The exposure of the hybrid detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Pierre Auger Observatory is a detector for ultra-high energy cosmic rays. It consists of a surface array to measure secondary particles at ground level and a fluorescence detector to measure the development of air showers in the atmosphere above the array. The ""hybrid"" detection mode combines the information from the two subsystems. We describe the determination of the hybrid exposure for events observed by the fluorescence telescopes in coincidence with at least one water-Cherenkov detector of the surface array. A detailed knowledge of the time dependence of the detection operations is crucial for an accurate evaluation of the exposure. We discuss the relevance of monitoring data collected during operations, such as the status of the fluorescence detector, background light and atmospheric conditions, that are used in both simulation and reconstruction. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Update on the correlation of the highest energy cosmic rays with nearby extragalactic matter

Data collected by the Pierre Auger Observatory through 31 August 2007 showed evidence for anisotropy in the arrival directions of cosmic rays above the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuz`min energy threshold, 6 x 10(19) eV. The anisotropy was measured by the fraction of arrival directions that are less than 3.1 degrees from the position of an active galactic nucleus within 75 Mpc (using the Veron-Cetty and Veron 12th catalog). An updated measurement of this fraction is reported here using the arrival directions of cosmic rays recorded above the same energy threshold through 31 December 2009. The number of arrival directions has increased from 27 to 69, allowing a more precise measurement. The correlating fraction is (38(-6)(+7))%, compared with 21% expected for isotropic cosmic rays. This is down from the early estimate of (69-(+11)(13))%. The enlarged set of arrival directions is examined also in relation to other populations of nearby extragalactic objects: galaxies in the 2 Microns All Sky Survey and active galactic nuclei detected in hard X-rays by the Swift Burst Alert Telescope. A celestial region around the position of the radiogalaxy Cen A has the largest excess of arrival directions relative to isotropic expectations. The 2-point autocorrelation function is shown for the enlarged set of arrival directions and compared to the isotropic expectation. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The fluorescence detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Pierre Auger Observatory is a hybrid detector for ultra-high energy cosmic rays. It combines a surface array to measure secondary particles at ground level together with a fluorescence detector to measure the development of air showers in the atmosphere above the array. The fluorescence detector comprises 24 large telescopes specialized for measuring the nitrogen fluorescence caused by charged particles of cosmic ray air showers. In this paper we describe the components of the fluorescence detector including its optical system, the design of the camera, the electronics, and the systems for relative and absolute calibration. We also discuss the operation and the monitoring of the detector. Finally, we evaluate the detector performance and precision of shower reconstructions. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.

Measurement of the energy spectrum of cosmic rays above 10(18) eV using the Pierre Auger Observatory

We report a measurement of the flux of cosmic rays with unprecedented precision and Statistics using the Pierre Auger Observatory Based on fluorescence observations in coincidence with at least one Surface detector we derive a spectrum for energies above 10(18) eV We also update the previously published energy spectrum obtained with the surface detector array The two spectra are combined addressing the systematic uncertainties and, in particular. the influence of the energy resolution on the spectral shape The spectrum can be described by a broken power law E(-gamma) with index gamma = 3 3 below the ankle which is measured at log(10)(E(ankle)/eV) = 18 6 Above the ankle the spectrum is described by a power law with index 2 6 followed by a flux suppression, above about log(10)(E/eV) = 19 5, detected with high statistical significance (C) 2010 Elsevier B V All rights reserved

A study of the effect of molecular and aerosol conditions in the atmosphere on air fluorescence measurements at the Pierre Auger Observatory

The air fluorescence detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory is designed to perforin calorimetric measurements of extensive air showers created by Cosmic rays of above 10(18) eV. To correct these measurements for the effects introduced by atmospheric fluctuations, the Observatory contains a group Of monitoring instruments to record atmospheric conditions across the detector site, ail area exceeding 3000 km(2). The atmospheric data are used extensively in the reconstruction of air showers, and are particularly important for the correct determination of shower energies and the depths of shower maxima. This paper contains a summary of the molecular and aerosol conditions measured at the Pierre Auger Observatory since the start of regular operations in 2004, and includes a discussion of the impact of these measurements oil air shower reconstructions. Between 10(18) and 10(20) eV, the systematic Uncertainties due to all atmospheric effects increase from 4% to 8% in measurements of shower energy, and 4 g cm(-2) to 8 g cm(-2) in measurements of the shower maximum. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Comparative study of liponucleosides in Langmuir monolayers as cell membrane models

Liponucleosides may assist the anchoring of nucleic acid nitrogen bases into biological membranes for tailored nanobiotechnological applications. To this end precise knowledge about the biophysical and chemical details at the membrane surface is required. In this paper, we used Langmuir monolayers as simplified cell membrane models and studied the insertion of five lipidated nucleosides. These molecules varied in the type of the covalently attached lipid group, the nucleobase, and the number of hydrophobic moieties attached to the nucleoside. All five lipidated nucleosides were found to be surface-active and capable of forming stable monolayers. They could also be incorporated into dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) monolayers, four of which induced expansion in the surface pressure isotherm and a decrease in the surface compression modulus of DPPC. In contrast, one nucleoside possessing three alkyl chain modifications formed very condensed monolayers and induced film condensation and an increase in the compression modulus for the DPPC monolayer, thus reflecting the importance of the ability of the nucleoside molecules to be arranged in a closely packed manner. The implications of these results lie on the possibility of tuning nucleic acid pairing by modifying structural characteristics of the liponucleosides. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Märchen im DaF-Unterricht : Die didaktische Umsetzung von Märchen in der Praxis

Die vorliegende Magisterarbeit ist die direkte Fortsetzung der Studie Die didaktische Umsetzung von Märchen – eine Literaturstudie. Hierbei handelt es sich in beiden Fällen an im Rahmen des Ämneslärarprogrammes an Högskolan Dalarna verfasste Examensarbeiten. Diese hier präsentierte Studie untersucht inwieweit die innerhalb der Forschung gepriesenen Märchentexte tatsächlich von Lehrkräften an den schwedischen Schulen und im Bereich des DaFUnterrichtes didaktisch umgesetzt werden. Mit Hilfe einer Unterrichtseinheit mit dem Thema „Märchen“ auf dem Gymnasium sowie einer unter Lehrkräften durchgeführten Umfrage betreffend deren Verwendung von Märchen im DaF-Unterricht konnte konstatiert werden, dass die im Literaturkanon stiefmütterlich behandelten Märchen mit Hilfe der meisten der befragten Pädagogen einen Weg in die Klassenzimmer gefunden haben. Die am Unterricht teilgenommenen Lernenden konnten gleichzeitig bestätigen, dass eine solche didaktische Umsetzung nicht nur Freude bereiten, sondern ebenfalls die Lernbereitschaft steigern und damit auch das Wissen erweitern kann.

Neue medien und text: privatbrief und private E-Mail im vergleich

Die vorliegende Dissertation setzt sich mit dem Phänomen ›Text im Rahmen der Neuen Medien‹ auseinander, indem sie theoretisch und empirisch der in der einschlägigen Forschung aufgeworfenen (und kontrovers diskutierten) Frage nachgeht, ob die Sprache in den Textsorten der neuen Kommunikationsformen als neue Schriftlichkeit bzw. schriftliche Mündlichkeit zu verstehen sei. Dabei konzentriert sie sich exemplarisch auf die Analyse eigens für diesen Zweck erstellter aktueller Textkorpora der Kommunikationsformen E-Mail und Brief und untersucht sie unter den Gesichtspunkten Mündlichkeit / Schriftlichkeit bzw. Nähe / Distanz. ›Kapitel 1‹ umreißt den Forschungsstand zum Thema ›Text und Textsorte‹ sowohl in der Textlinguistik als auch in aktuellen Studien zur Sprache in den Neuen Medien. ›Kapitel 2‹ ist dem kritischen Referat verschiedener bekannter Modelle gewidmet, die sich mit dem Aspekt der Mündlichkeit und Schriftlichkeit bzw. Nähe und Distanz beschäftigen (Hugo Stegers Freiburger Gruppe, Ludwig Söll, Koch/Oesterreicher und Ágel/Hennig) und eine Verortung von Textsorten im Kontinuum Nähe und Distanz vornehmen (Koch/Oesterreicher und Ágel/Hennig).›Kapitel 3‹ schlägt Korrekturen und Ergänzungen betreffend Punktgebung, Modellglossar und Makroanalyse im Modell von Ágel/Hennig vor, das in dieser Arbeit den Analysen der Nähesprachlichkeit in Privatbriefen und privaten E-Mails zugrunde liegt. ›Kapitel 4‹ setzt sich mit Aspekten der beiden Textkorpora auseinander, auf die sich diese Arbeit stützt, und beschreibt und erläutert den Fragebogen, der im Rahmen dieser Arbeit erstellt und Probanden zur Beantwortung vorgelegt wurde. ›Kapitel 5‹ nimmt einen ausführlichen Vergleich der Textsorten ›Privatbrief und private E-Mail‹ vor und beleuchtet abrissartig die Geschichte beider Kommunikationsformen, wobei es sich gleichzeitig auch kritisch mit den in der Forschung in solchen Vergleichsfragen vertretenen Positionen auseinander setzt. ›Kapitel 6‹ interpretiert die Ergebnisse der in der Arbeit durchgeführten Näheanalysen und zieht daraus die Schlussfolgerungen.

Mouse ear edema modulation by different propolis ethanol extracts

The anti-inflammatory activity of 14 commercial ethanol extracts of propolis were evaluated, using a mouse ear inflammation model induced by arachidonic acid. Indometacin was also assayed as standard anti-inflammatory agent. Different activities were observed and discussed. This model could be used to assess the anti-inflammatory quality of propolis extracts and facilitate their posological usage on skin edema resulting from wounds.

A leitura dialógica e a formação do leitor

Pós-graduação em Letras - FCLAS

O (Inter)cultural em livros didáticos de português brasileiro para estrangeiros

Este trabalho tem como objetivo observar, descrever e analisar aspectos (inter)culturais em livros didáticos (LDs) de português para estrangeiros a fim de contribuir para o desenvolvimento de procedimentos didáticos-metodológicos suscetíveis de otimizar a aprendizagem da língua portuguesa. Foram analisados cinco livros didáticos de ensino do português para estrangeiros produzidos no Brasil. A metodologia utilizada é a análise de livros didáticos usando os parâmetros culturais propostos por Byram (1993) e os princípios interculturais propostos por Kramsch (1993). Os dados foram analisados tanto qualitativa como quantitativamente. Com relação à análise qualitativa, os referenciais (inter)culturais foram identificados e analisados tendo por base a adequação a uma abordagem de ensino que leve em conta a formação do aprendente em uma dimensão (inter)cultural. Existem várias atividades que podem levar os alunos a desenvolverem uma competência (inter)cultural. Com relação à análise quantitativa, existe certo desequilíbrio entre os livros didáticos, enquanto uns possuem considerável frequência de atividade com enfoque cultural, outros possuem fraca frequência. Conclui-se que os elementos (inter)culturais podem enriquecer o processo de ensino-aprendizagem de uma língua estrangeira – neste caso do português do Brasil – e colaborar para que o aprendente amplie sua percepção da realidade cultural de origem e estrangeira. Quanto mais diversificadas e relevantes forem as atividades em manuais de PLE, mais instrumentos os professores e alunos poderão ter a sua disposição para desenvolver a dimensão (inter)cultural no processo de ensino-aprendizagem.

Label-free Capacitive Diagnostics: Exploiting Local Redox Probe State Occupancy

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Determination of pantoprazole in human plasma by LC-MS-MS using lansoprazole as internal standard

An analytical method based on liquid chromatography with positive ion electrospray ionization (ESI) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry detection was developed for the determination of pantoprazole (CAS 102625-70-7) in human plasma using lansoprazole (CAS 103577-45-3) as the internal standard. The analyte and internal standard were extracted from the plasma samples by liquid/liquid extraction using diethyl-ether/dichloromethane (70:30; v/v) and chromatographed on a C-8 analytical column. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile/water/methanol (57:25:18; v/v/v) + 10 mmol/l acetic acid + 20 mmol/l ammonium acetate. The method has a chromatographic total run time of 4.5 min and was linear within the range 5.0-5,000 ng/mL. Detection was performed on a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer by Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM). The intra- and inter-run precisions calculated from quality control (QC) samples were 4.2% and 3.2%, respectively. The accuracies as determined from QC samples were -5.0% (intra-run) and 2.0% (inter-run). The method herein described was employed in a bioequivalence study of two tablet formulations of pantoprazole.

A search for anisotropy in the arrival directions of ultra high energy cosmic rays recorded at the Pierre Auger Observatory

Observations of cosmic rays arrival directions made with the Pierre Auger Observatory have previously provided evidence of anisotropy at the 99% CL using the correlation of ultra high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) with objects drawn from the Veron-Cetty Veron catalog. In this paper we report on the use of three catalog independent methods to search for anisotropy. The 2pt-L, 2pt+ and 3pt methods, each giving a different measure of self-clustering in arrival directions, were tested on mock cosmic ray data sets to study the impacts of sample size and magnetic smearing on their results, accounting for both angular and energy resolutions. If the sources of UHECRs follow the same large scale structure as ordinary galaxies in the local Universe and if UHECRs are deflected no more than a few degrees, a study of mock maps suggests that these three method can efficiently respond to the resulting anisotropy with a P-value = 1.0% or smaller with data sets as few as 100 events. using data taken from January 1, 2004 to July 31, 2010 we examined the 20, 30, ... , 110 highest energy events with a corresponding minimum energy threshold of about 49.3 EeV. The minimum P-values found were 13.5% using the 2pt-L method, 1.0% using the 2pt+ method and 1.1% using the 3pt method for the highest 100 energy events. In view of the multiple (correlated) scans performed on the data set, these catalog-independent methods do not yield strong evidence of anisotropy in the highest energy cosmic rays.