Ícones urbanos na cidade de Natal: arquitetura e desenvolvimento urbano na cidade do sol e mar

Natal has come through major changes in the last 150 years, since the actions of city beautification, in the 19th century, until the present day, when such transformations start to have the objective of including the city in the competition for the attraction of the capital flows and consumption, domestically and in a foreign sense. It is thought that the first initiatives aimed at increasing tourism in Natal occurred in the 1960s, however, it became apparent that only from the 1980s was there a significant increase in tourist activities in Natal and the Metropolitan Region, especially on the east coast of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, leading to an expansion of the labour market, the significant increase of foreign investment, territorial changes of great impact and the production of buildings primarily intended for the hotel industry and second residence for European tourists. Since then, the incentives for tourist activity in the state have been maintained and even increased, based on tourism aimed at natural beauties, local cuisine and events, which transformed the tourist activity in one of the main sources of foreign exchange for the city of Natal. In the early 21st century, the construction of high-rise condominiums, monuments (including the designer ones), such as the Parque da Cidade, designed by Oscar Niemeyer, were already established. Also, shopping centers and, in order to host the World Cup, the new football stadium, the Arena das Dunas, among others, which were aimed at local and foreign consumers, especially European, stood out in the city. It is understood that these new buildings, monuments and also renovations and restorations that were deployed in the city of Natal aimed at constructing a new identity for the city, within the process of capitalist development and urban spectacle. It is considered that the monuments and the iconic buildings are attributes of the cities aimed at selling locations as goods, establishing a new urban environment, a new role as cities, which aimed at seeking greater autonomy from the nation-state. In this research, it was sought to analyze the architectural object, that is, buildings and monuments built or restored in Natal and its relevance to the city marketing promoted by the city itself. It was found that, indeed, such buildings and monuments are inserted in contemporary architectural production as a basis for increasing the competitive nature of Natal. In addition, they reveal a capitalist mode of production, supported by public resources, operating in the production of urban space with a view to repeating the hegemonic model of a competitive city

Social determinants of dental treatment needs in Brazilian adults

Background The chronic cumulative nature of caries makes treatment needs a severe problem in adults. Despite the fact that oral diseases occur in social contexts, there are few studies using multilevel analyses focusing on treatment needs. Thus, considering the importance of context in explaining oral health related inequalities, this study aims to evaluate the social determinants of dental treatment needs in 35–44 year old Brazilian adults, assessing whether inequalities in needs are expressed at individual and contextual levels. Methods The dependent variables were based on the prevalence of normative dental treatment needs in adults: (a) restorative treatment; (b) tooth extraction and (c) prosthetic treatment. The independent variables at first level were household income, formal education level, sex and race. At second level, income, sanitation, infrastructure and house conditions. The city-level variables were the Human Development Index (HDI) and indicators related to health services. Exploratory analysis was performed evaluating the effect of each level through calculating Prevalence Ratios (PR). In addition, a three-level multilevel modelling was constructed for all outcomes to verify the effect of individual characteristics and also the influence of context. Results In relation to the need for restorative treatment, the main factors implicated were related to individual socioeconomic position, however the city-level contextual effect should also be considered. Regarding need for tooth extraction, the contextual effect does not seem to be important and, in relation to the needs for prosthetic treatment, the final model showed effect of individual-level and city-level. Variables related to health services did not show significant effects. Conclusions Dental treatment needs related to primary care (restoration and tooth extraction) and secondary care (prosthesis) were strongly associated with individual socioeconomic position, mainly income and education, in Brazilian adults. In addition to this individual effect, a city-level contextual effect, represented by HDI, was also observed for need for restorations and prosthesis, but not for tooth extractions. These findings have important implications for the health policy especially for financing and planning, since the distribution of oral health resources must consider the inequalities in availability and affordability of dental care for all.

Compressive strength of dental composites photo-activated with different light tips

The aim of this study was to evaluate the compressive strength of microhybrid (FiltekTM Z250) and nanofilled (FiltekTM Supreme XT) composite resins photo-activated with two different light guide tips, fiber optic and polymer, coupled with one LED. The power density was 653 mW cm−2 when using the fiber optic light tip and 596 mW cm−2 with the polymer. After storage in distilled water at 37 ± 2 "C for seven days, the samples were subjected to mechanical testing of compressive strength in an EMIC universal mechanical testing machine with a load cell of 5 kN and speed of 0.5 mm min−1. The statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA with a confidence interval of 95% and Tamhane’s test. The results showed that the mean values of compressive strength were not influenced by the different light tips (p > 0.05). However, a statistical difference was observed (p < 0.001) between the microhybrid composite resin photo-activated with the fiber optic light tip and the nanofilled composite resin. Based on these results, it can be concluded that microhybrid composite resin photo-activated with the fiber optic light tip showed better results than nanofilled, regardless of the tip used, and the type of the light tip did not influence the compressive strength of either composite. Thus, the presented results suggest that both the fiber optic and polymer light guide tips provide adequate compressive strength to be used to make restorations. However, the fiber optic light tip associated with microhybrid composite resin may be an interesting option for restorations mainly in posterior teeth.

Study of porcelain-zirconia composites for dental applications

Materiais compósitos restauradores representam um dos mais bem sucedidos biomateriais na pesquisa moderna, na substituição do tecido biológico em aparência e função. Nesta linha, a porcelana feldspática tem sido largamente usada em odontologia devido suas interessantes qualidades como estabilidade de cor, propriedades estéticas, elevada durabilidade mecânica, biocompatibilidade, baixa condutividade térmica e elevada resistência ao desgaste. Entretanto, este material é frágil e pode falhar em ambiente oral devido ao micro-vazamento, baixa resistência à tração, descolagem ou fratura. Assim, para melhorar as propriedades mecânicas da porcelana, a zircônia parcialmente estabilizada com Ítria (Y-TZP) pode ser uma boa alternativa para fortalecer e produzir infraestruturas totalmente cerâmicas (coroas e próteses parciais fixas). Portanto, este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar as propriedades mecânicas e características microestruturais da porcelana reforçada com zircônia (3Y-TZP) em diferentes conteúdos e as variáveis que afetam as propriedades mecânicas destes materiais. O estudo de caracterização revelou que a zircônia comercial apresenta melhores resultados quando comparada com a zircônia sintetizada pelo CPM. Assim, os estudos seguintes utilizaram a zircônia comercial para todos os testes requeridos. As partículas de zircônia apresentam elevadas propriedades mecânicas quando comparadas a zircônia aglomerada. Os diferentes conteúdos revelam que as propriedades mecânicas dos compósitos aumentam com o aumento do conteúdo volumétrico até 30% vol.% (198,5Mpa), ou seja, maior resistência à flexão quando comparada com os outros compósitos. Do mesmo modo, a resistência ao desgaste para os compósitos com (30%, vol.% de zircônia) apresenta valores superiores quando comparado aos demais compósitos. Na adesão cerâmico-cerâmico a porcelana exibe elevada adesão para a superfície de zircônia porosa quando comparada a superfície rugosa. Os furos superficiais (PZ) e aplicação de compósitos com camada intermediária (RZI) na zircônia causam separadamente uma melhoria da resistência ao cisalhamento da zircônia-porcelana quando comparados as amostras convencionais de zircônia-porcelana (RZ), embora não sejam estatisticamente significativas (p>0.05). A presença de uma camada intermediaria produz um aumento significativo na força de ligação (~55%) em relação as amostras convencionais (RZ). Portanto, a correta a correta configuração e tratamento superficial podem produzir subestruturas com qualidade e força de ligação adequadas aos requisitos odontológicos.

Avaliação da adaptação marginal de diferentes tipos de restaurações obtidas por CAD/CAM e métodos convencionais

The past few decades have brought many changes to the dental practice and the technology has become ready available. The result of a satisfactory rehabilitation treatment basically depends on the balance between biological and mechanical factors. The marginal adaptation of crowns and prosthetic structures is vital factor for long-term success. The development of CAD / CAM technology in the manufacture of dental prostheses revolutionized dentistry, this technology is capable of generating a virtual model from the direct digital scanning from the mouth, casts or impressions. It allows the planning and design of the structure in a computered software. The virtual projects are obtained with high precision and a significant reduction in clinical and laboratory time. Thus, the present study (Chapters 1, 2 and 3) computed microtomography was used to evaluate, different materials, different CAD/CAM systems, different ways of obtaining virtual model (with direct or indirect scanning), and in addition, also aims to evaluate the influence of cementing agent in the final adaptation of crowns and copings obtained by CAD / CAM. Furthermore, this study (Chapter 4, 5 and 6) also aims to evaluate significant differences in vertical and horizontal misfits in abutment-free frameworks on external hexagon implants (HE) using full castable UCLAs, castable UCLAs with cobalt-chromium pre-machined bases and obtained by CAD / CAM with CoCr or Zirconia by different scanning and milling systems. For this, the scanning electron microscopy and interferometry were used. It was concluded that the CAD / CAM technology is capable to produce restorations, copings and screw-retained implant-supported frameworks in different materials and systems offering satisfactory results of marginal accuracy, with significative reduction in clinical and laboratory time.

Inter-relação entre lesão cervical não cariosa e comprometimento periodontal: diagnóstico, tratamento e previsibilidade - estudo clínico prospectivo e laboratorial

The coexistence of gingival recession (GR) with root coverage indication and non-carious cervical lesions (LCNC) generates the need for a protocol that respects and promotes health of dental and periodontal tissues and allows treatment predictability. The main objectives of this theses were: (1) verify, through clinical evaluations, the connective tissue graft for root coverage on direct and indirect restorations made of ceramic resin; (2) analyze the influence of the battery level of the LED curing unit in the composite resin characteristics; (3) assess the influence of restorative materials, composite resin and ceramics, on the viability of gingival fibroblasts from primary culture. Nine patients with good oral hygiene and occlusal stability diagnosed with LCNCs the anterior teeth including premolars associated with gingival recession (class I and II of Miller) and only gingival recession were selected. After initial clinical examination, occlusal adjustment was performed and the patients had their teeth randomized allocated on direct composite resin restoration of LCNC, polishing and GR treatment with connective tissue graft and advanced coronally flap CR group (n = 15); and indirect ceramic restoration of the LCNC's and GR treatment (CTG+CAF) Group C (n = 15). The GR presented teeth with no clinically formed LCNCs cavity were treated using (CTG+CAF) being the control group (n = 15). Sorption and solubility tests, analysis of the degree of conversion and diametral tensile strength were performed in composite resin samples (n = 10) photoactivated by 100, 50 and 10% battery charge LED unit. The viability of fibroblasts on composite resin, ceramics and dentin disks (n = 3) was examined. Clinical follow-up was performed for three months. The data obtained at different stages were tabulated and subjected to analysis for detection of normal distribution and homogeneity. The results showed that: the LED unit with 10% battery affects the characteristics of the composite resin; restorative materials present biocompatibility with gingival fibroblasts; and the association of surgical and restorative treatment of teeth affected by NCCL and GR presents successful results at 3-month follow-up.

Defences of the Niagara Frontier (1764-1870) : An Historical Survey of Fort George, Fort Erie & Fort Mississauga

The intention of the Niagara Parks Commission to undertake restorations of Fort George, Fort Mississauga and Fort Erie has inspired this survey. The aim has not been to create an historical narrative - so many already exist - but rather to present an accurate description of the original appearance, structure and design of each of the Niagara Forts. This it is hoped may be of some practical assistance to those in charge of the actual work of restoration. In the case of Fort Mississauga which was maintained as a military post until 1857, vary complete information has been available. Fort George and Fort Erie were abandoned for military purposes after the War of 1812 and fewer plans and contemporary accounts have survived. While the work of research, involving the collection of every possible plan of the works and every drawing of their appearance as well as the piecing together of material, has been more difficult in the case of the latter forts, it is felt that the essential information has been secured. The use of a number of military terms in the description of the fortifications has been unavoidable and a glossary of these is included on page 66. The list of plans and illustrations is as complete as possible.

Cárie secundária e propriedades antibacterianas dos materiais restauradores

Grande parte do tempo clínico do Médico Dentista é, atualmente, gasto a substituir restaurações dentárias realizadas no passado devido a fraturas ou fenómenos de cárie secundária. Pesquisou-se, assim, para a realização desta monografia em diferentes bases de pesquisa acerca dos fenómenos de cárie e cárie secundária. Um dos objetivos desta revisão bibliográfica estudar a microbiologia associada á cárie secundária, a histopatologia da lesão, o diagnóstico e os problemas associados ao diagnóstico. pretende-se, também, nesta monografia devido á sua pertinência investigar o potencial bacteriostático e bactericida dos diversos materiais disponíveis e em que situações esse efeito é potenciado, de modo a auxiliar o clinico na sua decisão no momento de restauração dentária, procurando prevenir ou adiar a necessidade de efetuar uma nova restauração. Para a realização desta monografia foram realizadas pesquisas nos motores de busca PubMed, B-on, Science Direct e Sci-elo. Depois de selecionados os artigos com interesse e com a utilização de seguintes palavras-chave e combinações de palavras sendo que no final foram selecionados 58 Artigos, dentro dos últimos 10 anos na língua portuguesa e na língua inglesa. Apesar da microbiologia e dos fenómenos histopatológicos de desenvolvimento da lesão estarem bem documentados, não existe consenso no que toca ao diagnóstico e tratamento das lesões. Existem diversos métodos de diagnóstico ao alcance da prescrição do Médico Dentista, sendo que, no entanto, nem todos estão indicados para o diagnóstico de lesões de cárie. Face á grande variedade de materiais restauradores e sistemas adesivos existentes no mercado torna-se imperativo que o Médico Dentista tenha os conhecimentos necessários sobre o potencial antibacteriano desses mesmos materiais. Sendo, assim, capaz de concluir mediante a situação apresentada: as vantagens, desvantagens e potencialidades dos diversos materiais á sua disposição na prevenção de lesões de cárie inicial e cárie secundária, aumentando a sobrevivência das peças dentárias. Conclui-se que a cárie secundária não é um fenómeno exclusivo a nenhum tipo de material forrador, ou restaurador não existindo também nenhum material capaz de efetuar com elevadas taxas de sucesso a sua prevenção. Contudo, atualmente, vem-se procurando a utilização de materiais que proporcionem um maior selamento da estrutura dentária, diminuindo a microinfiltração e consequentemente diminuindo os fenómenos de cárie secundária.

Comparação de materiais usados na confeção de facetas dentárias

A demanda na procura da reabilitação estética é um dos focos da história da humanidade ao longo das eras, mas que teve a sua acentuação nestes últimos dois séculos. Sendo a face um dos pontos que nos permite avaliar esteticamente uma pessoa, cabe ao médico dentista, como um dos profissionais que trabalha nessa zona do corpo humano, avaliar e procurar satisfazer as necessidades estéticas da população. Assim, por parte dos profissionais de Medicina Dentária, tem de haver uma procura constante para a satisfação das exigências estéticas, não só no conhecimento como no aprimoramento da técnica. Nos últimos tempos, com a necessidade de desenvolvimento de materiais para colmatar a cada vez maior busca para a perfeição estética, as facetas surgiram como tratamento de excelência. O presente trabalho teve como objectivo a comparação entre resina composta e cerâmica, na elaboração de restaurações estéticas. Para os dois tipos de materiais foram avaliados a estética e o comportamento biomecânico. Foram comparados benefícios e desvantagens, contra-indicações, indicações, plano de tratamento, diagnóstico e procedimentos clínicos dos dois materiais, utilizados na confecção das facetas cerâmicas e de resina composta. Foram utilizados os seguintes parâmetros de comparação: biocompatibilidade, adaptação marginal, preparação, resistência, cor, acabamento, potencial de reparação, custo e estética. A utilização de facetas cerâmicas tem sido um dos principais focos de desenvolvimento da Medicina Dentária no âmbito científico. A sua utilização permite uma maior predictibilidade e uma maior longevidade clínica. A sua qualidade estética, resistência à fractura, biodisponibilidade e estabilidade de cor, são as suas maiores vantagens na utilização clínica. Em sentido inverso, as facetas de resina composta apresentam menor custo, maior resistência à abrasão, possibilidade de reparação fácil e menor desgaste de estrutura dentária durante a sua preparação. Contudo apresentam menor estabilidade de cor. Portanto, torna-se esclarecedor que a escolha do material a utilizar na confecção de facetas, deve ser adaptada às especificidades de cada caso.

Arku fazial birtualaren balidazioa eta optimizazioa

[EU]"Arku fazial birtualaren balidazioa eta optimizazioa". Odontologian eta, oro har, medikuntzan, prozesu birtualek geroz eta indar handiagoa hartzen dabiltza, bai espezialista baita pazienteei erraztasuna emateko asmoz. Ildo horretatik jarraituz, protesien eta hortz-errestaurazioen kasuan, ikerketa sakonak burutu dira, prozesuaren ahalik eta zatirik handiena digitalizatzeko. Digitalizazio prozesu honetan CAD/CAM sistemaren aurrerapenek ere zeresan handia izan dute; izan ere, protesi eta errestaurazioen prozesu tradizionala ordezkatzea ahalbidetu du. Prozesu digitalek hainbat onura suposatu arren, zein fidagarriak diren konprobatzea ezinbestekoa da, prozesuarentzat metodologiarik egokiena aukeratu ahal izateko. Horretan zentratzen da hain zuzen proiektu hau. Protesien diseinu birtuala egin ahal izateko, beharrezkoa da horzduren kokapen birtuala lortzea, artikulagailu birtualean kokatu ahal izateko. Horretarako arku fazial birtuala erabiliko da, baina oraindik ez da metodologiarik egokiena zein den konprobatu. Beraz, proiektu honen helburua arku fazial birtual egokiena zein den zehaztea da, horretarako metodologia ezberdinak konparatuko direlarik bai modelo ez-erreala erabiliz (in vitro) baita paziente errealekin (in vivo). Horrela, prozesu ezberdinen zehaztasuna zein den konprobatu ahal izango da, bakoitzaren egiazkotasuna eta doitasuna aztertuz. Emaitzetan oinarrituz, arku fazial birtual gisa metodologiarik egokiena zein den ondorioztatu ahal izango da.

Influence of shade, curing mode, and aging on the color stability of resin cements

The color stability of resin cements is essential for aesthetic restorations. Aim: To evaluate the influence of shade and aging time on the color stability of two light-cured and two dual-cured resin cements. Methods: The CIE-Lab color parameters (n=6) were measured immediately after sample preparation and at 7, 30 and 90 days of aging in distilled water. The color difference (ΔE) was calculated and then analyzed by three-way ANOVA for repeated measures and Tukey’s HSD test (α=0.05). Results: ΔE was higher for transparent resin colors, followed by dark and light colors. The mean values of ΔE were lower for both light-cured resin cements compared to the dual-cured cements. As the aging time increased, ΔE values increased. Conclusions: The light-cured resin cements showed greater color stability. The lighter shades of luting were more likely to display a greater color change.

Clinical evaluation of two materials in the restoration of abfraction lesions

Aim: To evaluate the clinical performance of a composite resin (CR) and a resin-modified glassionomer cement (RMGIC) for the treatment of abfraction lesions. Methods: Thirty patients with abfraction lesions in at least two premolar teeth were selected and invited to participate in this study. All restorations were made within the same clinical time frame. One tooth was restored with CR Z100TM (3M, St. Paul, MN, USA), and the other was restored with RMGIC VitremerTM (3M). The restorations were assessed immediately and 1, 6 and 12 months after the restoration, using modified US Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria: marginal integrity, marginal discoloration, wear, retention, secondary caries and hypersensitivity. The statistical analysis was based on Friedman ANOVA test and Mann-Whitney test, considering p<0.05 for statistical significance. Results: Both materials demonstrated satisfactory clinical performance after one year. In the individual analysis of each material, there was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the criteria marginal integrity and wear, for both CR and RMGIC. RMGIC exhibited more damage one year after the restoration. Comparing both materials, it was found a significant difference only for marginal discoloration, while the RMGIC restorations showed the worst prognosis after a year of evaluation. There was no significant difference in the number of retentions, caries or hypersensitivity between CR and RMGIC. Conclusions: It was concluded that CR exhibited the best clinical performance according to the cost-effectiveness and evaluation criteria used in this study.

Development of new collagen cross-linkers for adhesive bonding stabilization

Aims: This thesis aimed to investigate the influence of different collagen cross-linkers, as separate primers or contained within desensitizing agents, on the longevity of dental restorations and on the dentinal enzymatic activity immediately, or after aging in vitro. Methods: A series of studies was conducted using several different cross-linking molecules and several adhesive systems. Four studies investigated the longevity of the hybrid layer by means of microtensile bond strength test, and the enzymatic activity using gelatin and in situ zymography, immediately or after 1 year of aging in the artificial saliva. The first study tested samples bonded with or without a cross-linking agent, that were previously aged for 5 years. The degradation of the hybrid layer was observed using transmission electron microscopy, the enzymatic activity in the hybrid layer using in situ zymography. Raman spectroscopy was used to investigate whether the active substance was still within the hybrid layer after 5 years. Results: The results of the studies showed that collagen cross-linkers were efficient in preserving bond strength after aging in vitro when used as separate primers on demineralized or partially demineralized dentin. In the cases when the cross-linker was utilized on mineralized dentin, bond strength results were higher than in the control groups immediately and after aging, however, no difference in enzymatic activity was detected after aging. Conclusions: The tested cross-linker molecules used as separate primers in etch-and-rinse and self-etch adhesives seem to be clinically applicable, since the procedure is not overly time-consuming and seems to preserve the hybrid layer over time. As for the cross-linkers contained in the desensitizing agent, when utilized before the adhesive procedures, it has shown to increase the bond strength of self-etch adhesives, but further studies are needed to better understand its effect on the enzymatic activity and crosslinking effects on mineralized dentin.