Study of the audio coding algorithm of the MPEG-4 AAC standard and comparison among implementations of modules of the algorithm

Audio coding is used to compress digital audio signals, thereby reducing the amount of bits needed to transmit or to store an audio signal. This is useful when network bandwidth or storage capacity is very limited. Audio compression algorithms are based on an encoding and decoding process. In the encoding step, the uncompressed audio signal is transformed into a coded representation, thereby compressing the audio signal. Thereafter, the coded audio signal eventually needs to be restored (e.g. for playing back) through decoding of the coded audio signal. The decoder receives the bitstream and reconverts it into an uncompressed signal. ISO-MPEG is a standard for high-quality, low bit-rate video and audio coding. The audio part of the standard is composed by algorithms for high-quality low-bit-rate audio coding, i.e. algorithms that reduce the original bit-rate, while guaranteeing high quality of the audio signal. The audio coding algorithms consists of MPEG-1 (with three different layers), MPEG-2, MPEG-2 AAC, and MPEG-4. This work presents a study of the MPEG-4 AAC audio coding algorithm. Besides, it presents the implementation of the AAC algorithm on different platforms, and comparisons among implementations. The implementations are in C language, in Assembly of Intel Pentium, in C-language using DSP processor, and in HDL. Since each implementation has its own application niche, each one is valid as a final solution. Moreover, another purpose of this work is the comparison among these implementations, considering estimated costs, execution time, and advantages and disadvantages of each one.

Uso da função de transferência em problemas de condução do calor com a lei de Fourier modificada

Este trabalho visa o uso da função de transferência, a qual relaciona distribuição de temperatura e fluxo de calor, na comparação no domínio freqüência, entre o modelo de difusão usual (parabólico) e um modelo ondulatório (hiperbólico) que inclue o efeito de propagação do calor não instantâneo, sendo avaliados os casos de meio semi-infinito e finito. Para o caso de meio semi-infinito, são determinadas as expressões para as características de amplitude e de fase, considerando tanto a abordagem parabólica quanto hiperbólica. É observada a relação entre estas duas abordagens, mostrando que a abordagem parabólica é uma caso particular da abordagem hiperbólica, podendo ser obtida através de um processo de limite envolvendo o tempo de relaxação r . Para o caso de meio finito, são determinadas as expressões para as caracteríısticas de amplitude de ambas as faces da placa unidimensional, considerando tanto a abordagem parabólica quanto hiperbólica. Estas expressões são transformadas para a forma adimensional quando então são deduzidas as expressões correspondentes das características de amplitude. Mais uma vez, todos os resultados para o caso parabólico podem ser determinados a partir dos resultados do caso hiperbólico, através de um processo de limite envolvendo o tempo de relaxação r São apresentados resultados numéricos referentes às características de amplitude, onde é apontada a existência de uma freqüência limite, acima da qual a diferença entre os dois modelos, do tipo parabólico ou hiperbólico, aumenta rapidamente. Também é apresentada uma forma alternativa de cálculo da distribuição de temperatura transiente que faz uso da função de transferência do sistema.

Aplicação de Séries de Fourier para análise de retornos de ativos financeiros

As Séries de Fourier permitiram o advento de tecnologias aplicadas em diversas áreas do conhecimento ao proporcionar uma melhor compreensão do comportamento de séries de dados, decompondo-as em diversas harmônicas independentes. Poucos estudos foram encontrados aplicando tal ferramenta matemática para analisar séries de retornos de títulos financeiros. Este trabalho pesquisou - através de análise discreta de Fourier – o comportamento dos retornos de quatro ativos: Dow Jones, Ibovespa, e duas ações da Bolsa brasileira. Cotações mensais, diárias e de dez minutos (intraday) foram utilizadas. Além do espectro estático, registrou-se também a dinâmica dos coeficientes das harmônicas de Fourier. Os resultados indicaram a validade da forma fraca de eficiência de mercado para o curto prazo, dado que as harmônicas de período curto apresentaram comportamento aleatório. Por outro lado, o comportamento das harmônicas de longo prazo (período longo) apresentou maior correlação serial, sugerindo que no longo prazo o mercado não se comporta de acordo com o modelo Random Walk. Uma aplicação derivada deste estudo é a determinação do número de fatores necessários para uma modelagem via Precificação por Arbitragem (APT), dado um nível de correlação desejado.

Um estudo sobre a transformada rápida de Fourier e aplicações

Este trabalho é uma síntese da transformada de Fourier na forma discreta e uma de suas principais aplicações à computação gráfica, a restauração de imagens corrompidas por movimento, seja do aparelho óptico ou da própria imagem.

New developmental stages for common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) using mass and age variables obtained by K-means algorithm and self-organizing maps (SOM)

LEÃO, Adriano de Castro; DÓRIA NETO, Adrião Duarte; SOUSA, Maria Bernardete Cordeiro de. New developmental stages for common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) using mass and age variables obtained by K-means algorithm and self-organizing maps (SOM). Computers in Biology and Medicine, v. 39, p. 853-859, 2009

Parallel Cyclostationarity-Exploiting Algorithm for Energy-Efficient Spectrum Sensing

The evolution of wireless communication systems leads to Dynamic Spectrum Allocation for Cognitive Radio, which requires reliable spectrum sensing techniques. Among the spectrum sensing methods proposed in the literature, those that exploit cyclostationary characteristics of radio signals are particularly suitable for communication environments with low signal-to-noise ratios, or with non-stationary noise. However, such methods have high computational complexity that directly raises the power consumption of devices which often have very stringent low-power requirements. We propose a strategy for cyclostationary spectrum sensing with reduced energy consumption. This strategy is based on the principle that p processors working at slower frequencies consume less power than a single processor for the same execution time. We devise a strict relation between the energy savings and common parallel system metrics. The results of simulations show that our strategy promises very significant savings in actual devices.

Proposta de algoritmo para detecção de vazamentos em oleodutos utilizando análise freqüencial de sinais de pressão

Pipeline leak detection is a matter of great interest for companies who transport petroleum and its derivatives, in face of rising exigencies of environmental policies in industrialized and industrializing countries. However, existing technologies are not yet fully consolidated and many studies have been accomplished in order to achieve better levels of sensitivity and reliability for pipeline leak detection in a wide range of flowing conditions. In this sense, this study presents the results obtained from frequency spectrum analysis of pressure signals from pipelines in several flowing conditions like normal flowing, leakages, pump switching, etc. The results show that is possible to distinguish between the frequency spectra of those different flowing conditions, allowing recognition and announce of liquid pipeline leakages from pressure monitoring. Based upon these results, a pipeline leak detection algorithm employing frequency analysis of pressure signals is proposed, along with a methodology for its tuning and calibration. The proposed algorithm and its tuning methodology are evaluated with data obtained from real leakages accomplished in pipelines transferring crude oil and water, in order to evaluate its sensitivity, reliability and applicability to different flowing conditions

Localização de faltas em linhas de transmissão de múltiplos terminais a partir de registros oscilográficos sincronizados via transformada wavelet

The electric energy is essential to the development of modern society and its increasing demand in recent years, effect from population and economic growth, becomes the companies more interested in the quality and continuity of supply, factors regulated by ANEEL (Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica). These factors must be attended when a permanent fault occurs in the system, where the defect location that caused the power interruption should be identified quickly, which is not a simple assignment because the current systems complexity. An example of this occurs in multiple terminals transmission lines, which interconnect existing circuits to feed the demand. These transmission lines have been adopted as a feasible solution to suply loads of magnitudes that do not justify economically the construction of new substations. This paper presents a fault location algorithm for multiple terminals transmission lines - two and three terminals. The location method is based on the use of voltage and current fundamental phasors, as well as the representation of the line through its series impedance. The wavelet transform is an effective mathematical tool in signals analysis with discontinuities and, therefore, is used to synchronize voltage and current data. The Fourier transform is another tool used in this work for extract voltage and current fundamental phasors. Tests to validate the location algorithm applicability used data from faulty signals simulated in ATP (Alternative Transients Program) as well as real data obtained from oscillographic recorders installed on CHESF s lines.

Image processing algorithm for the identification of Martian dust devil tracks in MOC and HiRISE images

This paper presents a method for automatic identification of dust devils tracks in MOC NA and HiRISE images of Mars. The method is based on Mathematical Morphology and is able to successfully process those images despite their difference in spatial resolution or size of the scene. A dataset of 200 images from the surface of Mars representative of the diversity of those track features was considered for developing, testing and evaluating our method, confronting the outputs with reference images made manually. Analysis showed a mean accuracy of about 92%. We also give some examples on how to use the results to get information about dust devils, namelly mean width, main direction of movement and coverage per scene. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Multi-population genetic algorithm to solve the synchronized and integrated two-level lot sizing and scheduling problem

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

A novel algorithm for feature selection using Harmony Search and its application for non-technical losses detection

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

A new algorithm for Reverse Monte Carlo simulations

We present a new algorithm for Reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) simulations of liquids. During the simulations, we calculate energy, excess chemical potentials, bond-angle distributions and three-body correlations. This allows us to test the quality and physical meaning of RMC-generated results and its limitations. It also indicates the possibility to explore orientational correlations from simple scattering experiments. The new technique has been applied to bulk hard-sphere and Lennard-Jones systems and compared to standard Metropolis Monte Carlo results. (C) 1998 American Institute of Physics.

About the Use of the HdHr Algorithm Group in Integrating the Movement Equation with Nonlinear Terms

This work summarizes the HdHr group of Hermitian integration algorithms for dynamic structural analysis applications. It proposes a procedure for their use when nonlinear terms are present in the equilibrium equation. The simple pendulum problem is solved as a first example and the numerical results are discussed. Directions to be pursued in future research are also mentioned. Copyright (C) 2009 H.M. Bottura and A. C. Rigitano.

Hybrid evolutionary algorithm for the Capacitated Centered Clustering Problem

The Capacitated Centered Clustering Problem (CCCP) consists of defining a set of p groups with minimum dissimilarity on a network with n points. Demand values are associated with each point and each group has a demand capacity. The problem is well known to be NP-hard and has many practical applications. In this paper, the hybrid method Clustering Search (CS) is implemented to solve the CCCP. This method identifies promising regions of the search space by generating solutions with a metaheuristic, such as Genetic Algorithm, and clustering them into clusters that are then explored further with local search heuristics. Computational results considering instances available in the literature are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of CS. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Economic-statistical design of the (X)over-bar chart used to control a wandering process mean using genetic algorithm

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)