study support the recommendation to incorporate field testing as part of the process to field verify pavement design values and to consider the foundation as a design element in the pavement system. Recommendations are provided in the form of a simple matrix for alternative foundation treatment options if the existing foundation materials do not meet the design intent. The PCI prediction model developed from multi-variate analysis in this study demonstrated a link between pavement foundation conditions and PCI. The model analysis shows that by measuring properties of the pavement foundation, the engineer will be able to predict long term performance with higher reliability than by considering age alone. This prediction can be used as motivation to then control the engineering properties of the pavement foundation for new or re-constructed PCC pavements to achieve some desired level of performance (i.e., PCI) with time.