Synthesis of cadmium oxide and carbon nanotube based nanocomposites and their use as a sensing interface for xanthine detection

Xanthine oxidase (XOD) extracted from bovine milk was immobilized covalently via N-ethyl-N'-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxy succinimide (NHS) chemistry onto cadmium oxide nanoparticles (CdO)/carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotube (c-MWCNT) composite film electrodeposited on the surface of an Au electrode. The nanocomposite modified Au electrode was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), cyclic voltammetry (CV), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) before and after immobilization of XOD. Under optimal operation conditions (25 degrees C, + 0.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl, sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.5), the following characteristics are attributed to the biosensor: linearity of response up to xanthine concentrations of 120 mu M, detection limit of 0.05 mu M (S/N = 3) and a response time of at most 4 s. After being used 100 times over a period of 120 days, only 50% loss of the initial activity of the biosensor was evaluated when stored at 4 degrees C. The fabricated biosensor was successfully employed for the determination of xanthine in fish meat.

Structural characterization of folded and extended conformations in peptides containing gamma amino acids with proteinogenic side chains: crystal structures of gamma(n), (alpha gamma)(n) and gamma gamma delta gamma sequences

The crystal structures of nine peptides containing gamma(4)Val and gamma(4)Leu are described. The short sequences Boc-gamma(4)(R)Val](2)-OMe 1, Boc-gamma(4)(R)Val](3)-NHMe 2 and Boc-gamma(4)(S)Val-gamma(4)(R)Val-OMe 3 adopt extended apolar, sheet like structures. The tetrapeptide Boc-gamma(4)(R)Val](4)-OMe 4 adopts an extended conformation, in contrast to the folded C-14 helical structure determined previously for Boc-gamma(4)(R)Leu](4)-OMe. The hybrid alpha gamma sequence Boc-Ala-gamma(4)(R)Leu](2)-OMe 5 adopts an S-shaped structure devoid of intramolecular hydrogen bonds, with both alpha residues adopting local helical conformations. In sharp contrast, the tetrapeptides Boc-Aib-gamma(4)(S)Leu](2)-OMe 6 and Boc-Leu-gamma(4)(R)Leu](2)-OMe 7 adopt folded structures stabilized by two successive C-12 hydrogen bonds. gamma(4)Val residues have also been incorporated into the strand segments of a crystalline octapeptide, Boc-Leu-gamma(4)(R)Val-Val-(D)Pro-Gly-Leu-gamma(4)(R)Val-Val-OMe 8. The gamma gamma delta gamma tetrapeptide containing gamma(4)Val and delta(5)Leu residues adopts an extended sheet like structure. The hydrogen bonding pattern at gamma residues corresponds to an apolar sheet, while a polar sheet is observed at the lone delta residue. The transition between folded and extended structures at gamma residues involves a change of the torsion angle from the gauche to the trans conformation about the C-beta-C-alpha bond.

A Comparative Study of Early Afterdepolarization-Mediated Fibrillation in Two Mathematical Models for Human Ventricular Cells

Early afterdepolarizations (EADs), which are abnormal oscillations of the membrane potential at the plateau phase of an action potential, are implicated in the development of cardiac arrhythmias like Torsade de Pointes. We carry out extensive numerical simulations of the TP06 and ORd mathematical models for human ventricular cells with EADs. We investigate the different regimes in both these models, namely, the parameter regimes where they exhibit (1) a normal action potential (AP) with no EADs, (2) an AP with EADs, and (3) an AP with EADs that does not go back to the resting potential. We also study the dependence of EADs on the rate of at which we pace a cell, with the specific goal of elucidating EADs that are induced by slow or fast rate pacing. In our simulations in two-and three-dimensional domains, in the presence of EADs, we find the following wave types: (A) waves driven by the fast sodium current and the L-type calcium current (Na-Ca-mediated waves); (B) waves driven only by the L-type calcium current (Ca-mediated waves); (C) phase waves, which are pseudo-travelling waves. Furthermore, we compare the wave patterns of the various wave-types (Na-Ca-mediated, Ca-mediated, and phase waves) in both these models. We find that the two models produce qualitatively similar results in terms of exhibiting Na-Ca-mediated wave patterns that are more chaotic than those for the Ca-mediated and phase waves. However, there are quantitative differences in the wave patterns of each wave type. The Na-Ca-mediated waves in the ORd model show short-lived spirals but the TP06 model does not. The TP06 model supports more Ca-mediated spirals than those in the ORd model, and the TP06 model exhibits more phase-wave patterns than does the ORd model.

Amperometric acetylcholinesterase biosensor for pesticides monitoring utilising iron oxide nanoparticles and poly(indole-5-carboxylic acid)

A new electrochemical sensing device was constructed for determination of pesticides. In this report, acetylcholinesterase was bioconjugated onto hybrid nanocomposite, i.e. iron oxide nanoparticles and poly(indole-5-carboxylic acid) (Fe(3)O(4)NPs/Pin5COOH) was deposited electrochemically on glassy carbon electrode. Fe(3)O(4)NPs was showed as an amplified sensing interface at lower voltage which makes the sensor more sensitive and specific. The enzyme inhibition by pesticides was detected within concentrations ranges between 0.1-60 and 1.5-70 nM for malathion and chlorpyrifos, respectively, under optimal experimental conditions (sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0 and 25 degrees C). Biosensor determined the pesticides level in water samples (spiked) with satisfactory accuracy (96%-100%). Sensor showed good storage stability and retained 50% of its initial activity within 70 days at 4 degrees C.

A NOTE ON SMALL GAPS BETWEEN NONZERO FOURIER COEFFICIENTS OF CUSP FORMS

It is shown that there are infinitely many primitive cusp forms f of weight 2 with the property that for all X large enough, every interval (X, X + cX(1/4)), where c > 0 depends only on the form, contains an integer n such that the n-th Fourier coefficient of f is nonzero.

Polibio, el mundo helenístico y la problemática cultural : algunas líneas de reflexión en los últimos veinte años

Resumen: Nuestro conocimiento de algunos aspectos de las Historias de Polibio se ha incrementado significativamente durante las dos últimas décadas. En ese sentido, ha habido ciertos desarrollos importantes con respecto a aspectos culturales de la obra, cuyo alcance ha ido permitiendo repensar durante estos años algunos presupuestos clásicos sobre la relación entre Polibio, Roma y el mundo helenístico. Proponemos aquí ofrecer un rápido análisis de las tres principales líneas de estudio propuestas por los estudiosos, cuyo alcance es considerado, en efecto, como un total reubicación del historiador aqueo al interior del universo cultural del mundo helenístico.

Teología, 1965, Tomo III/2 nº 7 (número completo)

Presentación -- Documentación -- Estructura de la Constitución Dogmática “Lumen Gentium” / Ricardo Ferrara -- El Misterio de la Iglesia (Capítulo I) / Lucio Gera -- La Iglesia, pueblo de Dios único y universal (Capítulo II) / Alfredo C. Chiesa -- Crónica de la Facultad (junio-diciembre 1965) -- Bibliografía -- Índice del Tomo III

Efecto de la edad de destete y del sistema de alimentación sobre el crecimiento en terneras de lechería

Se efectuó una prueba de alimentación usando el diseño de parcela dividida con un arreglo completamente al azar, con 36 terneras provenientes del cruce Holstein y Pardo Suizo, para comparar el efecto de dos edades de destete 4 y 8 semanas, y tres sistemas de alimentación en el crecimiento de terneras de lecheria. Los tratamientos fueron los siguientes: a) leche integra suministrada en forma gradual y el destete a las 4 semanas; b) leche integra suministrada en forma constante y el destete a las 4 semanas; c) sustituto de leche por 4 semanas; d, e y f, similares a los tratamientos anteriores en lo referente al alimento liquido pero con destete a las 8 semanas. El resto de la racion consistio en alimentos concentrados; iniciador, desarrollo y heno. Desde las 9 a las 20 semanas las terneras pasaron en grupos de seis a corrales comunes. El iniciador suministrado a las terneras de los tratamientos a y d se ofreció a razón de 144 gr. por litro de leche integra, previa disolución en agua, y el iniciador que consumieron las terneras de los tratamientos c y f se administro a razón de 0.90 kg hasta el destete. El concentrado de desarrollo se ofreció a los tratamientos a, b, d y a donde la 1 a las 20 semanas y en los tratamientos c y f después del destete hasta alcanzar un máximo de 2.7 kg. Todos los tratamientos tuvieron a disposición a partir del destete heno de estrella (Cynodon sp). La ganancia de peso vivo promedio total, de 66.48 kg obtenida por las terneras del tratamiento e, fue similar a las de 56.84, 50.74, 53.72 y 55.53 kg logradas por las terneras de los tratamientos b, c,d y f, pero significativamente diferente (P<0.05), a 43.42 kg alcanzada por las terneras del tratamiento a. El promedio de ganancias de peso vivo por día desde la 1 hasta las 20 semanas de edad fue 0.31, 0.41, 0.36, 0.38, 0.47 y 0.40 kg para los tratamientos a al f respectivamente. La mayor ganancia promedio en altura a la cruz 20.32 cm lograda por las terneras del tratamiento II fue similar a la de 17.97 cm obtenida por las terneras del tratamiento III, pero significativamente diferentes (P<0.01), con la de 15.94 cm alcanzada por las terneras del sistema I. El promedio de ganancia en perímetro toraxico fue 22.23, 27.30, 26.29, 26.29, 30.35 y 26.29 cm para los tratamientos a al f respectivamente. Estas ganancias no fueron significativas (P<0.05). Los costos totales de alimentación por ternera desde la 1 hasta las 20 semanas fueron 245.98, 315.74, 283.41, 318.41, 457.48 y 335.33 córdobas para los tratamientos a al f respectivamente. Los costos correspondientes por kg de aumento en peso vivo, fueron 5.67, 5.55, 5.59, 5.93, 6.88 y 6.04 respectivamente.

Cuantificación de carbono almacenado en árboles de sombra en tres lotes en un sistema de café, en el Centro Experimental ICIDRI – Masatepe de UPOLI

Se realizó un estudio en Instituto de Capacitación e Investigación en Desarrollo Rural Integral (ICIDRI), como parte de una serie de estudios desarrollados por el mismo, que se ubica en el municipio de Masatepe en el departamento de Masaya, tuvo como ob jetivo evaluar carbono almacenado en el componente arbóreo, para lo que se eligieron tres lotes de un sistema de café bajo sombra; El Genízaro (LGR), El Guanacaste (LGT) y El Cinco piso (LCP). Se realizó un censo forestal al 100 % para individuos con diáme tro mayor a 10 cm, encontrándose 24 familias botánicas, 51 especies y 704 individuos; de estos 348 se encontraron LGR, 226 en LCP y 130 en el LGT, las familias sobresalientes fueron las Fabaceaes, Rutaceaes; Sapotaceaes, Anacardiaceaes y Mimosaceae, las es pecies más representativas fueron: Cordia alliodora 19%, Simarouba glauca 17%, Persea americana 13%, y Mangifera indica y Cedrela o dorata con 12% por individual, acumulando el 73% del total. Al realizar un diagnóstico para conocer la calidad de árboles uti lizados como sombra, se definieron 6 categorías llamadas calidad de árboles; individuos sanos (C1), regulares (C2), con podas muy altas (≥50%) (C3), secos y casi secos (C4), con parasitas (C5) y con otro tipo de afectaciones (C6), se encontró que de los tr es lotes evaluados, El Guanacaste, fue el más sano presentando 42% en categoría (C1) y 22% en (C2). El carbono almacenado por lote fue de 108. 0 t C en el LGR, 54.5 t C para el LCP y 26.7 t C para el LGT, esta diferencias en carbono almacenado por lote se debieron a que estos presentan diferencia en área y así mismo en número de individuos y evaluando el carbono registrado por lote se encontró que e stos valores corresponden a 58.4 t C ha. - 1, almacenado en el componente arbór eo del sistema café bajo sombra

一种用于热流脉动测量的宽频带热电模拟网络

本文简述设计对数模拟网络的方法和预计网络频域和时域特性的理论分析,并给出按其设计制作的频宽为0.04HZ～200kHz 的九节热电模拟网络。与其它设计方法相比,它具有精度高,元件少,成本低,制作简便等优点。

从流体力学看水輪的效率与改进的措施

目前农村低水头小型动力站及水电站可能用的水力机械有贯流式水輪机、立軸式水輪机及水輪三种型式。其中水輪的突出优点是簡单实用,一般人认为水輪的效率低,因此新建的小型电站和动力站都不再采用水輪。我們认为采取必要的改进措施后,它的效率可以大为提高,特别在微水头大流量的条件下,水輸的效率可能大于其他两种水輪机。因此在目前我国农村中,仍有意义。 水輸的流体动力損失主要是漏水,減小水轮与地面的間隙或采用防漏措施,便可大大減小漏水损失;其次是出口动能损失,采用本文所提出的利用渠道收回动能的办法,可減少这类损失;再其次是进口冲击損失,減小水貭点对于水輪的相对速度,便能減小这类损失;最后是水力摩阻损失,采取这些办法后,它的效率就大为提高。中冲式水輪的效率可高于75％,我們认为这个数字是現实的。

Aristophanis comoediae undecim, graece et latine : ad fidem optimorum Codicum MSS. emendatae cum nova octo comoediarum interpretatione latina, e notis ad fingulas ineditis Stephani Bergleri, nec non Caroli Andreae Dukeri ad quatuor priores, accedunt deperditarum comoediarum fragmenta a Theod. Cantero et Gul. Coddaeo collecta, earumque indices a Joh. Meursio & Joh. Alb. Fabricio digefti, curante Petro Burmanno Secundo, qui praefationem praefixit

Aristófanes nasceu em Atenas entre 450 e 445 a.C. e morreu por volta de 388 a.C. Considerado o principal representante da comédia antiga, em suas peças predominavam a sátira política e a social. Suas primeiras comédias foram assinadas sob pseudônimo e somente após ‘Os Acarnianos’ (ou ‘Acarnanos’) tornou-se conhecido. Da sua obra apenas onze peças conservaram-se integralmente. Esta coleção, em dois volumes, contém onze peças. O primeiro volume inclui ‘Os Plutos’ (publicada no ano de 388 a.C.), sua ultima comédia; ‘As Nuvens’ (423 a.C.); ‘As Rãs’ (405 a.C.); ‘Os Cavaleiros’ (424 a.C.); ‘Os Acarnianos’ (425 a.C.) e ‘As Vespas’ (422 a.C.). O segundo volume contém ‘Os Pássaros’ (414 a.C.); ‘A Paz’(421a.C.); ‘A Assembleia das mulheres’ (392 a.C.); ‘As Convocadas’ (411 a.C.) e ‘Lisistrata’ (411 a.C.)

A measurement of inclusive quasi-elastic electron scattering cross sections at high momentum transfer

We have measured inclusive electron-scattering cross sections for targets of ^(4)He, C, Al, Fe, and Au, for kinematics spanning the quasi-elastic peak, with squared, four­ momentum transfers (q^2) between 0.23 and 2.89 (GeV/c)^2. Additional data were measured for Fe with q^2's up to 3.69 (GeV/c)^2 These cross sections were analyzed for the y-scaling behavior expected from a simple, impulse-approximation model, and are found to approach a scaling limit at the highest q^2's. The q^2 approach to scaling is compared with a calculation for infinite nuclear matter, and relationships between the scaling function and nucleon momentum distributions are discussed. Deviations from perfect scaling are used to set limits on possible changes in the size of nucleons inside the nucleus.

Determination and modelling of water quality parameter in Abuja metropolis

This research work involves the determination and modelling of water parameter such as pH, temperature, turbidity, chloride, hardness. The result of the analysis was used as important operating variables to generate a model equation of pH, hardness, temperature, turbidity and chloride. The values obtained from the model equation were compared with those from experiment. On an average bases the values were close. These parameters can be used to monitor the extent of pollution of pond water and to monitor stress and diseases of fish. The experimental data of pH was in the range of 6.7 to 6.9 while the modelled result was also between 6.7 to 7.0. The turbidity experimental value was close to the modelled value also. The chloride value for the experimental data was in the range of 25.32 to 35.0. The total hardness value ranges between 4.5 to 65.1 mg/l while the modelled result ranges between 11.025 to 68.402 mg/l. The result was within the acceptable limit of world health organization standard on water quality parameter.

Pure Coulomb explosions of highly charged methane clusters investigated by a simple electrostatic model

The pure Coulomb explosions of the methane clusters (CA(4))(n), (light atom A = H or D) have been investigated by a simplified electrostatic model for both a single cluster and an ensemble of clusters with a given cluster size distribution. The dependence of the energy of ions produced from the explosions on cluster size and the charge state of the carbon ions has been analysed. It is found that, unlike the average proton energy which increases with the charge q of the carbon ions, the average deuteron energy tends to saturate as q becomes larger than 4. This implies that when the laser intensity is sufficiently high for the (CD4)(n) to be ionized to a charge state of (C4+D4+)(n), the neutron yield from a table-top laser-driven Coulomb explosion of deuterated methane clusters (CD4)(n) could be increased significantly by increasing the interaction volume rather than by increasing the laser intensity to produce the higher charge state (C6+D4+)(n). The flight-time spectra of the carbon ions and the light ions have also been studied.