The health of adolescents around a world in transition.

Since several years, the health of adolescents is on the agenda of ministers, decision makers and health professionals. Around the world, while there has been a steady decrease of the death rates among young children, this is not the case for young people. This is mainly linked with the fact that mortality and morbidity during this period of life is largely linked with non communicable diseases and conditions, including deaths from injuries, suicide, homicides and drug abuse. Unplanned pregnancies, illegal abortions, newly acquired HIV infections are also situations that have short and long term consequences. This paper reviews the epidemiological data pertaining to adolescent health and disease. It proposes evidence-informed avenues as how to address these issues in the field of health care (e.g. adolescent friendly services) and of prevention and health promotion. It also stresses the importance of creating safe environments for the development and well-being of young people and thus, of an interdisciplinary and inter sectorial approach to their complex health problems and challenges.

Información para afectados por el VIH

Se trata de un protocolo que indica detalladamente cómo informar a aquellos pacientes seropositivos -infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana- y a los que están desarrollando la enfermedad. se contempla la información pre-prueba, post-prueba, los consejos para mantenerse en salud en caso de infección, y cómo mejorar la calidad de vida en el proceso de la enfermedad.

Información para afectados por el VIH

Se trata de un protocolo que indica detalladamente cómo informar a aquellos pacientes seropositivos -infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana- y a los que están desarrollando la enfermedad. se contempla la información pre-prueba, post-prueba, los consejos para mantenerse en salud en caso de infección, y cómo mejorar la calidad de vida en el proceso de la enfermedad.

Dietary fiber, energy intake and nutritional status during the treatment of children with chronic constipation

The present prospective study was carried out to determine dietary fiber and energy intake and nutritional status of children during the treatment of chronic constipation. Twenty-five patients aged 2 to 12 years with chronic constipation were submitted to clinical evaluation, assessment of dietary patterns, and anthropometry before and after 45 and 90 days of treatment. The treatment of chronic constipation included rectal disimpaction, ingestion of mineral oil and diet therapy. The standardized diet prescribed consisted of regular food without a fiber supplement and met the nutrient requirements according to the recommended daily allowance. The fiber content was 9.0 to 11.9 g for patients aged less than 6 years and 12.0 to 18.0 g for patients older than 6 years. Sixteen patients completed the 90-day follow-up and all presented clinical improvement. The anthropometric variables did not change, except midarm circumference and triceps skinfold thickness which were significantly increased. Statistically significant increases were also found in percent calorie intake adequacy in terms of recommended daily allowance (55.5 to 76.5% on day 45 and to 68.5% on day 90; P = 0.047). Percent adequacy of minimum recommended daily intake of dietary fiber (age + 5 g) increased during treatment (from 46.8 to 52.8% on day 45 and to 56.3% on day 90; P = 0.009). Food and dietary fiber intake and triceps skinfold thickness increased during follow-up. We conclude that the therapeutic program provided a good clinical outcome.

Early detection and intervention for infants at risk of autism spectrum disorders

Autism is a developmental disorder that is characterized by abnonnal social interactions and communications as well as repetitive and restricted activities and interests. There is evidence of a genetic component, as 5% of younger siblings are diagnosed if their older sibling has been diagnosed. Autism is generally not diagnosed until age 3 at the earliest, yet it has been shown that early intervention for children with autism can greatly increase their functioning. Because of this, it is important that symptoms of autism are identified as early as possible so that diagnosis can occur as soon as possible to allow these children the earliest intervention. This thesis was divided into two parts. The first looked at the psychometrics of two proposed measures, the Parent Observation Checklist (POC), administered monthly, and the Infant Behavior Summary Evaluation (mSE), administered bimonthly, to see if they can be used with the infant population to identify autistic symptoms in infants who are at high risk for autism or related problems because they have an older sibling with autism. Study 1 reported acceptable psychometric properties of both the POC and IBSE in terms of test-retest reliability, internal consistency, construct validity and predictive validity. These results provide preliminary evidence that parent report measures can help to detect early symptoms of ASD in infants. The POC was shown to differentiate infants who were diagnosed from a matched group that was not diagnosed by 3 years of age. The second part of this thesis involved a telephone interview of parents who reported developmental and/or behavior problems in their high-risk infants that may be early signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). During the interview, a service questionnaire was administered to see what interventions (including strategies recommended by the researchers) their at risk infants and affected older siblings were receiving, how satisfied the parents were with them and how effective they felt the interventions were. 3 Study 2 also yielded promising results. Parents utilized a variety of services for at risk infants and children with ASD. The interventions included empirically validated early intervention (e.g., ABA) to non-empirically validated treatments (e.g., diet therapy). The large number of nonempirically validated treatments parents used was surprising, yet parents reported being involved and satisfied, and thought that the services were effective. Parents' perceptions of their stress levels went down slightly and feelings of competence rose when they accessed services for their infants. Overall, the results of this thesis provide new evidence that parent-report methods hold promise as early detection instruments for ASD in at-risk infants. More research is needed to further validate these instruments as well as to understand the variables related to the parents' choice of early intervention for their at risk and affected children.

Examining the influence of family support on diabetes education behavioural outcomes

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of family support on diabetes education behavioural outcomes, specifically in relation to diet, exercise, and blood glucose monitoring in adult individuals with Type 2 diabetes. Fifty-three individuals attending diabetes education for the first time were followed approximately 1 month. The findings for the influence of family support were mixed. Family attending diabetes class with participants had a positive influence with respect to diet. This is consistent with Carl Rogers (1969) who espouses setting a positive climate for learning and that learning new attitudes or information comes when external barriers are at a minimum. However family attending class with participants had no influence with respect to exercise or blood glucose monitoring. The family support action of encouraging with respect to diet overall did not influence healthy eating behaviours except for decreased skipped meals and scheduled snacks. In fact, in the areas of family willing to make healthy choices along with participant, the less the family was involved in encouraging, the better the participant did. Exercise on the other hand was influenced positively by family encouragement. This is consistent with Bandura's theory that enhancement of self-confidence and self-efficacy can lead to desired behaviour changes. Family encouragement however did not appear to influence blood glucose monitoring behaviours. This study has implications for practice in that diabetes education programs can encourage family to attend classes or get involved in encouraging the person with diabetes, so that it may help to increase healthy eating behaviours and exercise. As time is necessary to implement changes in behaviour, future research can look at the influence of family support over a 6-month, I-year, or greater period.

Efficacité d’un traitement intra-­mammaire prolongé à base de ceftiofur (Spectramast®) pour les mammites cliniques chez les vaches laitières

Peu d’études ont exploré l’utilisation du traitement prolongé pour les mammites cliniques et aucune ne portait sur l’utilisation du traitement prolongé à base de ceftiofur pour le traitement des mammites cliniques légères à modérées. L’objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer l’efficacité du traitement intra-mammaire prolongé à base de ceftiofur pour les mammites cliniques légères à modérées, en considérant toutes les bactéries responsables ou seulement Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) et les streptocoques. Des vaches laitières (n = 241) de 22 élevages du Québec et de l’Ontario ont été inclues. L’étude a été conçue comme un essai clinique à allocation aléatoire. Pour chaque cas de mammite clinique légère à modérée, 125 mg d’hydrochloride de ceftiofur (Spectramast® LC) a été administré par voie intra-mammaire une fois par jour pour 2 ou 8 jours. Le pourcentage de guérison clinique 21 jours après la fin du traitement était de 89% (n = 98/110 pour chaque groupe, p = 0,95). Les pourcentages de guérison bactériologique 21 jours après la fin du traitement pour les groupes 2 jours et 8 jours étaient 32% (n = 15/47) et 61% (n = 25/41) respectivement pour toutes les bactéries (p < 0,01); 64% (n = 9/14) et 82% (n = 9/11) respectivement pour les streptocoques (p = 0,50); et 0% (n = 0/20) et 47% (n = 9/19) pour S. aureus (p < 0,01). Il n'y avait pas de différence entre les 2 groupes pour les nouvelles infections intra-mammaires (p = 0,30). Le traitement prolongé à base de ceftiofur est un choix raisonnable pour le traitement des mammites cliniques légères à modérées, en particulier causées par S. aureus.

L'impact des cellules dendritiques dans la dérégulation des cellules B dans un contexte d'infection au virus d'immunodéficience humaine

Les cellules dendritiques (DC) sont parmi les premières cellules à rencontrer le virus d’immunodéficience humaine (VIH) au niveau des muqueuses. De plus, le fait que les DC sont, de manière directe ou indirecte par le virus et ses composantes, altérées tant par leur nombre, leur phénotype et leur fonction suggère leur implication dans les dérégulations des cellules B. Selon cette hypothèse, des études longitudinales impliquant des individus infectés au VIH-1 présentant différents profils de progression clinique menées dans notre laboratoire ont démontré que les altérations des cellules B sont concomitantes à une augmentation de l’expression de BLyS/BAFF dans le sang ainsi que par les DC myéloïdes (mDC) sanguines. De plus, lors de travaux antérieurs utilisant le modèle murin VIH-transgénique, les altérations des cellules B ont démontré une implication des DC et d’un excès de BLyS/BAFF, et ce, dépendamment du facteur négatif du VIH (Nef). Dans cette optique, nous investiguons dans cette présente étude l’implication de Nef dans la modulation du phénotype des DC ainsi que dans les dérégulations des cellules B. Chez tous les patients virémiques infectés au VIH-1, nous avons détecté la présence de Nef dans le plasma ainsi qu’au niveau des mDC et de leurs précurseurs d’origine monocytaire, tout au long du suivi de la progression clinique et au-delà de la thérapie antirétrovirale (ART). La surexpression de BLyS/BAFF est associée à la présence de Nef au niveau des mDC et de leur précurseur.. Des essais in vitro ont permis de démontrer l’induction d’un phénotype proinflammatoire par des mDC dérivés de monocytes lorsqu’en présence de Nef soluble, via l’augmentation de l’expression de BLyS/BAFF et de TNF-α, et où cet effet est bloqué par l’ajout de l’acide rétinoïque. Nos résultats suggèrent donc que Nef est impliquée dans le déclenchement et la persistance des dérégulations des cellules B retrouvées chez les individus infectés au VIH-1. Basé sur nos observations, une thérapie adjointe impliquant le blocage de BLyS/BAFF et/ou Nef pourrait contribuer au contrôle de l’inflammation et des altérations des cellules B. De plus, la quantification de Nef post-ART pourrait s’avérer utile dans l’évaluation du statut des réservoirs. Précédemment, nous avons démontré que les dérégulations des cellules B sanguines de ces mêmes individus présentant un profil de progression rapide et classique sont accompagnées par l’augmentation de la fréquence d’une population partageant des caractéristiques des cellules B transitionnelles immatures (TI) et des cellules B de la zone marginale (ZM), que nous avons nommé les cellules B précurseur de la ZM. Toutefois, cette population est préservée chez les contrôleurs élites, chez qui nous avons trouvé une diminution significative de la fréquence des cellules B de la ZM présentant des marqueurs phénotypiques plus matures. Récemment, ces cellules ont été associées à un potentiel de fonction régulatrice (Breg), motivant ainsi notre poursuite, dans cette étude, de la caractérisation de ces cellules B. Comme pour les individus non infectés au VIH-1, nous avons démontré que les cellules B matures de la ZM contrôlent leur capacité de production d’IL-10 chez les contrôleurs élites, contrairement à une augmentation chez les progresseurs rapides et classiques. Aussi, les cellules B précurseur de la ZM des contrôleurs élites fournissent une expression importante de LT-α lorsque comparés aux individus non infectés au VIH-1, alors que cet apport de LT-α est attribué aux cellules B TI chez les progresseurs. Le contrôle de la progression clinique semble associé à un ratio en faveur de LT-α vs IL-10 au niveau des cellules B précurseur de la ZM. Nos résultats suggèrent qu’un maintien de l’intégrité du potentiel régulateur ainsi qu’une expression augmentée de LT-α par les cellules B de première ligne, telles les populations de la ZM, sont impliqués dans le contrôle de la progression clinique du VIH-1, possiblement par leur contribution à la modulation et l’homéostasie immunitaire. De telles populations doivent être considérées lors de l’élaboration de vaccins, ces derniers cherchant à générer une réponse protectrice de première ligne et adaptative.

Structural, Spectral, Biological and Electrochemical Studies Of Some 3d Transition Metal Complexes of O-N-S and N-N-S Donor Ligands

The primary aim of these investigations was to probe the spectroscopic, electrochemical, biological and single crystal X-ray diffraction studies of some selected transition metal complexes of 4N-monosubstituted thiosemicarbazones. Transition metal complexes with thiosemicarbazones exhibit a wide range of stereochemistries and possess potential biological activity. Metal complexes of thiosemicarbazones are proved to have improved pharmacological and therapeutic effects. The studies are conducted to bring about a fair understanding of the structure activity relationship and to develop certain effective and economical metal-based antimicrobial agents. Study showed that the thiosemicarbazones have antibacterial, antiviral and antiproliferative properties and hence used against tuberculosis, leprosy, psoriasis, rheumatism, trypanosomiasis and coccidiosis. Certain thiosemicarbazones showed a selective inhibition of HSV and HIV infections. The insolubility of most thiosemicarbazones in water causes difficulty in the oral administration in clinical practice. Transition metal complexes are found to have more activity than uncombined thiosemicarbazones. They exhibit a variety of denticity and can be varied by proper substitution. The stereochemistry assumed by the thiosemicarbazones during the coordination with transition metal ions depends on the factors such as preparative conditions and availability of additional bonding site in the ligand moiety and charge of the ligand. The resulting complexes exhibited a wide range of stereochemistries and have biomimic activity and potential application as sensors.

Structural, Spectral, Biological and Electrochemical Studies Of Some 3d Transition Metal Complexes of O-N-S and N-N-S Donor Ligands

The primary aim of these investigations was to probe the spectroscopic, electrochemical, biological and single crystal X-ray diffraction studies of some selected transition metal complexes of 4N-monosubstituted thiosemicarbazones. Transition metal complexes with thiosemicarbazones exhibit a wide range of stereochemistries and possess potential biological activity. Metal complexes of thiosemicarbazones are proved to have improved pharmacological and therapeutic effects. The studies are conducted to bring about a fair understanding of the structure activity relationship and to develop certain effective and economical metal-based antimicrobial agents. Study showed that the thiosemicarbazones have antibacterial, antiviral and antiproliferative properties and hence used against tuberculosis, leprosy, psoriasis, rheumatism, trypanosomiasis and coccidiosis. Certain thiosemicarbazones showed a selective inhibition of HSV and HIV infections. The insolubility of most thiosemicarbazones in water causes difficulty in the oral administration in clinical practice. Transition metal complexes are found to have more activity than uncombined thiosemicarbazones. They exhibit a variety of denticity and can be varied by proper substitution. The stereochemistry assumed by the thiosemicarbazones during the coordination with transition metal ions depends on the factors such as preparative conditions and availability of additional bonding site in the ligand moiety and charge of the ligand. The resulting complexes exhibited a wide range of stereochemistries and have biomimic activity and potential application as sensors

Estado nutricional de escolares que realizan práctica deportiva vs los que no realizan Funza, Colombia 2007

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When we eat, which bacteria should we be feeding?

Diet therapy utilizing probiotics and prebiotics may help treat many common gastrointestinal complaints. From birth to about 2 years of age the human digestive tract changes from sterile to a complex ecosystem with at least 500 bacterial species, most of these are benign and even necessary, however, pathogenic species also colonize the digestive tract. The idea is that prebiotics and probiotics can be used to displace and neutralise these pathogens.

Rosiglitazone reverses tenofovir-induced nephrotoxicity

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is a first-line drug used in patients with highly active retroviral disease; however, it can cause renal failure associated with many tubular anomalies that may be due to down regulation of a variety of ion transporters. Because rosiglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist induces the expression of many of these same transporters, we tested if the nephrotoxicity can be ameliorated by its use. High doses of TDF caused severe renal failure in rats accompanied by a reduction in endothelial nitric-oxide synthase and intense renal vasoconstriction; all of which were significantly improved by rosiglitazone treatment. Low-dose TDF did not alter glomerular filtration rate but produced significant phosphaturia, proximal tubular acidosis, polyuria and a reduced urinary concentrating ability. These alterations were caused by specific downregulation of the sodium-phosphorus cotransporter, sodium/hydrogen exchanger 3 and aquaporin 2. A Fanconi`s-like syndrome was ruled out as there was no proteinuria or glycosuria. Rosiglitazone reversed TDF-induced tubular nephrotoxicity, normalized urinary biochemical parameters and membrane transporter protein expression. These studies suggest that rosiglitazone treatment might be useful in patients presenting with TFV-induced nephrotoxicity especially in those with hypophosphatemia or reduced glomerular filtration rate.

Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus to porphyrin-mediated photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy: an in vitro study

The ability of Staphylococcus aureus to develop multidrug resistance is well documented, and the antibiotic resistance showed by an increasing number of bacteria has shown the need for alternative therapies to treat infections, photodynamic therapy (PDT) being a potential candidate. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of photodynamic therapy as a light-based bactericidal modality to eliminate Staphylococcus aureus. The study investigated a technique based on a combination of light and a photosensitizer that is capable of producing oxidative species to induce a cytotoxic effect. A Staphylococcus aureus suspension was exposed to a light emitting diode (LED) emitting at 628 nm, 14.6 mW/cm(2), and energy density of 20J/cm(2), 40J/cm(2), or 60 J/cm(2) in the presence of different porphyrin concentrations (PhotogemA (R)). Three drug concentrations were employed: 12 mu l/ml, 25 mu l/ml, and 50 mu l/ml. The treatment response was evaluated by the number of bacterial colony forming units (CFU) after light exposure. The results indicated that exposure to 60 J/cm(2) eliminated 100% (10 log(10) scales) of bacteria, on average. The best PDT response rate to eliminate Staphylococcus aureus was achieved with exposure to LED light in combination with the photosensitizer at concentrations ranging from 25 mu l/ml to 50 mu l/ml. These data suggest that PDT has the potential to eliminate Staphylococcus aureus in suspension and indicates the necessary drug concentration and light fluency.

Intervenção dietoterápica em portadores de lipodistrofia generalizada congênita do Rio Grande do Norte

Congenital generalized lipodystrophy is a rare genetic disease with autosomal recessive inheritance characterized by the generalized absence of subcutaneous adipose tissue and insulin resistance. The aim of our study was to determine the profile of patients with congenital generalized lipodystrophy (Berardinelli-Seip syndrome) through their clinical history, eating habits, and socioeconomic and cultural aspects; assess food consumption and nutritional status of the study group; propose and evaluate a diet therapy model associated to oral supplementation with zinc to help in the control and prevention of metabolic complications associated to the pathology. Initial assessment of food consumption indicated a voracious appetite in all the patients studied. The introduction of zinc reduced appetite, contributing to patient adherence to the food plan proposed. It was also observed that the proposed diet contributed mainly to glycidic control, specifically with respect to HbA1c. The nutritional status of the patients investigated was adequate in terms of body mass index (BMI), arm muscle circumference (AMC), arm muscle area AMA, but triceps skinfold (TSF) indicated serious malnutrition. Our study is unique in the literature and provides important information to the field of nutrition and to individuals with this pathology. Furthermore, it contemplates the interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary requirements of the Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil