Upper limit on the cosmic-ray photon fraction at EeV energies from the Pierre Auger Observatory

From direct observations of the longitudinal development of ultra-high energy air showers performed with the Pierre Auger Observatory, upper limits of 3.8%, 2.4%, 3.5% and 11.7% (at 95% c.l.) are obtained on the fraction of cosmic-ray photons above 2, 3, 5 and 10 EeV (1 EeV equivalent to 10(18) eV), respectively. These are the first experimental limits on ultra-high energy photons at energies below 10 EeV. The results complement previous constraints on top-down models from array data and they reduce systematic uncertainties in the interpretation of shower data in terms of primary flux, nuclear composition and proton-air cross-section. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Anisotropy and chemical composition of ultra-high energy cosmic rays using arrival directions measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Pierre Auger Collaboration has reported. evidence for anisotropy in the distribution of arrival directions of the cosmic rays with energies E > E(th) = 5.5 x 10(19) eV. These show a correlation with the distribution of nearby extragalactic objects, including an apparent excess around the direction of Centaurus A. If the particles responsible for these excesses at E > E(th) are heavy nuclei with charge Z, the proton component of the sources should lead to excesses in the same regions at energies E/Z. We here report the lack of anisotropies in these directions at energies above E(th)/Z (for illustrative values of Z = 6, 13, 26). If the anisotropies above E(th) are due to nuclei with charge Z, and under reasonable assumptions about the acceleration process, these observations imply stringent constraints on the allowed proton fraction at the lower energies.

Search for first harmonic modulation in the right ascension distribution of cosmic rays detected at the Pierre Auger Observatory

We present the results of searches for dipolar-type anisotropies in different energy ranges above 2.5 x 10(17) eV with the surface detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory, reporting on both the phase and the amplitude measurements of the first harmonic modulation in the right-ascension distribution. Upper limits on the amplitudes are obtained, which provide the most stringent bounds at present, being below 2% at 99% C.L. for EeV energies. We also compare our results to those of previous experiments as well as with some theoretical expectations. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The Pierre Auger Observatory scaler mode for the study of solar activity modulation of galactic cosmic rays

Since data-taking began in January 2004, the Pierre Auger Observatory has been recording the count rates of low energy secondary cosmic ray particles for the self-calibration of the ground detectors of its surface detector array. After correcting for atmospheric effects, modulations of galactic cosmic rays due to solar activity and transient events are observed. Temporal variations related with the activity of the heliosphere can be determined with high accuracy due to the high total count rates. In this study, the available data are presented together with an analysis focused on the observation of Forbush decreases, where a strong correlation with neutron monitor data is found.

The exposure of the hybrid detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Pierre Auger Observatory is a detector for ultra-high energy cosmic rays. It consists of a surface array to measure secondary particles at ground level and a fluorescence detector to measure the development of air showers in the atmosphere above the array. The ""hybrid"" detection mode combines the information from the two subsystems. We describe the determination of the hybrid exposure for events observed by the fluorescence telescopes in coincidence with at least one water-Cherenkov detector of the surface array. A detailed knowledge of the time dependence of the detection operations is crucial for an accurate evaluation of the exposure. We discuss the relevance of monitoring data collected during operations, such as the status of the fluorescence detector, background light and atmospheric conditions, that are used in both simulation and reconstruction. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Update on the correlation of the highest energy cosmic rays with nearby extragalactic matter

Data collected by the Pierre Auger Observatory through 31 August 2007 showed evidence for anisotropy in the arrival directions of cosmic rays above the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuz`min energy threshold, 6 x 10(19) eV. The anisotropy was measured by the fraction of arrival directions that are less than 3.1 degrees from the position of an active galactic nucleus within 75 Mpc (using the Veron-Cetty and Veron 12th catalog). An updated measurement of this fraction is reported here using the arrival directions of cosmic rays recorded above the same energy threshold through 31 December 2009. The number of arrival directions has increased from 27 to 69, allowing a more precise measurement. The correlating fraction is (38(-6)(+7))%, compared with 21% expected for isotropic cosmic rays. This is down from the early estimate of (69-(+11)(13))%. The enlarged set of arrival directions is examined also in relation to other populations of nearby extragalactic objects: galaxies in the 2 Microns All Sky Survey and active galactic nuclei detected in hard X-rays by the Swift Burst Alert Telescope. A celestial region around the position of the radiogalaxy Cen A has the largest excess of arrival directions relative to isotropic expectations. The 2-point autocorrelation function is shown for the enlarged set of arrival directions and compared to the isotropic expectation. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The fluorescence detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Pierre Auger Observatory is a hybrid detector for ultra-high energy cosmic rays. It combines a surface array to measure secondary particles at ground level together with a fluorescence detector to measure the development of air showers in the atmosphere above the array. The fluorescence detector comprises 24 large telescopes specialized for measuring the nitrogen fluorescence caused by charged particles of cosmic ray air showers. In this paper we describe the components of the fluorescence detector including its optical system, the design of the camera, the electronics, and the systems for relative and absolute calibration. We also discuss the operation and the monitoring of the detector. Finally, we evaluate the detector performance and precision of shower reconstructions. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.

Measurement of the energy spectrum of cosmic rays above 10(18) eV using the Pierre Auger Observatory

We report a measurement of the flux of cosmic rays with unprecedented precision and Statistics using the Pierre Auger Observatory Based on fluorescence observations in coincidence with at least one Surface detector we derive a spectrum for energies above 10(18) eV We also update the previously published energy spectrum obtained with the surface detector array The two spectra are combined addressing the systematic uncertainties and, in particular. the influence of the energy resolution on the spectral shape The spectrum can be described by a broken power law E(-gamma) with index gamma = 3 3 below the ankle which is measured at log(10)(E(ankle)/eV) = 18 6 Above the ankle the spectrum is described by a power law with index 2 6 followed by a flux suppression, above about log(10)(E/eV) = 19 5, detected with high statistical significance (C) 2010 Elsevier B V All rights reserved

A study of the effect of molecular and aerosol conditions in the atmosphere on air fluorescence measurements at the Pierre Auger Observatory

The air fluorescence detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory is designed to perforin calorimetric measurements of extensive air showers created by Cosmic rays of above 10(18) eV. To correct these measurements for the effects introduced by atmospheric fluctuations, the Observatory contains a group Of monitoring instruments to record atmospheric conditions across the detector site, ail area exceeding 3000 km(2). The atmospheric data are used extensively in the reconstruction of air showers, and are particularly important for the correct determination of shower energies and the depths of shower maxima. This paper contains a summary of the molecular and aerosol conditions measured at the Pierre Auger Observatory since the start of regular operations in 2004, and includes a discussion of the impact of these measurements oil air shower reconstructions. Between 10(18) and 10(20) eV, the systematic Uncertainties due to all atmospheric effects increase from 4% to 8% in measurements of shower energy, and 4 g cm(-2) to 8 g cm(-2) in measurements of the shower maximum. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Influence of a prudent diet on circulating cathepsin S in humans

BACKGROUND: Increased circulating cathepsin S levels have been linked to increased risk of cardiometabolic diseases and cancer. However, whether cathepsin S is a modifiable risk factor is unclear. We aimed to investigate the effects of a prudent diet on plasma cathepsin S levels in healthy individuals. FINDINGS: Explorative analyses of a randomized study were performed in 88 normal to slightly overweight and hyperlipidemic men and women (aged 25 to 65) that were randomly assigned to ad libitum prudent diet, i.e. healthy Nordic diet (ND) or a control group (habitual Western diet) for 6 weeks. Whereas all foods in the ND were provided, the control group was advised to consume their habitual diet throughout the study. The ND was in line with dietary recommendations, e.g. low in saturated fats, sugars and salt, but high in plant-based foods rich in fibre and unsaturated fats.The ND significantly decreased cathepsin S levels (from 20.1 (+/-4.0 SD) to 19.7 μg/L (+/-4.3 SD)) compared with control group (from 18.2 (+/-2.9 SD) to 19.1 μg/L (+/-3.8 SD)). This difference remained after adjusting for sex and change in insulin sensitivity (P = 0.03), and near significant after adjusting for baseline cathepsin S levels (P = 0.06), but not for change in weight or LDL-C. Changes in cathepsin S levels were directly correlated with change in LDL-C. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with a habitual control diet, a provided ad libitum healthy Nordic diet decreased cathepsin S levels in healthy individuals, possibly mediated by weight loss or lowered LDL-C. These differences between groups in cathepsin S were however not robust and therefore need further investigation.

O dano moral nas relações de trabalho

O presente trabalho consiste em conceituar, demonstrar as características, objetividade do Dano e sua indenização. Por tratar-se de uma relação onde um lado é hipossuficiente, destaca-se, em face do presente estudo, a prática do ato ilícito pelo empregador. O Dano Moral, no Direito do Trabalho nasceu juntamente com a revolução industrial, onde constatamos mais efetivamente o aumento da subordinação e inicio das relações entre empregador e empregado, pois a partir daí surgem ambientes propícios para causar prejuízo a um bem extrapatrimonial, uma vez que tais relações se dão entre seres humanos capazes de ferir e de serem feridos na sua esfera intima, subjetiva. O estudo do presente tema, nos demonstra que os sujeitos da relação de trabalho são diferenciados um, o empregador, detentor do poder de comando, disciplina e fiscalização e o outro, o empregado, sujeito à subordinação, à disciplina e fiscalização. É justamente nesta diferenciação entre os sujeitos de tais relações que reside a origem do Dano Moral, pois, o mais fraco, o empregado, acaba sendo, pela prática do ato ilícito, prejudicado numa relação em que não respeita-se os limites entre as partes. Sendo o Dano Moral o resultado de uma ação ou omissão não estribada em exercício regular de um direito, em que o agente causa prejuízo ou viola direito de outrem, tem o autor da conduta lesionante a obrigação de repará-lo seja qual for a modalidade o dano. Assim, tanto os danos patrimoniais quanto os danos morais estão abrangidos no comando do artigo 927 do Código Civil.

Isaac Epstein: um percurso interdisciplinar

Perfil acadêmico do professor e pesquisador Isaac Epstein

A atratividade no varejo em clusters comerciais, espontâneos e planejados, sob o ponto de vista do consumidor e do varejista

Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração da Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul para a obtenção do título de Doutor(a) em Administração

Memória implícita e explícita em portadores de deficiência mental por síndrome de Down e por outras etiologias

Este estudo objetivou investigar o funcionamento da memória implícita e explícita em deficientes mentais por Síndrome de Down (SD) comparados com indivíduos deficientes mentais de outras etiologias (DM) e crianças de desenvolvimento típico de mesma idade mental (DT). Foram administrados testes de procedimento viso-espacial e pré-ativação para avaliar memória implícita e testes de memória episódica explícita para material verbal e viso-espacial a 12 sujeitos SD, 12 DM e 12 DT. Considerando o sistema de múltiplas memórias, procurou-se investigar quais estariam preservadas ou falhas nos três grupos. Os resultados demonstraram diferenças nítidas entre os grupos. Percebeu-se uma defasagem significativa de memória implícita na SD, um melhor desempenho de memória implícita nos DM e de memória explícita nas crianças DT. Estes resultados revelam um grande prejuízo implícito na SD, mas também defasagem explícita, reforçando a necessidade de estimulação precoce a esta população. Implicações para o trabalho pedagógico serão discutidas.

Estórias pessoais e fictícias : estudo comparativo sobre verbosidade fora de tópico em jovens e idosos

Este estudo teve o objetivo de investigar as hipóteses de "falha do supervisor mental" e razões contextuais" para as mudanças de tópico no discurso narrativo de idosos, através da teoria de Kintsch e Van Dijk (1978). Participaram do estudo vinte idosos e vinte jovens com nível universitário, tendo sido excluídos casos de depressão e patologias neurológicas. Os participantes de ambos os grupos realizaram duas avaliações da função de inibição (Teste de Fluência Verbal e Stroop) e foram solicitados a narrar uma estória pessoal e outra fictícia, com um tema definido. Cada proposição dos discursos foi classificada como relevante, indiretamente relevante ou irrelevante ao tópico, verificando também o uso de "estratégias de intenção do emissor" nas proposições não relevantes. Foi investigado também o número total de proposições, apreciações subjetivas e proposições repetidas. Os grupos etários e os gêneros narrativos foram comparados e foram estudadas correlações entre os testes neuropsicológicos e as variáveis de discurso. Os resultados do estudo indicaram que os idosos emitem mais informação indiretamente relevante e subjetiva em narrativas pessoais do que os jovens. Ambos os grupos apresentam uma maior proporção de proposições indiretamente relevantes em estórias pessoais e os idosos apresentaram preferência pelo relato pessoal em narrativas fictícias. Embora o desempenho dos idosos tenha sido mais baixo no teste Stroop do que o desempenho dos jovens, somente em jovens foi observada correlação entre proposições não relevantes e inibição. Os achados apoiaram a hipótese de razões contextuais para a menor focalização do idoso no tópico proposto, sugerindo que com o envelhecimento, ocorre uma mudança pragmática.