Utiliza����o de rea����es foto-Fenton na preven����o de contamina����es agr��colas

In this work the application of the photo-Fenton process for the treatment of washing water of herbicide containers using solar energy was studied. The influence of the H2O2 concentration and the iron source on the degradation of tebuthiuron and diuron was investigated. The degradation efficiency was strongly affected by the iron source. Using ferrioxalate, total mineralization of diuron and tebuthiuron was obtained either for the individual compounds or for a mixture containing both herbicides, while when using Fe(NO3)3, the maximum mineralization reached for both herbicides was only 50%.

Integrating distributed generation and Smart Grids into single-family house

This study examines Smart Grids and distributed generation, which is connected to a single-family house. The distributed generation comprises small wind power plant and solar panels. The study is done from the consumer point of view and it is divided into two parts. The first part presents the theoretical part and the second part presents the research part. The theoretical part consists of the definition of distributed generation, wind power, solar energy and Smart Grids. The study examines what the Smart Grids will enable. New technology concerning Smart Grids is also examined. The research part introduces wind and sun conditions from two countries. The countries are Finland and Germany. According to the wind and sun conditions of these two countries, the annual electricity production from wind power plant and solar panels will be calculated. The costs of generating electricity from wind and solar energy are calculated from the results of annual electricity productions. The study will also deal with feed-in tariffs, which are supporting systems for renewable energy resources. It is examined in the study, if it is cost-effective for the consumers to use the produced electricity by themselves or sell it to the grid. Finally, figures for both countries are formed. The figures include the calculated cost of generating electricity from wind power plant and solar panels, retail and wholesale prices and feed-in tariffs. In Finland, it is not cost-effective to sell the produced electricity to the grid, before there are support systems. In Germany, it is cost-effective to sell the produced electricity from solar panels to the grid because of feed-in tariffs. On the other hand, in Germany it is cost-effective to produce electricity from wind to own use because the retail price is higher than the produced electricity from wind.

Foliar photochemical processes and carbon metabolism under favourable and adverse winter conditions in a Mediterranean mixed forest, Catalonia (Spain)

Evergreen trees in the Mediterranean region must cope with a wide range of environmental stresses from summer drought to winter cold. The mildness of Mediterranean winters can periodically lead to favourable environmental conditions above the threshold for a positive carbon balance, benefitting evergreen woody species more than deciduous ones. The comparatively lower solar energy input in winter decreases the foliar light saturation point. This leads to a higher susceptibility to photoinhibitory stress especially when chilly (< 12 C) or freezing temperatures (< 0 C) coincide with clear skies and relatively high solar irradiances. Nonetheless, the advantage of evergreen species that are able to photosynthesize all year round where a significant fraction can be attributed to winter months, compensates for the lower carbon uptake during spring and summer in comparison to deciduous species. We investigated the ecophysiological behaviour of three co-occurring mature evergreen tree species (Quercus ilex L., Pinus halepensis Mill., and Arbutus unedo L.). Therefore, we collected twigs from the field during a period of mild winter conditions and after a sudden cold period. After both periods, the state of the photosynthetic machinery was tested in the laboratory by estimating the foliar photosynthetic potential with CO2 response curves in parallel with chlorophyll fluorescence measurements. The studied evergreen tree species benefited strongly from mild winter conditions by exhibiting extraordinarily high photosynthetic potentials. A sudden period of frost, however, negatively affected the photosynthetic apparatus, leading to significant decreases in key physiological parameters such as the maximum carboxylation velocity (Vc,max), the maximum photosynthetic electron transport rate (Jmax), and the optimal fluorometric quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm). The responses of Vc,max and Jmax were highly species specific, with Q. ilex exhibiting the highest and P. halepensis the lowest reductions. In contrast, the optimal fluorometric quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) was significantly lower in A. unedo after the cold period. The leaf position played an important role in Q. ilex showing a stronger winter effect on sunlit leaves in comparison to shaded leaves. Our results generally agreed with the previous classifications of photoinhibition-tolerant (P. halepensis) and photoinhibitionavoiding (Q. ilex) species on the basis of their susceptibility to dynamic photoinhibition, whereas A. unedo was the least tolerant to photoinhibition, which was chronic in this species. Q. ilex and P. halepensis seem to follow contrasting photoprotective strategies. However, they seemed equally successful under the prevailing conditions exhibiting an adaptive advantage over A. unedo. These results show that our understanding of the dynamics of interspecific competition in Mediterranean ecosystems requires consideration of the physiological behaviour during winter which may have important implications for long-term carbon budgets and growth trends.

An��lisis de viabilidad t��cnica-econ��mica del parque e��lico Altos de Peralta

RESUMEN La energia eolica se considera una forma indirecta de energia solar. Entre el 1 y 2% de la energia proveniente del sol se convierte en viento, debido al movimiento del aire ocasionado por el desigual calentamiento de la superficie terrestre. La energia cinetica del viento puede transformarse en energia util, tanto mecanica como electrica. La energia eolica, transformada en energia mecanica ha sido historicamente aprovechada, pero su uso para la generacion de energia electrica es mas reciente, en respuesta a la crisis del petroleo y a los impactos ambientales derivados del uso de combustibles. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es hacer un analisis de viabilidad desde un punto de vista tecnico y economico de un parque eolico situado en el municipio de Barasoain (Navarra). Desde el punto de vista tecnico se han estudiado los aspectos constructivos del parque considerando sus diferentes infraestructuras de obra civil y electrica asi como los niveles de recurso eolico. En el ambito economico y financiero se han analizado los aspectos y ratios mas relevantes que definen un proyecto de estas caracteristicas asi como el modelo de financiacion elegida basada en el Project- Finance. Entre las conclusiones mas destacadas de este proyecto cabe destacar la contribucion de la construccion del parque al desarrollo social y economico de la zona donde queda ubicado contribuyendo a la creacion de puestos de trabajo, tanto en la fase de construccion como de explotacion y una perfecta armonia con condicionantes medioambientales de la zona. El analisis tecnico realizado nos indica la viabilidad tecnica del parque tanto desde el punto de vista de recurso eolico como la idoneidad para poder evacuar la energia producida. Por otro lado, los resultados obtenidos cumplen perfectamente con los estandares requeridos por los financiadores de los parques y resultando ser muy atractivos para sus accionistas

Thylakoid Protein Phosphorylation in Regulation of Photosynthesis

Once the seed has germinated, the plant is forced to face all the environmental changes in its habitat. In order to survive, plants have evolved a number of different acclimation systems. The primary reaction behind plant growth and development is photosynthesis. Photosynthesis captures solar energy and converts it into chemical form. Photosynthesis in turn functions under the control of environmental cues, but is also affected by the growth, development, and metabolic state of a plant. The availability of solar energy fluctuates continuously, requiring non-stop adjustment of photosynthetic efficiency in order to maintain the balance between photosynthesis and the requirements and restrictions of plant metabolism. Tight regulation is required, not only to provide sufficient energy supply but also to prevent the damage caused by excess energy. The very first reaction of photosynthesis is splitting of water into the form of oxygen, hydrogen, and electrons. This most fundamental reaction of life is run by photosystem II (PSII), and the energy required for the reaction is collected by the light harvesting complex II (LHCII). Several proteins of the PSII-LHCII complex are reversibly phosphorylated according to the energy balance between photosynthesis and metabolism. Thylakoid protein phosphorylation has been under extensive investigation for over 30 years, yet the physiological role of phosphorylation remains elusive. Recently, the kinases behind the phosphorylation of PSII-LHCII proteins (STN7 and STN8) were identified and the knockout mutants of these kinases became available, providing powerful tools to elucidate the physiological role of PSII-LHCII phosphorylation. In my work I have used the stn7 and stn8 mutants in order to clarify the role of PSII-LHCII phosphorylation in regulation and protection of the photosynthetic machinery according to environmental cues. I show that STN7- dependent PSII-LHCII protein phosphorylation is required to balance the excitation energy distribution between PSII and PSI especially under low light intensities when the excitation energy transfer from LHC to PSII and PSI is efficient. This mechanism differs from traditional light quality-induced ���state 1��� ��� ���state 2��� transition and ensures fluent electron transfer from PSII to PSI under low light, yet having highest physiological relevance under fluctuating light intensity. STN8-dependent phosphorylation of PSII proteins, in turn, is required for fluent turn-over of photodamaged PSII complexes and has the highest importance upon prolonged exposure of the photosynthetic apparatus to excess light.

Celdas solares fotoelectroqu��micas basadas en Bi2WO6

In this study, photoelectrochemical solar cells based on bismuth tungstate electrodes were evaluated. Bi2WO6 was synthesized by a hydrothermal method and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, UV-Vis reflectance spectroscopy, and X-ray powder diffraction. For comparison, solar cells based on TiO2 semiconductor electrodes were evaluated. Photoelectrochemical response of Gr��tzel-type solar cells based on these semiconductors and their corresponding sensitization with two inexpensive phthalocyanines dyes were determined. Bi2WO6-based solar cells presented higher values of photocurrent and efficiency than those obtained with TiO2 electrodes, even without sensitization. These results portray solar cells based on Bi2WO6 as promising devices for solar energy conversion owing to lower cost of production and ease of acquisition.

A qu��mica de coordena����o e a produ����o de combust��veis solares

Life on earth depends on the absorption and conversion of solar energy into chemical bonds, i.e. photosynthesis. In this process, sun light is employed to oxidize water into oxygen and reducing equivalents used to produce fuels. In artificial photosynthesis, the goal is to develop relatively simple systems able to mimic photosynthetic organisms and promote solar-to-chemical conversion. The aim of the present review was to describe recent advances in the application of coordination compounds as catalysts in some key reactions for artificial photosynthesis, such as water splitting and CO2 reduction.

Teollisuuden ja yhdyskuntien energiatehokkuusselvitykset, auditoinnit 2008���2010

Nykyp��iv��n�� energians����st��tavoitteet ovat haasteena yh�� useammalle energiankuluttajalle. Tavoitteisiin p����st��kseen yritykset ja kunnalliset energiankuluttajat kaipaavat usein apua kannattavien energians����t��keinojen l��yt��miseksi. Erilaiset energiakatselmukset vastaavat t��h��n tarpeeseen ja ovat esimerkki tuloksellisesta energians����st��st��. Lappeenrannan teknillinen yliopisto on tutkinut energiatehokkuutta pitk����n erilaisissa projekteissa teollisuuden kanssa yhteisty��ss��. Osa LUT:n energiatehokkuustutkimusta ovat energia-auditoinnit yrityksille ja kunnille, joita LUT Energian projektin puitteissa alettiin kehitt���� vuoden 2008 syksyll��. Energia-auditointien fokuksena on pyritty pit��m����n pumppausprosessien energiatehokkuuden optimointia, sill�� aihetta on tutkittu yliopistolla laajasti. Pumppausprosesseissa on todettu olevan merkitt��v�� energians����st��potentiaali: pumppauksen kuluttamasta energiasta voi olla mahdollista s����st���� jopa 50 % erilaisilla laite- ja s����st��taparatkaisuilla. Pumppausprosessien energia-auditointeja on tehty teollisuuden pumppauskohteisiin kuin my��s kunnallisiin vesi-huoltolaitoksiin. Lis��ksi energia-auditointien puitteissa on tutkittu energians����st��mahdollisuuksia rakennuksissa. Energians����st��kohteita etsit����n sek�� l��mp��- ett�� s��hk��energian osalta. Energia-auditoinneissa pumppausten osalta energians����st��potentiaalia on todettu olevan etenkin suuren kokoluokan pumpuissa, joilla on pitk�� vuosittainen k��ytt��aika. My��s pumppujen s����t��tavalla on suuri merkitys energiankulutukseen. Rakennusten osalta on pyritty selvitt��m����n, kuinka energiankulutus jakautuu eri kulutusryhmien kesken. S����st��kohteita on l��ydetty muun muassa rakennusten tiiviydest��, ilmanvaihdosta kuin valaistuksestakin. Monia auditointien asiakkaita on kiinnostanut etenkin led-teknologian hy��dynt��minen yleisvalaistuksessa sek�� muut keinot s����st���� valaistuksen energiankulutuksessa. Pyrkimyksen�� on kehitt���� energia-auditointeja projektin aikana saavutettujen kokemusten avulla sek�� my��s liiketaloudellisessa mieless�� opinn��ytetutkielmien avulla. Menestyksek��s palveluliiketoiminta edellytt���� m����riteltyj�� toimintatapoja, riitt��v��n tarkkaa palvelujen rajausta ja koko energia-auditointiprosessin kehitt��mist�� aina asiakassuhteen luomisesta sen jatko-hoitoon saakka.

Leaf-Targeted Ferredoxin-NADP+-Oxidoreductase (FNR): Electron Transfer Properties and Thylakoid Association in Arabidopsis thaliana

Photosynthetic reactions are divided in two parts: light-driven electron transfer reactions and carbon fixation reactions. Electron transfer reactions capture solar energy and split water molecules to form reducing energy (NADPH) and energy-carrying molecules (ATP). These end-products are used for fixation of inorganic carbon dioxide into organic sugar molecules. Ferredoxin-NADP⁺ oxidoreductase (FNR) is an enzyme that acts at the branch point between the electron transfer reactions and reductive metabolism by catalyzing reduction of NADP+ at the last step of the electron transfer chain. In this thesis, two isoforms of FNR from A <i>rabidopsis thaliana</i>, FNR1 and FNR2, were characterized using the reverse genetics approach. The <i>fnr1</i> and <i>fnr2</i> mutant plants resembled each other in many respects. Downregulation of photosynthesis protected the single <i>fnr</i> mutant plants from excess formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), even without significant upregulation of antioxidative mechanisms. Adverse growth conditions, however, resulted in phenotypic differences between <i>fnr1</i> and <i>fnr2</i>. While <i>fnr2</i> plants showed downregulation of photosynthetic complexes and upregulation of antioxidative mechanisms under low-temperature growth conditions, <i>fnr1</i> plants had the wild-type phenotype, indicating that FNR2 may have a specific role in redistribution of electrons under unfavorable conditions. The heterozygotic double mutant <i>(fnr1xfnr2)</i> was severely devoid of chloroplastic FNR, which clearly restricted photosynthesis. The fnr1xfnr2 plants used several photoprotective mechanisms to avoid oxidative stress. In wild-type chloroplasts, both FNR isoforms were found from the stroma, the thylakoid membrane, and the inner envelope membrane. In the absence of the FNR1 isoform, FNR2 was found only in the stroma, suggesting that FNR1 and FNR2 form a dimer, by which FNR1 anchors FNR2 to the thylakoid membrane. Structural modeling predicted formation of an FNR dimer in complex with ferredoxin. In this thesis work, Tic62 was found to be the main protein that binds FNR to the thylakoid membrane, where Tic62 and FNR formed high molecular weight complexes. The formation of such complexes was shown to be regulated by the redox state of the chloroplast. The accumulation of Tic62-FNR complexes in darkness and dissociation of complexes from the membranes in light provide evidence that the complexes may have roles unrelated to photosynthesis. This and the high viability of <i>fnr1</i> mutant plants lacking thylakoid-bound FNR indicate that the stromal pool of FNR is photosynthetically active.

Aurinkopaneeleihin liitett��vien vaihtosuuntaajien testaussuunnitelman laadinta ja toteutus

Aurinkoenergia on yksi monista uusiutuvan energian muodoista, joiden suosio on viimeisten vuosien aikana kasvanut fossiilisten polttoaineiden kallistumisen sek�� ilmaston l��mpenemisen vuoksi. Auringon s��teilyn energiaa voidaan muuttaa s��hk��energiaksi mm. aurinkopaneeleiden avulla. Aurinkopaneeleihin liitet����n usein vaihtosuuntaaja, jolla tuotettu teho voidaan muokata s��hk��verkkoon tai kotitalouden s��hk��j��rjestelm����n sopivaksi. T��ss�� ty��ss�� on esitelty aurinkopaneelilla tuotettavan s��hk��energian perusperiaatteet sek�� tehoa tuottavan j��rjestelm��n reunaehdot. Tutkimuksessa on perehdytty keskeisiin, aurinkopaneeleihin liitett��ville vaihtosuuntaajille laadittuihin standardeihin, hy��tysuhteen mittaamisen sek�� s��hk��n laadun n��k��kulmista. Selvityksen avulla j��rjestelm��n hy��tysuhteen sek�� l��ht��tehon laadun m����ritt��miseksi voidaan laatia standardien mukainen mittaussuunnitelma vaihtosuuntaajan nimellistehosta riippumatta. Standardien avulla on laadittu mittaussuunnitelma Global Inversonne, 100 kW - verkkovaihtosuuntaajayksik��lle. Suunnitelman mukaisissa mittauksissa on tutkittu yksik��n muunnoshy��tysuhdetta sek�� l��ht��j��nnitteen- ja virran laatua. Lis��ksi ty��ss�� on analysoitu mittaustulosten mittausep��varmuuksia ja niit�� aiheuttavia tekij��it��.

L��mp��pumppuj��rjestelm��t integroidussa kylm��- ja l��mp��tehon tuotossa

T��ss�� ty��ss�� tutkittiin l��mp��pumppuj��rjestelmi��, joilla tuotetaan samaan aikaan kylm��- ja l��mp��tehoa. H��yryn puristus l��mp��pumppu on yleisimmin k��ytetty l��mp��pumpputyyppi ja sen p����komponentit ovat kompressori, lauhdutin, paisuntaventtiili ja h��yrystin. L��mp��pumppu tuottaa samaan aikaan kylm��tehoa h��yrystimell�� ja l��mp��tehoa lauhduttimella. L��mp��pumpun toiminta-arvoihin vaikuttaa valittujen l��mp��tilatasojen lis��ksi voimakkaasti valitun kiertoaineen termodynaamiset ominaisuudet sek�� kompressorin painesuhteeseen verrannollinen isentrooppihy��tysuhde. Uusissa l��mp��pumpuissa k��ytet����n HFC yhdisteit�� sek�� sekoituksia kiertoaineina, mutta my��s luonnolliset aineet, kuten ammoniakki, ovat lupaavia korvikkeita CFC yhdisteille. Sopivia sovelluskohteita kylm��- ja l��mp��tehon yhteistuotannolle ovat kauppa- ja asuinrakennukset, hotellit, toimistot, elintarviketeollisuus ja -myym��l��t sek�� vierekk��iset j����- ja uimahallit ja hiihtoputket. Kylm��- ja l��mp��tehon yhteistuotannolla voitaisiin saavuttaa merkitt��vi�� s����st��j�� ja p����st��v��hennyksi��. Esimerkiksi j����hallien kylm��koneiden lauhdel��mm��n hy��dynt��misess�� olisi Suomessa potentiaalia 6-10 miljoonan euron vuotuisiin s����st��ihin. Kylm��- ja l��mp��tehon yhteistuotanto voidaan toteuttaa hy��dynt��m��ll�� kylm��koneen lauhdel��mp���� toisella l��mp��pumpulla. Toinen vaihtoehto on k��ytt���� eri tilojen samanaikaiseen l��mmitt��miseen ja j����hdytt��miseen HPS l��mp��pumppua tai moniyksikk��ist�� l��mp��pumppua.

Energiaratkaisujen vaikutukset kerrostalon asumiskustannuksiin

T��m�� diplomity�� on tehty East- West Trade & Consulting Oy:lle sek�� Lappeenrannan Energia Oy:lle. Ty��ss�� tavoitteena oli selvitt���� energiatehokkuutta parantavien energiaratkaisujen vaikutuksia kerrostalon asumiskustannuksiin. Ratkaisuvaihtoehtoja vertailtiin my��s hiilidioksidip����st��jen osalta. Laskelmat suoritettiin Lappeenrantaan suunnitellulle asuinkerrostalolle. Hein��kuun alussa 2012 voimaan tulevissa Suomen rakentamism����r��yksiss�� on m����ritetty uudiskerrostalon kokonaisenergiankulutukselle raja-arvo, jota ei saa ylitt����. Ty��ss�� selvitettiin, millaiset energiaratkaisut sek�� t��ytt��v��t viranomaisvaatimukset ett�� ovat kyseisess�� kerrostalossa toteuttamiskelpoisia. Lis��ksi m����ritettiin j��rjestelm��ratkaisuilla, kuten aurinkos��hk��j��rjestelm��ll��, mahdollisesti saavutettavat s����st��t energiakustannuksissa verrattuna kaukol��mp��- ja s��hk��j��rjestelm����n. My��s j��rjestelm��ratkaisujen takaisinmaksuajat m����ritettiin. Ty��n tuloksista havaitaan, ett�� valitsemalla aurinkoenergiaa ja maal��mp���� uusiutuvaksi omavaraisenergiaksi kaukol��mm��n ja verkkos��hk��n rinnalle voidaan asumiskustannuksia ja CO2- p����st��j�� pienent����. Tulevaisuudessa energianhinnan nousu, teknologian kehitys ja teknologian investointikustannusten pieneneminen voivat lis��t�� aurinkoenergiaj��rjestelmien suosiota.

Annual evolution of global, direct and diffuse radiation and fractions in tilted surfaces

It was evaluated the annual evolution of global, direct and diffuse components of incident solar radiation on tilted surfaces to 12.85, 22.85 and 32.85��, facing north, in Botucatu, state of S��o Paulo, Brazil. The radiometric fractions were obtained for each component of the radiation in the aforementioned surfaces, through the ratio with the global and top of the atmosphere radiations. Seasonality was evaluated based on monthly averages of daily values. The measures occurred between 04/1998 and 07/2001 at 22.85��; 08/2001 and 02/2003 at 12.85��; and from 03/2003 to 12/2007 at 32.85��, with concomitant measures in the horizontal surface (reference). The levels of global and direct radiation on tilted surfaces were lower in summer and higher in the equinoxes when compared with the horizontal. The diffuse radiation on tilted surfaces was lower in most months, with losses of up to 65%. A trend of increasing differences occurred between horizontal and tilted surfaces with the increase of the angle in all the components and fractions of incident radiation. The annual evolution of rainfall and cloud cover ratio directly affected the atmospheric transmissivity of direct and diffuse components in the region.

Mathematical analysis of maximum power generated by photovoltaic systems and fitting curves for standard test conditions

The rural electrification is characterized by geographical dispersion of the population, low consumption, high investment by consumers and high cost. Moreover, solar radiation constitutes an inexhaustible source of energy and in its conversion into electricity photovoltaic panels are used. In this study, equations were adjusted to field conditions presented by the manufacturer for current and power of small photovoltaic systems. The mathematical analysis was performed on the photovoltaic rural system I-100 from ISOFOTON, with power 300 Wp, located at the Experimental Farm Lageado of FCA/UNESP. For the development of such equations, the circuitry of photovoltaic cells has been studied to apply iterative numerical methods for the determination of electrical parameters and possible errors in the appropriate equations in the literature to reality. Therefore, a simulation of a photovoltaic panel was proposed through mathematical equations that were adjusted according to the data of local radiation. The results have presented equations that provide real answers to the user and may assist in the design of these systems, once calculated that the maximum power limit ensures a supply of energy generated. This real sizing helps establishing the possible applications of solar energy to the rural producer and informing the real possibilities of generating electricity from the sun.

Aurinkoenergian hy��dynt��minen olemassa olevassa pientalossa

T��m��n tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on tutkia aurinkoenergian hy��dynt��mist�� olemassa olevassa pientalossa. Ty��ss�� tarkastellaan aurinkoenergiahankkeen kannattavuutta vaihtoehtoisten l��mmitysj��rjestelmien osana sek�� aurinkos��hk��n tuotantoa rakennuksen s��hk��energian kulutukseen. Lis��ksi tarkastellaan, miss�� m����rin aurinkoenergian k��ytt�� v��hent���� rakennuksen hiilidioksidip����st��j��. Suomi on asettanut itselleen kunnianhimoisen tavoitteen pienent���� rakennusten l��mmitysenergian kulutusta vuoteen 2050 menness��. Olemme my��s sitoutuneet EU:n uusiutuvan energiank��yt��n lis����mistavoitteisiin. Normiohjauksen avulla voidaan huolehtia uudisrakennustuotannon energiatehokkuudesta, mutta olemassa olevaan rakennuskantaan on l��ydett��v�� muita kustannustehokkaita keinoja v��hent���� ostoenergian kulutusta ja lis��t�� uudistuvan energian osuutta energiankulutuksesta. Suomalaiselle asuntorakennuskannalle on tyypillist�� pientalovaltaisuus sek�� asuntokannan hidas uusiutuvuus. T��m�� osaltaan lis���� haastetta kansallisten sek�� kansainv��listen tavoitteiden saavuttamisessa. Aurinkoenergian hy��dynt��misen kannattavuutta tarkastellaan aurinkoenergiahankkeen rajakustannuksen avulla. Laitteen tekninen k��ytt��ik�� ja ostoenergian hintakehitys ovat arvioituja. N��in tarkastellen ��ljyl��mmitys ja suora s��hk��l��mmitys saavat suurimman hy��dyn aurinkoenergiasta, kun sill�� tuotetaan l��mmint�� k��ytt��vett��.