El papel de las organizaciones sociales en el proceso de reintegración de las mujeres excombatientes en la ciudad de Cali, en el marco de procesos de construcción de paz desde las comunidades, 2010-2014. Estudio de caso: Coomaco

Este trabajo pretende analizar el papel de las organizaciones sociales en los procesos de reintegración, en la configuración de escenarios dedicados al perdón y la resocialización de mujeres en proceso de reintegración en la ciudad de Cali, durante el periodo comprendido entre 2010-2014. Esta investigación puso en evidencia la falta de precisión en la ruta de reintegración de la particularidad de los procesos de reintegración de mujeres excombatientes de las Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (AUC) han llevado a la discriminación de las mujeres durante el proceso. Dejando vacíos importantes que llenaron las organizaciones sociales con las comunidades. Para el desarrollo de este trabajo se realizaron entrevistas grupales a seis mujeres en proceso de reintegración, la líder de la Cooperativa Multiactiva de Madres Comunitarias, y ochenta y cinco sondeos de opinión realizados de manera aleatoria en las ciudades de Cali y Bogotá.

Relación entre atrofia cortical difusa y desempeño cognitivo : estudio en población mayor de 60 años en un hospital universitario en la ciudad de Bogotá

El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar la existencia de la relación entre la atrofia cortical difusa objetivada por neuroimagenes cerebrales y desempeños cognitivos determinados mediante la aplicación de pruebas neuropsicológicas que evalúan memoria de trabajo, razonamiento simbólico verbal y memoria anterógrada declarativa. Participaron 114 sujetos reclutados en el Hospital Universitario Mayor Méderi de la ciudad de Bogotá mediante muestreo de conveniencia. Los resultados arrojaron diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos (pacientes con diagnóstico de atrofia cortical difusa y pacientes con neuroimagenes interpretadas como dentro de los límites normales) en todas las pruebas neuropsicológicas aplicadas. Respecto a las variables demográficas se pudo observar que el grado de escolaridad contribuye como factor neuroprotector de un posible deterioro cognitivo. Tales hallazgos son importantes para determinar protocoles tempranos de detección de posible instalación de enfermedades neurodegenerativas primarias.

A new approach for computing a flood vulnerability index using cluster analysis

A Flood Vulnerability Index (FloodVI) was developed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and a new aggregation method based on Cluster Analysis (CA). PCA simplifies a large number of variables into a few uncorrelated factors representing the social, economic, physical and environmental dimensions of vulnerability. CA groups areas that have the same characteristics in terms of vulnerability into vulnerability classes. The grouping of the areas determines their classification contrary to other aggregation methods in which the areas' classification determines their grouping. While other aggregation methods distribute the areas into classes, in an artificial manner, by imposing a certain probability for an area to belong to a certain class, as determined by the assumption that the aggregation measure used is normally distributed, CA does not constrain the distribution of the areas by the classes. FloodVI was designed at the neighbourhood level and was applied to the Portuguese municipality of Vila Nova de Gaia where several flood events have taken place in the recent past. The FloodVI sensitivity was assessed using three different aggregation methods: the sum of component scores, the first component score and the weighted sum of component scores. The results highlight the sensitivity of the FloodVI to different aggregation methods. Both sum of component scores and weighted sum of component scores have shown similar results. The first component score aggregation method classifies almost all areas as having medium vulnerability and finally the results obtained using the CA show a distinct differentiation of the vulnerability where hot spots can be clearly identified. The information provided by records of previous flood events corroborate the results obtained with CA, because the inundated areas with greater damages are those that are identified as high and very high vulnerability areas by CA. This supports the fact that CA provides a reliable FloodVI.

Desorption electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry of stabilised polyesters reveals activation of hindered amine light stabilisers

The use of hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) to retard thermo- and photo-degradation of polymers has become increasingly common. Proposed mechanisms of polymer stabilisation involve significant changes to the HALS chemical structure; however, reports of the characterisation of these modified chemical species are limited. To better understand the fate of HALS and determine their in situ modifications, desorption electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) was employed to characterise ten commercially available HALS present in polyester-based coil coatings. TINUVIN® 770, 292, 144, 123, 152, and NOR371; HOSTAVIN® 3052, 3055, 3050, and 3058 were separately formulated with a pigmented, thermosetting polyester resin, cured on metal at 262 C and analysed directly by DESI-MS. High-level ab initio molecular orbital theory calculations were also undertaken to aid the mechanistic interpretation of the results. For HALS containing N-substituted piperidines (i.e., N-CH3, N-C(O)CH3, and N-OR) a secondary piperidine (N-H) analogue was detected in all cases. The formation of these intermediates can be explained either through hydrogen abstraction based mechanisms or direct N-OR homolysis with the former dominant under normal service temperatures (ca. 25-80 C), and the latter potentially becoming competitive under the high temperatures associated with curing (ca. 230-260 C). © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Structure of tri-1-naphthylborane-benzene (1/1) complex, c30h21b.c6h6

M r= 470.46, rhombohedral, R3, a =8.710(4)A, a=91.10(3) o, V= 660.4 (9) A 3, Z= 1,D m= 1.170 (flotation in KI solution), D x=1.183 Mg m -a, Mo Kct, 2 = 0.7107/~,, /t =0.033 mm -1, F(000) - 248.0, T= 293 K, R -- 4.6%(481 unique reflections). The molecule has C a symmetry and is propeller shaped, the angle of twist about the B-C bond being 41.5 (7) °. The space group being chiral, this is yet another example of spontaneous resolution. The results of a thermal-motion analysis are discussed.

Diversity in the sunflower: Puccinia helianthi pathosystem in Australia

Sunflower rust caused by Puccinia helianthi is the most important disease of sunflower in Australia with the potential to cause significant yield losses in susceptible hybrids. Rapid and frequent virulence changes in the rust fungus population limit the effective lifespan of commercial cultivars and impose constant pressure on breeding programs to identify and deploy new sources of resistance. This paper contains a synopsis of virulence data accumulated over 25 years, and more recent studies of genotypic diversity and sexual recombination. We have used this synopsis, generated from both published and unpublished data, to propose the origin, evolution and distribution of new pathotypes of P. helianthi. Virulence surveys revealed that diverse pathotypes of P. helianthi evolve in wild sunflower populations, most likely because sexual recombination and subsequent selection of recombinant pathotypes occurs there. Wild sunflower populations provide a continuum of genetically heterogeneous hosts on which P. helianthi can potentially complete its sexual cycle under suitable environmental conditions. Population genetics analysis of a worldwide collection of P. helianthi indicated that Australian isolates of the pathogen are more diverse than non-Australian isolates. Additionally, the presence of the same pathotype in different genotypic backgrounds supported evidence from virulence data that sexual recombination has occurred in the Australian population of P. helianthi at some time. A primary aim of the work described was to apply our knowledge of pathotype evolution to improve resistance in sunflower to sunflower rust. Molecular markers were identified for a number of previously uncharacterised sunflower rust R-genes. These markers have been used to detect resistance genes in breeding lines and wild sunflower germplasm. A number of virulence loci that do not recombine were identified in P. helianthi. The resistance gene combinations corresponding to these virulence loci are currently being introgressed with breeding lines to generate hybrids with durable resistance to sunflower rust.

A need for re-examination of the fibre diffraction data of A-DNA

A-DNA pattern, obtained using a flat plat camera, was indexed by Fuller Image on the basis of a c-face centred monoclinic cell with A = 22.24 Å, B = 40.62 Å, C = 28.15 Å and β = 97.0°. A precession photograph of A-DNA which gives an undistorted picture of the lattice, showed that the unit cell parameters as given by Fuller Image were not quite correct. The precession photograph showed a strong meridional reflection (R = 0.00 Å−1) on the 11th layer line. But the occurrence of the meridional reflection on the 11th layer line could not be explained on the basis of the cell parameters given by Fuller Image ; using those cell parameters the reflection which comes closest to the meridian on 11th layer line is at R = 0.025 Å−1. However, a simple interchange of a and b values accounted for the meridional reflection on 11th layer line. The corrected cell parameter refined against 28 strong spots are A = 40.75 Å, B = 22.07 Å, C = 28.16 Å and β = 97.5°. In the new unit cell of A-DNA, the packing arrangement of the two molecules is different from that in the old one. Nonetheless, our earlier contention is again reaffirmed that both right and left-handed A-DNA are stereochemically allowed and consistent with the observed fibre pattern.

Pentapeptidirakenteiden yleisimmät yhtäläisyydet

Proteiinit ovat elämälle välttämättömiä orgaanisia yhdisteitä, jotka koostuvat yhdestä tai useammasta aminohappoketjusta. Proteiinien toiminnan määrää niiden kolmiulotteinen rakenne, joka taas riippuu pitkälti proteiinien aminohappojärjestyksestä, sekvenssistä. Proteiinien tunnettujen sekvenssien määrä kasvaa DNA-sekvensoinnin tuloksena selvästi nopeammin kuin selvitettyjen kolmiulotteisten rakenteiden, konformaatioiden, määrä. Proteiinien rakenteitakin tunnetaan jo lähes 45 000, joten niiden tilastollisella analyysillä on yhä merkittävämpi osuus uusien proteiinien rakenteen määrittämisessä, ennustamisessa ja suunnittelussa. Työssä etsittiin pentapeptidejä (viiden aminohapon pituisia ketjuja), joilla on sama konformaatio kaikissa tunnetuissa proteiinien rakenteissa. Näitä rakennuspalikoita voisi käyttää suoraviivaisessa proteiinien suunnittelussa halutun kolmiulotteisen rakenteen aikaansaamiseksi. Aineistona käytettiin proteiinitietopankin joulukuussa 2007 sisältämiä rakenteita, joihin kuului lähes 45 000 proteiinin kolmiulotteista rakennetta. Aineiston laajuuden takia rakennuspalikoita etsittiin kahdessa vaiheessa vertailemalla pentapeptidien rakenteen keskeisten atomien (CA, CB, O, C ja N) sijaintia proteiinien aminohappoketjuissa. Työssä löytyi yli 9000 rakennuspalikkaa, pentapeptidiä, joista jokaisella oli sama konformaatio yli 12 eri rakennetiedostossa, niissä ilmoitettujen tarkkuuksien rajoissa. Löydetyistä rakennuspalikoista 48:lla oli täysin sama konformaatio kaikkialla, mistä ne löydettiin. Näistä useimmin esiintyneitä voi käyttää suoraan proteiinien rakenneanalyysissä valmiina kolmiulotteisen rakenteen osina. Eri konformaatioihin laskostuvia identtisiä pentapeptidejä löytyi yli 266 000 kappaletta. Rakennuspalikoiden stabiiliudesta johtuen ne saattavat olla tärkeitä proteiinien fysikaalisen mallinnuksen tutkimus- ja vertailukohteina. Käytännön kannalta työn lupaavin tulos oli se, että rakennuspalikoita löytyi eri vasta-aineiden rakennetiedostoista. Ehkäpä juuri vasta-aineita voitaisiin suunnitella työssä esitetyillä menetelmillä.

Catalytic cyclopropanation of olefins using copper(I) diphosphinoamines

Catalytic cyclopropanation reactions of olefins with ethyl diazoacetate were carried out using copper(I) diphosphinoamine (PPh2)(2)N(R) (R = Pr-i, H, Ph and -CH2-C6H4-CH=CH2) complexes at 40 degrees C in chloroform. High yields of the cyclopropanes were obtained in all cases. The rate of the reaction was influenced by the nuclearity of the complex and the binding mode of the ligand which was either bridging or chelating. Comparison of isostructural complexes shows that the rate follows the order R = Pr-i > H > Ph, where R is the substituent on the N. However, cyclopropane formation versus dimerization of the carbene, and trans to cis ratios of cyclopropane was similar in all cases. The nearly identical selectivity for different products formed was indicative of a common catalytic intermediate. A labile "copper-olefin" complex which does not involve the phosphine or the counterion is the most likely candidate. The differences in the reaction rates for different complexes are attributed to differences in the concentration of the catalytically active species which are in equilibrium with the catalytically inactive copper-phosphinoamine complex. To test the hypothesis a diphosphinoamine polymer complexed to copper(I) was used as a heterogeneous catalyst. Leaching of copper(I) and deactivation of the catalyst confirmed the proposed mechanism. (C) 2008 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.

Search for the Higgs Boson Produced in Association with Z→ℓ+ℓ- in pp̅ Collisions at √s=1.96 TeV

We present a search for the Higgs boson in the process $q\bar{q} \to ZH \to \ell^+\ell^- b\bar{b}$. The analysis uses an integrated luminosity of 1 fb$^{-1}$ of $p\bar{p}$ collisions produced at $\sqrt{s} =$ 1.96 TeV and accumulated by the upgraded Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF II). We employ artificial neural networks both to correct jets mismeasured in the calorimeter, and to distinguish the signal kinematic distributions from those of the background. We see no evidence for Higgs boson production, and set 95% CL upper limits on $\sigma_{ZH} \cdot {\cal B}(H \to b\bar{b}$), ranging from 1.5 pb to 1.2 pb for a Higgs boson mass ($m_H$) of 110 to 150 GeV/$c^2$.

Solvent effect on the spectroscopic properties of 6MAMC and 7MAMC

The absorption and emission spectra of two dyes namely 6MAMC and 7MAMC have been recorded at room temperature in solvents of different polarities. The ground-state dipole moments (mu(g)) of these two were determined experimentally by Guggenheim method and were compared with theoretical values obtained using quantum chemical method. The exited state (mu(e))dipole moments were estimated from Lippert's, Bakhshiev's and Chamma-Viallet's equations by using the variation of the Stokes shift with the solvent dielectric constant and refractive index. The ground and excited-state dipole moments were calculated by means of the solvatochromic shift method and also the excited-state dipole moments are determined in combination with ground-state dipole moments. It was observed that dipole moments of excited state were higher than those of the ground state, indicating a substantial redistribution of the pi-electron densities in a more polar excited state for these two dyes. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

High-temperature reactions of alkali and plagioclase feldspars with alkali and alkaline-earth chlorides-formation of celsian

High-temperature reactions (Ca 900-degrees-C) involving albite, K-feldspar or plagioclase and K, Ba-or K, Sr chlorides were experimentally studied. These experiments reveal that the reaction between K-exchanged albite, potash feldspar, or plagioclase and Ba-chloride/Ba-K chloride results in the formation of celsian by the breakdown of the starting feldspar structure above 800-degrees-C. Sr-feldspar does not form under similar conditions. A size-effect of the large M-site cation appears to be responsible for the formation of celsian. The reaction between K-feldspar and barium chloride may be used as a method for synthesizing celsian.

Evolution of Transformation Texture in a Metastable B - Titanium Alloy

Texture evolution in h. c. p. (alpha) phase derived from aging of a differently processed metastable b.c.c. (beta) titanium alloy was investigated. The study was aimed at examining (i) the effect of different b. c. c. cold rolling textures and (ii) the effect of different defect structures on the h. c. p transformation texture. The alloy metastable beta alloy Ti-10V-4.5Fe-1.5Al was rolled at room temperature by unidirectional (UDR) and multi-step cross rolling (MSCR). A piece of the as-rolled materials were subjected to aging in order to derive the h. c. p. (alpha) phase. In the other route, the as-rolled materials were recrystallized and then aged. Textures were measured using X-ray as well as Electron Back Scatter Diffraction. Rolling texture of beta phase, as characterized by the presence of a strong gamma fibre, was found stronger in M S C R compared to UDR, although they were qualitatively similar. The stronger texture of MSCR sample could be attributed to the inhomogeneous deformation taking place in the sample that might contribute to weakening of texture. Upon recrystallization in beta phase field close to beta-transus. the textures qualitatively resembled the corresponding beta deformation textures; however, they got strengthed. The aging of differently beta rolled samples resulted in the product alpha-phase with different textures. The (UDR + Aged) sample had a stronger texture than (MSCR + Aged) sample, which could be due to continuation of defect accumulation in UDR sample, thus providing more potential sites for the nucleation of alpha phase. The trend was reversed in samples recrystallized prior to aging. The (MSCR + Recrystallized + Aged) sample showed stronger texture of alpha phase than the (UDR + Recrystallized + Aged) sample. This could be attributed to extensive defect annihilation in the UDR sample on recrystallization prior to aging. The (MSCR + Aged) sample exhibited more alpha variants when compared to (MSCR + Recrystallized + Aged) sample. This has been attributed to the availability of more potential sites for nucleation of alpha phase in the former. It could be concluded that alpha transformation texture depends mainly on the defect structure of the parent phase.

Thermodynamic and structural consequences of changing a sulfur atom to a methylene group in the M13Nle mutation in ribonuclease-S

Two fragments of pancreatic ribonuclease A, a truncated version of S-peptide (residues 1-15) and S-protein (residues 21-124), combine to give a catalytically active complex. We have substituted the wild-type residue at position 13, methionine (Met), with norleucine (Nle), where the only covalent change is the replacement of the sulfur atom with a methylene group. The thermodynamic parameters associated with the binding of this variant to S-protein, determined by titration calorimetry in the temperature range 10-40 degrees C, are reported and compared to values previously reported [Varadarajan, R., Connelly, P. R., Sturtevant, J. M., & Richards, F. M. (1992) Biochemistry 31, 1421-1426] for other position 13 analogs. The differences in the free energy and enthalpy of binding between the Met and Nle peptides are 0.6 and 7.9 kcal/mol at 25 degrees C, respectively. These differences are slightly larger than, but comparable to, the differences in the values for the Met/Ile and Met/Leu pairs. The structure of the mutant complex was determined to 1.85 Angstrom resolution and refined to an R-factor of 17.4% The structures of mutant and wild-type complexes are practically identical although the Nle side chain has a significantly higher average B-factor than the corresponding Met side chain. In contrast, the B-factors of the atoms of the cage of residues surrounding position 13 are all somewhat lower in the Nle variant than in the Met wild-type. Thus, the large differences in the binding enthalpy appear to reside entirely in the difference in chemical properties or dynamic behavior of the -S- and -CH2- groups and not in differences in the geometry of the side chains or the internal cavity surface. In addition, a novel method of obtaining protein stability data by means of isothermal titration calorimetry is introduced.

ORTHOPYROXENE plus SILLIMANITE PREDATING SAPPHIRINE plus QUARTZ: A RARE CASE OF ULTRAHIGH-TEMPERATURE METAMORPHISM FROM THE CENTRAL ZONE, LIMPOPO COMPLEX, SOUTH AFRICA

Sapphirine + quartz and orthopyroxene + sillimanite occur in garnet from an Mg-Al granulite from the Central Zone of the Limpopo Complex in South Africa. Textural evidence and a chemical gradient in garnet between the zones preserving the inclusions argue for the formation of sapphirine + quartz after orthopyroxene + sillimanite. Petrological observations, pressure-temperature phase diagrams, and compositional and model proportion results on isopleths indicate the sapphirine + quartz + garnet + orthopyroxene (high-Al) assemblage as the peak metamorphic assemblage (similar to 1050 degrees C at similar to 8.5 kbars), whereas orthopyroxene (low-Al) + sillimanite represents the prograde stage (at ca. 900 degrees C at similar to 8.5 kbars). Our report of these two diagnostic ultrahigh-temperature mineral assemblages in garnet from an Mg-Al granulite is unique, given the rare occurrence of sapphirine + quartz postdating orthopyroxene + sillimanite assemblage in granulites.